Prenatal stress and gender role behavior in girls and boys: A longitudinal, population study

Hormones and Behavior

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 126-134

  Hines, Melissa ^a,b   Johnston, Katie J ^a   Golombok, Susan ^a   Rust, John ^c   Stevens, Madeleine ^a   Golding, Jean ^d  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Androgen; Behavior; Child; Gender role behavior; Prenatal; Sexual differentiation; Socialization; Stress

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CHILDHOOD; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION FUNCTION; EDUCATION; FEMALE; FEMININITY; FETUS; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MASCULINITY; PERINATAL PERIOD; POPULATION RESEARCH; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGENY; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SELF REPORT; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEX DIFFERENTIATION; SEX ROLE; SIBLING; STRESS; TOBACCO;

EID: 0036417628     PISSN: 0018506X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/hbeh.2002.1814     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Allen, T. O., and Haggett, B. N. (1977). Group housing of pregnant mice reduces copulatory receptivity of female progeny. Physiol. Behav. 19, 61-68.
2. Anderson, R. H., Fleming, D. E., Rhees, R. W., and Kinghorn, E. (1986). Relationships between sexual activity, plasma testosterone, and the volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in prenatally stressed and non-stressed rats. Brain Res. 370, 1-10.
3. Bailey, J. M., Willerman, L., and Parks, C. (1991). A test of the maternal stress theory of human male homosexuality. Arch. Sexual Behav. 20, 277-293.
4. Barnett, B. E. W., Hanna, B., and Parker, G. (1983). Life events for obstetric groups. J. Psychosomatic Res. 27, 313-320.
5. Beckhardt, S., and Ward, I. L. (1983). Reproductive functioning in the prenatally stressed female rat. Dev. Psychobiol. 16, 111-118.
6. Berenbaum, S. A., and Hines, M. (1992).Early androgens are related to childhood sex-typed toy preferences. Psychol. Sci. 3, 203-206.
7. Boyce, P., and Parker, G. (1989). Development of a scale to measure interpersonal sensitivity. Austr. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 23, 341-351.
8. Brown, G. W., and Harris, T. (1978). Social Origins of Depression. Tavistock, London.
9. Brown-Grant, K., Fink, G., Greig, F., and Murray, M. A. F. (1975). Altered sexual development in male rats after oestrogen administration during the neonatal period. J. Reprod. Fertil. 44, 25-42.
10. Collaer, M. L., and Hines, M. (1995). Human behavioral sex differences: A role for gonadal hormones during early development? Psychol. Bull. 118, 55-107.
11. Crown, S., and Crisp, A. H. (1979). Manual of the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index. Hodder and Stoughton, London.
12. Cutler, A. R., Wilderson, A. E., Gingras, J. L., and Levin, E. D. (1996).Prenatal cocaine and/or nicotine exposure in rats: Preliminary findings on long-term cognitive outcome and genital development at birth. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 18, 635-643.
13. Dittman, R. W., et al. (1990).Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. I. Gender-related behavior and attitudes in female patients and sisters, Psychoneuroendocrinology 15, 401-420.
14. Dorner, G., Schenk, B., Schmiedel, B., and Ahrens, L. (1983). Stressful events in prenatal life of bi- and homosexual men. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. 81, 83-87.
15. Ehrhardt, A. A., Epstein, R., and Money, J. (1968). Fetal androgens and female gender identity in the early-treated adrenogenital syndrome. Johns Hopkins Med. J. 122, 160-167.
16. Ellis, L., Ames, M. A., Peckham, W., and Burke, D. (1988). Sexual orientation of human offspring may be altered by severe maternal stress during pregnancy. J. Sex Res. 25, 152-157.
17. Golding, J., Pembrey, M., Jones, R., and the ALSPAC Study Team (2001). ALSPAC - The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. I. Study methodology. Paediatr. Perinatal Epidemiol. 15, 74-87.
18. Golombok, S., and Rust, J. (1993a). The measurement of gender role behavior in preschool behavior. A research note. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 34, 805-811.
19. Golombok, S., and Rust, J. (1993b). The Pre-School Activities Inventory. A standardised assessment of gender role in children. Psychol. Assess. 5, 131-136.
20. Goy, R. W., and McEwen, B. S. (1980). Sexual Differentiation of the Brain. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
21. Green, R. (1987). The "Sissy Boy Syndrome" and the Development of Homosexuality. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT.
22. Grisham, W., Kerchner, M., and Ward, I. L. (1991). Prenatal stress alters sexually dimorphic nuclei in the spinal cord of male rats. Brain Res. 551, 126ndash;131.
23. Herrenkohl, L. R. (1979). Prenatal stress reduces fertility and fecundity in female offspring. Science 206, 1097-1099.
24. Hines, M., and Kaufman, F. R. (1994). Androgen and the development of human sex-typical behavior: Rough-and-tumble play and sex of preferred playmates in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Child Dev. 65, 1042-1053.
25. Kerchner, M., and Ward, I. L. (1992). SDN-MPOA volume in male rats is decreased by prenatal stress, but is not related to ejaculatory behavior. Brain Res. 581, 244-251.
26. Lobel, M. (1994). Conceptualizing prenatal maternal stress on birth outcomes. J. Behav. Med. 17, 225-272.
27. Maccoby, E. E., and Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The Psychology of Sex Differences. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA.
28. McGivern, R. F., Handa, R. J., and Redei, E. (1993).Decreased post-natal testosterone surge in male-rats exposed to ethanol during the last week of gestation. Alcoholism Clin. Exp. Res. 17, 1215-1222.
29. McGivern, R. F., McGeary, J., Robeck, S., Cohen, S., and Handa, R. J. (1995).Loss of reproductive competence at an earlier age in female rats exposed prenatally to ethanol. Alcoholism Clin. Exp. Res. 19, 427-433.
30. Pang, S., Levine, L. S., Chow, D. M., Faiman, C., and New, M. I. (1979). Serum androgen concentrations in neonates and young infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Clin. Endocrinol. 11, 575-584.
31. Purcell, D. W., Blanchard, R., and Zucker, K. J. (2000).Birth order in a contemporary sample of gay men. Arch. Sexual Behav. 29, 349-356.
32. Rust, J., Golombok, S., Hines, M., Johnston, K., Golding, J., and the ALSPAC Study Team (2000).The role of brothers and sisters in the gender development of preschool children. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 77, 292-303.
33. Sachar, E. J. (1980). Hormonal changes in stress and mental illness. In D. T. Krieger and J. C. Hughes (Eds.), Neuroendocrinology, pp. 177-183. H. P. Publishing, New York.
34. Sachser, N., and Kaiser, S. (1996). Prenatal social stress masculinizes the females behaviour in guinea pigs. Physiol. Behav. 60, 589-594.
35. Schmidt, G., and Clement, U. (1990). Does peace prevent homosexuality? Arch. Sexual Behav. 19, 183-187.
36. Smail, P. J., Reyes, F. I., Winter, J. S. D., and Faiman, C. (1981). The fetal hormone environment and its effect on the morphogenesis of the genital system. In S. J. Kogan and E. S. E. Hafez (Eds.), Pediatric Andrology, pp. 9-20. Nijhoff, The Hague, The Netherlands.
37. vom Saal, Quadagno, D. M., Even, M. D., Keisler, L. W., Keisler, D. H., and Kahn, S. (1990).Paradoxical effects of maternal stress on fetal steroids and postnatal reproductive traits in female mice from different intrauterine positions. Biol. Reprod. 43, 751-761.
38. Ward, I. L. (1972). Prenatal stress feminizes and demasculinizes the behavior of males. Science 175, 82-84.
39. Ward, I. L. (1984). The prenatal stress syndrome: Current status. Psychoneuroendocrinology 9, 3-11.
40. Ward, I. L., and Stehm, K. E. (1991). Prenatal stress feminizes juvenile play patterns in male rats. Physiol. Behav. 50, 601-605.
41. Ward, I. L., and Weisz, J. (1980). Maternal stress alters plasma testosterone in fetal males. Science 207, 328-329.
42. Ward, I. L., and Weisz, J. (1984). Differential effects of maternal stress on circulating levels of corticosterone, progesterone, and testosterone in male and female rat fetuses and their mothers. Endocrinology 114, 1635-1644.
43. Weissner, T. S., Garnier, H., and Loucky, J. (1994). Domestic tasks, gender egalitarian values and children's gender typing in conventional and nonconventional families. Sex Roles 30, 23-54.
44. Wille, R., Borchers, D., and Schultz, W. (1987). Prenatal Distress - A Disposition for Homosexuality. Paper presented at the Meeting of the International Academy of Sex Research, Tutzing, FRG.
45. Zucker, K. J., Green, R., Coates, S., Zuger, B., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Zecca, G. M., Lertora, V., Money, J., HahnBurke, S., Bradley, S. J., and Blanchard, R. (1997). J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Disc. 38, 543-551.