Gender-Typed Play Behavior in Early Childhood: Adopted Children with Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Parents

Sex Roles

Volumn 67, Issue 9-10, 2012, Pages 503-515

  Goldberg, Abbie E ^a   Kashy, Deborah A ^b   Smith, JuliAnna Z ^c  

^a CLARK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

Children; Gay; Gender; Lesbian; Multilevel modeling; Play

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867569696     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-012-0198-3     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. London: Prentice Hall.
2. Baumrind, D. (1995). Commentary on sexual orientation: Research and social policy implications. Developmental Psychology, 31, 130-136. doi: 10. 1037/0012-1649. 31. 1. 130.
3. Biblarz, T. J., & Stacey, J. (2010). How does the gender of parents matter?Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 3-22. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1741-3737. 2009. 00678. x.
4. Bos, H. M. W., & Sandfort, T. (2010). Children's gender identity in lesbian and heterosexual two-parent families. Sex Roles, 62, 114-126. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-009-9704-7.
5. Bos, H. M. W., van Balen, F., Sandfort, T. G. M., & van den Boom, D. C. (2006). Children's psychosocial adjustment and gender development in planned lesbian families. Working paper, Social and Behavioral Sciences Department of Education, University of Amsterdam.
6. Boyle, D. E., Marshall, N. L., & Robeson, W. W. (2003). Gender at play: Fourth-grade girls and boys on the playground. American Behavioral Scientist, 46, 1326-1345. doi: 10. 1177/0002764203046010004.
7. Burton, L. A., Henninger, D., Hafetz, J., & Cofer, J. (2009). Aggression, gender-typical childhood play, and a prenatal hormonal index. Social Behavior & Personality, 37, 105-116. doi: 10. 2224/sbp. 2009. 37. 1. 105.
8. Caldera, Y., & Sciaraffa, M. (1998). Parent-toddler play with feminine toys: Are all dolls the same? Sex Roles, 39, 657-668. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1018851932580.
9. Caldera, Y., Huston, A., & O'Brien, M. (1989). Social interactions and play patterns of parents and toddlers with feminine, masculine, and neutral toys. Child Development, 60, 70-76. doi: 10. 2307/1131072.
10. Daniluk, J. C., & Hurtig-Mitchell, J. (2003). Themes of hope and healing: Infertile couples experiences of adoption. Journal of Counseling and Development, 81, 389-399. doi: 10. 1002/j. 1556-6678. 2003. tb00265. x.
11. Dunn, J., & Hughes, C. (2001). "I got some swords and you're dead!" Violent fantasy, antisocial behavior, friendship, and moral sensibility in young children. Child Development, 72, 491-505. doi: 10. 1111/1467-8624. 00292.
12. Eisenberg, N., Martin, C. L., & Fabes, R. A. (1996). Gender development and gender effects. In D. C. Berliner & R. C. Calfee (Eds.), Handbook of educational psychology (pp. 358-396). New York: Prentice Hall.
13. Erich, S., Leung, P., & Kindle, P. (2005). A comparative analysis of adoptive family functioning with gay, lesbian, and heterosexual parents and their children. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 14, 43-60. doi: 10. 1300/J461v01n04_03.
14. Fagot, B. I., & Hagan, R. (1991). Observations of parent reactions to sex-stereotyped behaviors: Age and sex effects. Child Development, 62, 617-628. doi: 10. 2307/1131135.
15. Farr, R. H., Forssell, S. L., & Patterson, C. J. (2010). Parenting and child development in adoptive families: Does parental sexual orientation matter? Applied Developmental Science, 10, 164-178. doi: 10. 1080/10888691. 2010. 500958.
16. Fulcher, M., Sutfin, E., & Patterson, C. J. (2008). Individual differences in gender development: Associations with parental sexual orientation, attitudes, and division of labor. Sex Roles, 58, 330-341. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-007-9348-4.
17. Gates, G., & Ost, J. (2004). The gay and lesbian atlas. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
18. Gates, G., Badgett, M. V. L., Macomber, J. E., & Chambers, K. (2007). Adoption and foster care by gay and lesbian parents in the United States. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
19. Goldberg, A. E. (2007). (How) does it make a difference?: Perspectives of adults with lesbian, gay, and bisexual parents. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 550-562. doi: 10. 1037/0002-9432. 77. 4. 550.
20. Golombok, S., & Rust, J. (1993). The Pre-School Activities Inventory: A standardized assessment of gender role in children. Psychological Assessment, 5, 131-136. doi: 10. 1037/1040-3590. 5. 2. 131.
21. Golombok, S., Perry, B., Burston, A., Murray, C., Mooney-Somers, J., Stevens, M., et al. (2003). Children with lesbian parents: A community study. Developmental Psychology, 39, 20-33. doi: 10. 1037/0012-1649. 39. 1. 20.
22. Golombok, S., Rust, J., Zervoulis, K., Croudace, T., Golding, J., & Hines, M. (2008). Developmental trajectories of sex-typed behavior in boys and girls: A longitudinal general population study of children aged 2. 5-8 years. Child Development, 79, 1583-1593. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1467-8624. 2008. 01207. x.
23. Hines, M., Johnston, K. J., Golombok, S., Rust, J., Stevens, M., Golding, J., & the ALSPAC Study Team. (2002). Prenatal stress and gender role behavior in girls and boys: A longitudinal, population study. Hormones & Behavior, 42, 126-134. doi: 10. 1006/hbeh. 2002. 1814.
24. Iervolino, A., Hines, M., Golombok, S., Rust, J., & Plomin, R. (2005). Genetic and environmental influences on sex-typed behavior during the preschool years. Child Development, 76, 826-840. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1467-8624. 2005. 00880. x.
25. Jacklin, C. N., DiPietro, J. A., & Maccoby, E. D. (1984). Sex-typing behavior and sex-typing pressure in child/parent interaction. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 13, 413-425. doi: 10. 1007/BF01541427.
26. Kane, E. (2006). "No way my boys are going to be like that!": Parents' responses to children's gender nonconformity. Gender and Society, 20, 149-176. doi: 10. 1177/0891243205284276.
27. Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Cook, W. L. (2006). Dyadic data analysis. New York: Guilford.
28. Knafo, A., Iervolino, A. C., & Plomin, P. (2005). Masculine girls and feminine boys: Genetic and environmental contributions to atypical gender development in early childhood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 400-412. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 88. 2. 400.
29. Lindsey, E. W., Mize, J., & Pettit, G. S. (1997). Differential play patterns of mothers and fathers of sons and daughters: Implications for children's gender role development. Sex Roles, 37, 643-661. doi: 10. 1007/BF02936333.
30. Lippa, R. (2005). Sexual orientation and personality. Annual Review of Sex Research, 16, 119-53.
31. Lippa, R. (2008). The relation between childhood gender nonconformity and adult masculinity-femininity and anxiety in heterosexual and homosexual men and women. Sex Roles, 59, 584-693. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-008-9476-5.
32. MacCallum, F., & Golombok, S. (2004). Children raised in fatherless families from infancy: A follow-up of children of lesbian and single heterosexual mothers at early adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1407-1419. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1469 7610. 2004. 00324. x.
33. Maccoby, E. (1998). The two sexes: Growing up apart, coming together. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
34. Marmion, S., & Lundberg-Love, P. (2004). Learning masculinity and femininity: Gender socialization from parents and peers across the life span. In M. A. Paludi (Ed.), Praeger guide to the psychology of gender (pp. 1-26). Westport: Praeger.
35. Martin, C. L., Wood, C. H., & Little, J. K. (1990). The development of gender stereotype components. Child Development, 61, 1891-1904. doi: 10. 2307/1130845.
36. Martin, C. L., Eisenbud, L., & Rose, H. (1995). Children's gender-based reasoning about toys. Child Development, 66, 1453-1471. doi: 10. 2307/1131657.
37. McHale, S., Crouter, A., & Whiteman, S. (2003). The family contexts of gender development in childhood and adolescence. Social Development, 12, 125-148. doi: 10. 1111/1467-9507. 00225.
38. Mischel, W. (1966). A social learning view of sex differences in behavior. In E. Maccoby (Ed.), The development of sex differences (pp. 56-81). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
39. Mitchell, J. E., Baker, L. A., & Jacklin, C. N. (1989). Masculinity and femininity in twin children: Genetic and environmental factors. Child Development, 60, 1475-1485. doi: 10. 2307/1130936.
40. Moller, L. C., & Serbin, L. A. (1996). Antecedents of toddler gender segregation: Cognitive consonance, gender-typed toy preferences, and behavioral compatibility. Sex Roles, 35, 445-460. doi: 10. 1007/BF01544131.
41. Nelson, A. (2005). Children's toy collections in Sweden-A less gender-typed country. Sex Roles, 52, 93-102. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-005-1196-5.
42. Roopnarine, J. L. (1986). Mothers' and fathers' behaviors toward the toy play of their infant sons and daughters. Sex Roles, 14, 59-68. doi: 10. 1007/BF00287848.
43. Ruble, D. N., & Martin, C. L. (1998). Gender development. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (pp. 933-1016). New York: Wiley.
44. Rust, J., Golombok, S., Hines, M., Johnston, K., Golding, J., & The ALSPAC Study Team. (2000). The role of brothers and sisters in the gender development of preschool children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77, 292-303. doi: 10. 1006/jecp. 2000. 2596.
45. Sandnabba, N. K., & Ahlberg, C. (1999). Parents' attitudes and expectations about children's cross-gender behavior. Sex Roles, 40, 249-263. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1018851005631.
46. Servin, A., Bohlin, G., & Berlin, L. (1999). Sex differences in 1-, 3-, and 5-year-olds' toy choices in a structured play session. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40, 43-48. doi: 10. 1111/1467-9450. 00096.
47. Shechory, M., & Ziv, R. (2007). Relationships between gender role attitudes, role division, and perception of equity among heterosexual, gay, and lesbian couples. Sex Roles, 56, 629-638. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-007-9207-3.
48. Spade, J. Z., & Valentine, C. G. (2011). The kaleidoscope of gender: Prisms, patterns, and possibilities (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
49. Sutfin, E. L., Fulcher, M., Bowles, R. P., & Patterson, C. J. (2008). How lesbian and heterosexual parents convey attitudes about gender to their children: The role of gendered environments. Sex Roles, 58, 501-513. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-007-9368-0.
50. Tasker, F. L., & Golombok, S. (1997). Growing up in a lesbian family: Effects on child development. London: Guilford Press.
51. Turner, P. J., & Gervai, J. (1995). A multidimensional study of gender typing in preschool children and their parents: Personality, attitudes, preferences, behavior, and cultural differences. Developmental Psychology, 31, 759-772. doi: 10. 1037/0012-1649. 31. 5. 759.
52. Turner, P. J., Gervai, J., & Hindle, R. A. (1993). Gender-typing in young children: Preferences, behaviour and cultural differences. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 11, 323-342. doi: 10. 1111/j. 2044-835X. 1993. tb00607. x.
53. Vreugdenhil, H. J. I., Slijper, F. M. E., Mulder, P. G. H., & Weisglas-Kuperus, N. (2002). Effects of perinatal exposure to PCBs and dioxins on play behavior in Dutch children at school age. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 593-598. doi: 10. 1289/ehp. 021100593.
54. Zosuls, K. M., Ruble, D. N., Tamis-Lemonda, C. S., Shrout, P. E., Bornstein, M. H., & Greulich, F. K. (2009). The acquisition of gender labels in infancy: Implications for sex-typed play. Developmental Psychology, 45, 688-701. doi: 10. 1037/a0014053.