ESCMID guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: Diagnostic procedures

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

Volumn 18, Issue SUPPL.7, 2012, Pages 9-18

  Cuenca Estrella, M ^a   Verweij, P E ^b   Arendrup, M C ^c   Arikan Akdagli, S ^d   Bille, J ^e   Donnelly, J P ^b   Jensen, H E ^f   Lass Florl C ^g   Richardson, M D ^h   Akova, M ^d   Bassetti, M ⁱ   Calandra, T ^e   Castagnola, E ^j   Cornely, O A ^k   Garbino, J ^l   Groll, A H ^m   Herbrecht, R ⁿ   Hope, W W ^o   Kullberg, B J ^b   Lortholary, O ^p,q   Meersseman, W ^r   Petrikkos, G ^s   Roilides, E ^t   Viscoli, C ^u   Ullmann, A J ^v   more..

^a INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III   (Spain)

^b RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c STATENS SERUM INSTITUT   (Denmark)

^d HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^e LAUSANNE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^f UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^g INNSBRUCK MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

^h UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ S Maria Hospital   (Italy)

^j G GASLINI INSTITUTE   (Italy)

^k UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^l GENEVA UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS   (Switzerland)

^m UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL MÜNSTER   (Germany)

ⁿ UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG   (France)

^o UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^p HÔPITAL NECKER ENFANTS MALADES   (France)

^q INSTITUT PASTEUR   (France)

^r UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^s UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^t ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^u UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^v UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

more..

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Candida; Diagnosis; Guideline; Noncultural

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; ANIDULAFUNGIN; BETA 1,3 GLUCAN; CASPOFUNGIN; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; ITRACONAZOLE; MICAFUNGIN; POSACONAZOLE; VORICONAZOLE; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY; ARTICLE; BLOOD CULTURE; CANDIDEMIA; CANDIDIASIS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DRUG MONITORING; ESOPHAGITIS; ESOPHAGUS CANDIDIASIS; EXTRACORPOREAL OXYGENATION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INVASIVE CANDIDIASIS; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MICROSCOPY; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; OROPHARYNX CANDIDIASIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; VAGINA CANDIDIASIS; VAGINAL SECRETION; CANDIDA; DRUG EFFECT; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TEST;

ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CANDIDA; CANDIDIASIS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS;

EID: 84867702517     PISSN: 1198743X     EISSN: 14690691     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12038     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Brozek J et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies. BMJ 2008; 336: 1106-1110.
2. Baron EJ, Weinstein MP, Dunne WM Jr, Yagupsky P, Welch DF, Wilson DM. Cumitech 1C. Blood cultures IV. Cumitech cumulative techniques and procedure in clinical microbiology. Whasington: ASM Press, 2005.
3. Denning DW, Kibbler CC, Barnes RA. British Society for Medical Mycology proposed standards of care for patients with invasive fungal infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2003; 3: 230-240.
4. Einsele H, Loeffler J. Contribution of new diagnostic approaches to antifungal treatment plans in high-risk haematology patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 4: 37-45.
5. Gadea I, Cuenca-Estrella M, Martin E, Peman J, Ponton J, Rodriguez-Tudela JL. Microbiological procedures for diagnosing mycoses and for antifungal susceptibility testing. Enf Infec Microbiol Clin 2007; 25: 336-340.
6. Richardson M, Ellis M. Clinical and laboratory diagnosis. Hosp Med 2000; 61: 610-614.
7. Arendrup MC, Fuursted K, Gahrn-Hansen B et al. Semi-national surveillance of fungaemia in Denmark 2004ΓÇô2006: increasing incidence of fungaemia and numbers of isolates with reduced azole susceptibility. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14: 487-494.
8. Arendrup MC, Bruun B, Christensen JJ et al. National surveillance of fungemia in Denmark (2004 to 2009). J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49: 325-334.
9. Mikulska M, Calandra T, Sanguinetti M, Poulain D, Viscoli C; the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia Group. The use of mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibodies in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: recommendations from the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia. Crit Care 2010; 14: R222.
10. Koo S, Bryar JM, Page JH, Baden LR, Marty FM. Diagnostic performance of the (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan assay for invasive fungal disease. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 1650-1659.
11. Lamoth F, Jaton K, Prod'hom G et al. Multiplex blood PCR in combination with blood cultures for improvement of microbiological documentation of infection in febrile neutropenia. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48: 3510-3516.
12. Lucignano B, Ranno S, Liesenfeld O et al. Multiplex PCR allows rapid and accurate diagnosis of bloodstream infections in newborns and children with suspected sepsis. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49: 2252-2258.
13. Wallet F, Nseir S, Baumann L et al. Preliminary clinical study using a multiplex real-time PCR test for the detection of bacterial and fungal DNA directly in blood. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 774-779.
14. Lau A, Chen S, Sorrell T et al. Development and clinical application of a panfungal PCR assay to detect and identify fungal DNA in tissue specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 380-385.
15. Lau A, Halliday C, Chen SC, Playford EG, Stanley K, Sorrell TC. Comparison of whole blood, serum, and plasma for early detection of candidemia by multiplex-tandem PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48: 811-816.
16. McMullan R, Metwally L, Coyle PV et al. A prospective clinical trial of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of candidemia in nonneutropenic, critically ill adults. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: 890-896.
17. Wellinghausen N, Siegel D, Winter J, Gebert S. Rapid diagnosis of candidaemia by real-time PCR detection of Candida DNA in blood samples. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58 (Pt 8): 1106-1111.
18. Avni T, Leibovici L, Paul M. PCR diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49: 665-670.
19. Leroy O, Gangneux JP, Montravers P et al. Epidemiology, management, and risk factors for death of invasive Candida infections in critical care: a multicenter, prospective, observational study in France (2005-2006). Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 1612-1618.
20. Lass-Florl C. Zygomycosis: conventional laboratory diagnosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15 (suppl 5): 60-65.
21. Jensen HE, Schønheyder HC, Hotchi M, Kaufman L. Diagnosis of systemic mycoses by specific immunohistochemical tests. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 1996; 104: 241-258.
22. Jensen HE, Salonen J, Ekfors TO. The use of immunohistochemistry to improve sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of systemic mycoses in patients with haematological malignancies. J Pathol 1997; 181: 100-105.
23. Kaufman L. Immunohistologic diagnosis of systemic mycoses: an update. Eur J Epidemiol 1992; 8: 377-382.
24. Cendejas-Bueno E, Gomez-Lopez A, Mellado E, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca-Estrella M. Identification of pathogenic rare yeast species in clinical samples: comparison between phenotypical and molecular methods. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48: 1895-1899.
25. Marklein G, Josten M, Klanke U et al. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for fast and reliable identification of clinical yeast isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 2912-2917.
26. Lischewski A, Amann RI, Harmsen D, Merkert H, Hacker J, Morschhäuser J. Specific detection of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis by fluorescent in situ hybridization with an 18S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe. Microbiology 1996; 142: 2731-2740.
27. Munoz-Cadavid C, Rudd S, Zaki SR et al. Improving molecular detection of fungal DNA in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues: comparison of five tissue DNA extraction methods using panfungal PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48: 2147-2153.
28. Olias P, Jacobsen ID, Gruber AD. Fungal species identification from avian lung specimens by single hypha laser microdissection and PCR product sequencing. Med Mycol 2010; 49: 56-61.
29. Powderly WG, Mayer KH, Perfect JR. Diagnosis and treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients infected with HIV: a critical reassessment. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15: 1405-1412.
30. Thompson GR, Patel PK, Kirkpatrick WR et al. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: 488-495.
31. Quan M. Vaginitis: diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med 2010; 122: 117-127.
32. Dan M, Leshem Y, Yeshaya A. Performance of a rapid yeast test in detecting Candida spp. in the vagina. Diagnostic Microbiol infect Dis 2010; 67: 52-55.
33. Marot-Leblond A, Nail-Billaud S, Pilon F, Beucher B, Poulain D, Robert R. Efficient diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis by use of a new rapid immunochromatography test. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 3821-3825.
34. Weissenbacher T, Witkin S, Ledger W et al. Relationship between clinical diagnosis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis and detection of Candida species by culture and polymerase chain reaction. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2009; 279: 125-129.
35. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeast; approved standard-third edition. CLSI document M27-A3. Wayne, PA: Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, 2008.
36. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeast; third informational supplement. CLSI document M27-S3. Wayne, PA: Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, 2008.
37. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Method for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts: approved guideline-second edition, M44A2. Wayne, PA: Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, 2009.
38. Pfaller MA, Bale M, Buschelman B et al. Quality control guidelines for National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards recommended broth macrodilution testing of amphotericin B, fluconazole, and flucytosine. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 1104-1107.
39. Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing (AFST) of the ESCMID European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). EUCAST Definitive Document EDef 7.1: method for the determination of broth dilution MICs of antifungal agents for fermentative yeasts. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14: 398-405.
40. Alexander BD, Byrne TC, Smith KL et al. Comparative evaluation of Etest and sensititre yeastone panels against the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A2 reference broth microdilution method for testing Candida susceptibility to seven antifungal agents. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 698-706.
41. Arendrup MC, Garcia-Effron G, Lass-Florl C et al. Echinocandin susceptibility testing of Candida species: comparison of EUCAST EDef 7.1, CLSI M27-A3, Etest, disk diffusion, and agar dilution methods with RPMI and isosensitest media. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54: 426-439.
42. Cuenca-Estrella M, Gomez-Lopez A, Alastruey-Izquierdo A et al. Comparison of the VITEK 2 antifungal susceptibility system with the CLSI and the EUCAST broth microdilution reference methods and with the sensititre yeast-one and the Etest techniques for the detection in vitro of antifungal resistance in yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48: 1782-1786.
43. Dannaoui E, Paugam A, Develoux M et al. Comparison of antifungal MICs for yeasts obtained using the EUCAST method in a reference laboratory and the Etest in nine different hospital laboratories. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 863-869.
44. Cuenca-Estrella M, Rodriguez-Tudela JL. The current role of the reference procedures by CLSI and EUCAST in the detection of resistance to antifungal agents in vitro. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010; 8: 267-276.
45. Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Arendrup MC, Cuenca-Estrella M, Donnelly JP, Lass-Florl C. EUCAST breakpoints for antifungals. Drug News Perspect 2010; 23: 93-97.
46. Arendrup MC, Cuenca-Estrella M, Donnelly JP et al. EUCAST technical note on posaconazole*. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: E16-E17.
47. Arendrup MC, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Lass C et al. EUCAST technical note on anidulafungin. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: E18-E20.
48. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Sheehan DJ. Interpretive breakpoints for fluconazole and Candida revisited: a blueprint for the future of antifungal susceptibility testing. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19: 435-447.
49. Pfaller MA, Andes D, Diekema DJ, Espinel-Ingroff A, Sheehan D. Wild-type MIC distributions, epidemiological cutoff values and species-specific clinical breakpoints for fluconazole and Candida: time for harmonization of CLSI and EUCAST broth microdilution methods. Drug Resist Updat 2010; 13: 180-195.
50. Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Andes D et al. Clinical breakpoints for the echinocandins and Candida revisited: integration of molecular, clinical, and microbiological data to arrive at species-specific interpretive criteria. Drug Resist Updat 2011; 14: 164-176.
51. Pfaller MA, Andes D, Arendrup MC et al. Clinical breakpoints for voriconazole and Candida spp. revisited: review of microbiologic, molecular, pharmacodynamic, and clinical data as they pertain to the development of species-specific interpretive criteria. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 70: 330-343.
52. Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing (AFST) of the ESCMID European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). EUCAST technical note on voriconazole. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14: 985-987.
53. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST-AFST). EUCAST technical note on fluconazole. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14: 193-195.
54. Andes D, Pascual A, Marchetti O. Antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring: established and emerging indications. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53: 24-34.
55. Buchkowsky SS, Partovi N, Ensom MHH. Clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring of itraconazole is warranted in only a subset of patients. Ther Drug Monit 2005; 27: 322-333.
56. Decosterd LA, Rochat B, Pesse B et al. Multiplex ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification in human plasma of fluconazole, itraconazole, hydroxyitraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, voriconazole-N-oxide, anidulafungin, and caspofungin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54: 5303-5315.
57. Rochat B, Pascual A, Pesse B et al. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and sensitive bioassay methods for quantification of posaconazole plasma concentrations after oral dosing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54: 5074-5081.
58. Bruggemann RJ, Donnelly JP, Aarnoutse RE et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole. Ther Drug Monit 2008; 30: 403-411.
59. Pascual A, Calandra T, Bolay S, Buclin T, Bille J, Marchetti O. Voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with invasive mycoses improves efficacy and safety outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: 201-211.
60. Trifilio S, Pennick G, Pi J et al. Monitoring plasma voriconazole levels may be necessary to avoid subtherapeutic levels in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Cancer 2007; 109: 1532-1535.