Antecedents of toddler gender segregation: Cognitive consonance, gender-typed toy preferences and behavioral compatibility1

Sex Roles

Volumn 35, Issue 7-8, 1996, Pages 445-460

  Moller, Lora C ^a   Serbin, Lisa A ^b  

^a Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science   (Canada)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030356689     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF01544131     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Bakeman, R., & Gottman, J. M. (1986). Observing interaction: An introduction to sequential analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Behar, L. (1977). The preschool behavior questionnaire. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 5, 265-276.
3. Behar, L., & Stringfield, S. (1974). A behavioral rating scale for the preschool child. Developmental Psychology, 10, 601-610.
4. Bem, S. (1989). Genital knowledge and gender constancy in preschool children. Child Development, 60, 649-662.
5. Blakemore, J. E. O., LaRue, A. A., & Olejnik, A. B. (1979). Sex-appropriate toy preference and the ability to conceptualize toys as sex-role related. Developmental Psychology, 15, 339-340.
6. Block, J. H. (1973). Conceptions of sex role: Some cross-cultural and longitudinal perspectives. American Psychologist, 28, 512-526.
7. Carpenter, C. J. (1983). Activity structure and play: Implications for socialization. In M. Liss (Ed.), Social and cognitive skills. New York: Academic Press.
8. Carpenter, C. J., & Huston-Stein, A. (1980). Activity structure and sex-typed behavior in preschool children. Child Development, 51, 862-872.
9. Charlesworth, W. R., & Dzur, C. (1987). Gender comparison of preschoolers' behavior and resource utilization in group problem-solving. Child Development, 58, 191-200.
10. Charlesworth, W. R., & LaFreniere, P. (1983). Dominance, friendship utilization and resource utilization in preschool children's groups. Ethology and Sociobiology, 4, 175-186.
11. Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37-46.
12. Conners, C. (1969). A teacher rating scale for use in drug studies with children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 884-888.
13. Connor, J. M., & Serbin, L. A. (1977). Behaviorally based masculine-& feminine-activity-preference scales for preschoolers: Correlates with other classroom behaviors & cognitive tests. Child Development, 48, 1411-1416.
14. DiPietro, J. (1981). Rough and tumble play: A function of gender. Developmental Psychology, 17, 50-58.
15. Duck, S. W. (1975). Personality similarity and friendship choices by adolescents. European Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 351-365.
16. Edelbrock, C., Sugawara, A. I. (1978). Acquisition of sex-typed preferences in preschool aged children. Developmental Psychology, 14, 614-623.
17. Eisenberg, N. (1983). Sex-typed toy choices: What do they signify? In M. Liss (Ed.), Social & cognitive skills. New York: Academic Press.
18. Eisenberg, N., Murray, E., & Hite, T. (1982). Children's reasoning regarding sex-typed toy choices. Child Development, 53, 1-86.
19. Eisenberg, N., Tryon, K., & Cameron, E. (1984). The relation of preschoolers peer interaction to their sex-typed toy choices. Child Development, 55, 1044-1050.
20. Fagot, B. I. (1985). Changes in thinking about early sex role development. Developmental Review, 5, 83-98.
21. Fagot, B. I., Leinbach, M. D., & Hagan, R. (1986). Gender labeling and the adoption of sex-typed behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 22, 440-443.
22. Fagot, B. I., & Patterson, G. R. (1969). An in vivo analysis of reinforcing contingencies for sex-role behaviors in the preschool child. Developmental Psychology, 1, 563-568.
23. Fein, G., Johnson, D. Kosson, N, Stork, J., & Wasserman, L. (1975). Sex stereotypes and preferences in the toy choices of 20-month-old boys and girls. Developmental Psychology, 11, 527-528.
24. Foot, H. C., Chapman, A. J., & Smith, J. R. (1980). Patterns of interaction in children's friendships. In H. C. Foot, A. J. Chapman, & J. R. Smith (Eds.), Friendships and social relations in children. New York: Wiley.
25. Goldberg, S., & Lewis, M. (1969). Play behavior in the year-old infant: Early sex differences. Child Development, 40, 21-32.
26. Goldman, J. (1981). Social participation of preschool children in same-versus mixed-aged groups. Child Development, 52, 644-650.
27. Goodenough, F. (1934). Developmental psychology: An introduction to the study of human behavior. New York: Appleton-Century.
28. Hartup, W. W. (91983). The peer system. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Carmichael's manual of child psychology: Social development. New York: Wiley.
29. Hollenbeck, A. R. (1978). Problems of reliability in observational research. In G. P. Sackett (Ed.), Observing behavior. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.
30. Howes, C. (1990, April). Is gender segregation in play modified by friendship relationships? Paper presented at the annual International Conference on Infant Studies, Montreal.
31. Huston, A. C. (1983). Sex-typing. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, (Vol. 4): Socialization, personality & social development. New York: Wiley.
32. Huston, A. C., & Carpenter, C. J. (1985). Gender differences in preschool classrooms: The effect of sex-typed activity choices. In L. C. Wilkinson & C. B. Marett (Eds.), Gender-related differences in the classroom. New York: Academic Press.
33. Intons-Peterson, M. (1988). Children's concepts of gender. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
34. Jacklin, C. N., & Maccoby, E. E. (1978). Social behavior at thirty-three months in same-sex and mixed-sex dyads. Child Development, 49, 557-569.
35. Kohlberg, L. (1966). A cognitive-developmental analysis of children's sex role concepts and attitudes. In E. E. Maccoby (Ed.), The development of sex differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
36. LaFreniere, P., Strayer, F. F., & Gauthier, R. (1984). The emergence of same-sex preferences among preschool peers: A developmental ethological perspective. Child Development, 55, 1958-1965.
37. Leinbach, M. D., & Fagot, B. I. (1986). Acquisition of gender labels: A test for toddlers. Sex Roles, 15, 655-666.
38. Lever, J. (1976). Sex differences in the games children play. Social Problems, 23, 478-487.
39. Liss, M. B. (1981). Patterns of toy play: An analysis of sex differences. Sex Roles, 7, 1143-1150.
40. Lockheed, M. E., & Klein, S. S. (1985). Sex equity in classroom organization and climate. In S. Klein (Ed.), Handbook for achieving sex equity through education. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
41. Maccoby, E. E. (1985). Social groupings in childhood: Their relationship to prosocial and antisocial behavior in boys and girls. In D. Olweus, J. Block, & M. Radke-Yarrow (Eds.), Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior: Theories, research and issues. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
42. Maccoby, E. E. (1988). Gender as a social category. Developmental Psychology, 24, 755-765.
43. Maccoby, E. E. (1990). Gender and relationships. American Psychologist, 45, 13-520.
44. Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1987). Gender segregation in childhood. In E. H. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 20). New York: Academic Press.
45. Moller, L. C., & Rubin, K. H. (1988). A psychometric assessment of a two-factor solution for the preschool behavior questionnaire in mid-childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 9, 167-180.
46. Moller, L. C., Powlishta, K. A., & Serbin, L. A. (1990). Antecedents of toddler gender segregation and peer preferences. Poster presented at the 13th Congress of Societe Quebecois Recherches du Psychologie, Montreal, Quebec.
47. O'Brien, M., Huston, A. A., & Risley, T. (1983). Sex-typed play of toddlers in a day care centre. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 4, 1-10.
48. Omark, D., Omark, M., & Edelman, M. (1975). Formation of dominance hierarchies in young children. In T. R. Williams (Ed.), Psychological anthropology. Paris: Mouton Publishers.
49. Rubin, K. H., Fein, G., & Vandenberg, B. (1983). Play. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Carmichael's manual of child psychology: Social development. New York: Wiley.
50. Rutter, M. (1967). A children's behavior questionnaire for completion by teachers: Preliminary findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 1-11.
51. Schau, C. G., Kahn, L., Diepold, J. H., & Cherry, F. (1980). The relationship of parental expectations and preschool children's verbal sex-typing to their sex-typed toy play behavior. Child Development, 51, 266-270.
52. Serbin, L. A., & Sprafkin, C. (1986). The salience of gender and the process of sex-typing in three-to seven-year-old children. Child Development, 57, 1188-1199.
53. Serbin, L. A., Sprafkin, C., Elman, M., & Doyle, A. B. (1984). The early development of sex differentiated patterns of social influence. Canadian Journal of Social Science, 14, 350-363.
54. Singleton, L. C., & Asher, S. R. (1979). Racial integration and children's peer preferences: An investigation of developmental and cohort differences. Child Development, 50, 936-941.
55. Weinraub, M., Clemens, L. P., Sockloff, A., Ethridge, T. K., Gracely, E., & Myers, B. (1984). The development of sex role stereotypes in the third year: Relationships to gender labeling, gender identity, sex-typed toy preference, and family characteristics. Child Development, 55, 1493-1503.