Müllerian (Paramesonephric) anomalies and associated Wolffian (Mesonephric) duct malformations

Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility: Integrating Modern Clinical and Laboratory Practice

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 265-280

  Dorais, Jessie ^a   Peterson, C Matthew ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Agenesis; Arcuate uterus; Bicornuate unicollis uterus; Bicornuate uterus; Des related abnormalities; Didelphys uterus; Diethylstilbestrol related abnormalities; Duplicate uterus; Duplicate vagina; Female reproductive tract; Genitourinary anomaly; Gynecologic malformation; HSG; Hypoplasia; Hysterosalpingography; Infertility; Lateral fusion defect; Mayer Rokitansky Kuster Hauser syndrome; Menstrual disorder; Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts; MRKH syndrome; M llerian anomaly; M llerian defect; M llerian duct; M llerian malformation; Obstetric complication; Obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis; Paramesonephric (M llerian) ducts; Reproductive tract abnormalities; Resorption defect; Saline infusion sonography; Septate uterus; SIS; Sonohysterography; Unicornuate uterus; Uterine abnormalities; Uterine agenesis; Uterine anomalies; Uterine defect; Vaginal agenesis; Vaginal atresia; Vaginoplasty; Vertical fusion defect; Wunderlich Herlyn Werner syndrome

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867481313     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1436-1_16     Document Type: Chapter

References (176)

1. Steinmetz GP (1940) Formation of artificial vagina. West J Surg 48:169-3
2. Strassmann EO (1966) Fertility and unification of double uterus. Fertil Steril 17(2):165-176
3. Strassmann EO (1961) Operations for double uterus and endometrial artesia. Clin Obstet Gynecol (4)
4. Greiss FC Jr, Mauzy CH (1961) Genital anomalies in women: an evaluation of diagnosis, incidence, and obstetric performance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 82:330-339
5. Green LK, Harris RE (1976) Uterine anomalies. Frequency of diagnosis and associated obstetric complications. Obstet Gynecol 47(4):427-429
6. Grimbizis GF, Camus M, Tarlatzis BC, Bontis JN, Devroey P (2001) Clinical implications of uterine malformations and hysteroscopic treatment results. Hum Reprod Update 7(2):161-174
7. Raga F, Bauset C, Remohi J, Bonilla-Musoles F, Simon C, Pellicer A (1997) Reproductive impact of congenital Mullerian anomalies. Hum Reprod 12(10):2277-2281
8. Acien P (1992) Embryological observations on the female genital tract. Hum Reprod 7(4):437-445
9. Stray-Pedersen B, Stray-Pedersen S (1984) Etiologic factors and subsequent reproductive performance in 195 couples with a prior history of habitual abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 148(2):140-146
10. Stampe Sorensen S (1988) Estimated prevalence of mullerian anomalies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 67(5):441-445
11. Simon C, Martinez L, Pardo F, Tortajada M, Pellicer A (1991) Mullerian defects in women with normal reproductive outcome. Fertil Steril 56(6):1192-1193
12. Ashton D, Amin HK, Richart RM, Neuwirth RS (1988) The incidence of asymptomatic uterine anomalies in women undergoing transcervical tubal sterilization. Obstet Gynecol 72(1):28-30
13. Byrne J, Nussbaum-Blask A, Taylor WS et al (2000) Prevalence of Mullerian duct anomalies detected at ultrasound. Am J Med Genet 94(1):9-12
14. Larsen WJ (2001) Development of the urogenital system. In: Sherman LS, Potter SS, Scott WH (eds) Human Embryology, 3rd edn. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 277-279
15. Moore KL, Persaud TVN (2003) The urogenital system: the developmental of the genital system. In: The developing human: clinically oriented embryology, 7th edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia
16. Lindenman E, Shepard MK, Pescovitz OH (1997) Mullerian agenesis: an update. Obstet Gynecol 90(2):307-312
17. Acien P, Acien M, Sanchez-Ferrer M (2004) Complex malformations of the female genital tract. New types and revision of classification. Hum Reprod 19(10):2377-2384
18. Shulman LP (1988) Developmental abnormalities of the female reproductive tract: pathogenesis and nosology. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 67
19. Puerta-Fonolla AJ (1998) Morphogenesis of the human genital tract. Ital J Anat Embryol 4(Suppl 1):3-15
20. Duffy DA, Nulsen J, Maier D, Schmidt D, Benadiva C (2004) Septate uterus with cervical duplication: a full-term delivery after resection of a vaginal septum. Fertil Steril 81(4):1125-1126
21. Chang AS, Siegel CL, Moley KH, Ratts VS, Odem RR (2004) Septate uterus with cervical duplication and longitudinal vaginal septum: a report of five new cases. Fertil Steril 81(4):1133-1136
22. Lee DM, Osathanondh R, Yeh J (1998) Localization of Bcl-2 in the human fetal mullerian tract. Fertil Steril 70(1):135-140
23. Hart DB (1901) Morphology of the human urinogenital tract. J Anat Physiol 35(Pt 3):330-375
24. Mijsberg WA (1924) Uber die entwicklung der vagina, des hymen und des sinus urogenitalis beim menschen. Z Anat Entwicklungsgesch 74:684-760
25. Hashimoto R (2003) Development of the human Mullerian duct in the sexually undifferentiated stage. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 272(2):514-519
26. Acien P, Susarte F, Romero J et al (2004) Complex genital malformation: ectopic ureter ending in a supposed mesonephric duct in a woman with renal agenesis and ipsilateral blind hemivagina. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 117(1):105-108
27. Buttram VC Jr, Gibbons WE (1979) Mullerian anomalies: a proposed classification. (An analysis of 144 cases). Fertil Steril 32(1):40-46
28. Candiani GB, Fedele L, Zamberletti D, De Virgiliis D, Carinelli S (1983) Endometrial patterns in malformed uteri. Acta Eur Fertil 14(5):311-318
29. Sparac V, Kupesic S, Ilijas M, Zodan T, Kurjak A (2001) Histologic architecture and vascularization of hysteroscopically excised intrauterine septa. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 8(1):111-116
30. Acien P (1986) Endometriosis and genital anomalies: some histogenetic aspects of external endometriosis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 22:102-107
31. Acien P (1989) Malformaciones genitales y embriología de la vagina humana. Rev Iber Fertilidad 6:427-436
32. Acien P (1992) Embryological observations on the female genital tract. Hum Reprod 7:437-445
33. Acien P (1997) Incidence of Mullerian defects in fertile and infertile women. Hum Reprod 12:1372-1376
34. Acien P (2001) Unicornuate uterus with two cavitated, non-communicating rudimentary horns? Hum Reprod 16:393-395
35. Acien P (2002) Obstructive mullerian anomalies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186:854
36. Acien P, Arminana E (1986) Agenesia renal y malformaciones útero-vaginales: asociación sistemática. Revisión de la literatura y consideraciones sobre la embriología de la vagina. Acta Ginec 43:303-318
37. Acien P, Arminana E, Garcia-Ontiveros E (1987) Unilateral renal agenesis associated with ipsilateral blind vagina. Arch Gynecol 240:1-8
38. Acien P, Lloret M, Chehab H (1988) Endometriosis in a patient with Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. Gynecol Obstet Invest 25:70-72
39. Acien P, Garcia-Lopez F, Ferrando J, Chehab HE (1990) Single ectopic ureter opening into blind vagina, with renal dysplasia and associated utero-vaginal duplication. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 31:179-185
40. Acien P, Ruiz JA, Hernandez JF, Susarte F, Martin del Moral A (1991) Renal agenesis in association with malformation of the female genital tract. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165:1368-1370
41. Acien P, Brotons J, Quereda FJ (1992) Malformaciones genitales y endometriosis. Prog Obstet Ginec 35:88-95
42. Acien P, Acien M, Sanchez-Ferrer M (2004a) Complex malformations of the female genital tract. New types and revision of classification. Hum Reprod 19:2377-2384
43. Acien P, Sanchez-Ferrer M, Mayol-Belda MJ (2004b) Unilateral cervico-vaginal atresia with ipsilateral renal agenesis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 117:249-251
44. Acien P, Susarte F, Romero J et al. (2004c) Complex genital malformation: ectopic ureter ending in a supposed mesonephric duct in a woman with renal agenesis and ipsilateral blind hemivagina. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 117:105-108
45. Acien P, Acien M, Fernandez S (2008) Segmentary atresias in Mullerian malformations. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 141:188-189
46. Akbas GE, Song J, Taylor HS (2004) A HOXA10 estrogen response element (ERE) is differentially regulated by 17 beta-estradiol and diethylstilbestrol (DES). J Mol Biol 340:1013-1023
47. Alborzi S, Asadi N, Zolghadri J, Alborzi M (2009) Laparoscopic metroplasty in bicornuate and didelphic uteri. Fertil Steril 92:352-355
48. Al-Hakeem MM, Ghourab SA, Gohar MR, Khashoggi TY (2002) Uterine didelphus with obstructed hemivagina. Saudi Med J 23:1402-1404
49. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (2002) ACOG committee opinion. Nonsurgical diagnosis and management of vaginal agenesis. Number 274, July 2002. Committee on Adolescent Health Care.
50. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 79:167-170
51. Amesse L, Yen FF, Weisskopf B, Hertweck SP (1999) Vaginal uterine agenesis associated with amastia in a phenotypic female with a de novo 46, XX, t(8;13)(q22.1;q32.1) translocation. Clin Genet 55:493-495
52. Andrews MC, Jones HW Jr (1982) Impaired reproductive performance of the unicornuate uterus: intrauterine growth retardation, infertility, and recurrent abortion in five cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144:173-176
53. Aughton DJ (1993) Mullerian duct abnormalities and galactosaemia heterozygosity: report of a family. Clin Dysmorphol 2:55-61
54. Ban-Frangez H, Tomazevic T, Virant-Klun I, Verdenik I, Ribic-Pucelj M, Bokal EV (2008) The outcome of singleton pregnancies after IVF/ICSI in women before and after hysteroscopic resection of a uterine septum compared to normal controls. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 146:184-187
55. Biason-Lauber A, Konrad D, Navratil F, Schoenle EJ (2004) A WNT4 mutation associated with Mullerian-duct regression and virilization in a 46, XX woman. N Engl J Med 351:792-798
56. Biason-Lauber A, Konrad D (2008) WNT4 and sex development. Sex Dev 2:210-218
57. Biedel CW, Pagon RA, Zapata JO (1984) Mullerian anomalies and renal agenesis: autosomal dominant urogenital adysplasia. J Pediatr 104:861-864
58. Brown O (1999) Twin pregnancy in a uterus didelphys, with unilateral placental abruption and onset of labour. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 39:506-508
59. Brun JL, Belleannee G, Grafeille N, Aslan AF, Brun GH (2002) Longterm results after neovagina creation in Mayer-Rokitanski-Kuster-Hauser syndrome by Vecchietti's operation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 103:168-172
60. Burel A, Mouchel T, Odent S et al (2006) Role of HOXA7 to HOXA13 and PBX1 genes in various forms of MRKH syndrome (congenital absence of uterus and vagina). J Negat Results Biomed 5:4
61. Burgis J (2001) Obstructive Mullerian anomalies: case report, diagnosis, and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185:338-344
62. Buttram VC Jr (1983) Mullerian anomalies and their management. Fertil Steril 40:159-163
63. Buttram VC Jr, Gibbons WE (1979) Mullerian anomalies: a proposed classification. (An analysis of 144 cases). Fertil Steril 32:40-46
64. Candiani GB, Fedele L, Zamberletti D, De Virgiliis D, Carinelli S (1983) Endometrial patterns in malformed uteri. Acta Eur Fertil 14:311-318
65. Carrington BM, Hricak H, Nuruddin RN, Secaf E, Laros RK Jr, Hill EC (1990) Mullerian duct anomalies: MR imaging evaluation. Radiology 176:715-720
66. Chang AS, Siegel CL, Moley KH, Ratts VS, Odem RR (2004) Septate uterus with cervical duplication and longitudinal vaginal septum: a report of five new cases. Fertil Steril 81:1133-1136
67. Chen YT, Mattison DR, Feigenbaum L, Fukui H, Schulman JD (1981) Reduction in oocyte number following prenatal exposure to a diet high in galactose. Science 214:1145-1147
68. Chen YB, Cheng TJ, Lin HH, Yang YS (1994) Spatial W-plasty fullthickness skin graft for neovaginal reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 94:727-731
69. Coney P (1992) Effect of vaginal agenesis on the adolescent: prognosis for normal sexual and psychological adjustment. Adolesc Pediatr Gyencol 5:8-12
70. Cramer DW, Ravnikar VA, Craighill M, Ng WG, Goldstein DP, Reilly R (1987) Mullerian aplasia associated with maternal deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase. Fertil Steril 47:930-934
71. Cutner A, Saridogan E, Hart R, Pandya P, Creighton S (2004) Laparoscopic management of pregnancies occurring in non-communicating accessory uterine horns. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 113:106-109
72. Dabirashrafi H, Mohammad K, Moghadami-Tabrizi N (1994) Ovarian malposition in women with uterine anomalies. Obstet Gynecol 83:293-294
73. Daly DC, Walters CA, Soto-Albors CE, Riddick DH (1983) Hysteroscopic metroplasty: surgical technique and obstetric outcome. Fertil Steril 39:623-628
74. Darwish AM, Elsaman AM (2008) Extended resectoscopic versus sequentional cold knife-resectoscopic excision of the unclassified complete uterocervicovaginal septum: a randomized trial. Fertil Steril
75. David A, Carmil D, Bar-David E, Serr DM (1975) Congenital absence of the vagina. Clinical and psychologic aspects. Obstet Gynecol 46:407-409
76. Davydov SN (1969) Colpopoeisis from the peritoneum of the uterorectal space. Akush Ginekol (Mosk) 45:55-57
77. DeCherney AH, Russell JB, Graebe RA, Polan ML (1986) Resectoscopic management of mullerian fusion defects. Fertil Steril 45:726-728
78. Dolan LM, Easwaran SP, Hilton P (2004) Congenital vesicovaginal fistula in association with hypoplastic kidney and uterus didelphys. Urology 63:175-177
79. Donnez J, Nisolle M (1997) Endoscopic laser treatment of uterine malformations. Hum Reprod 12:1381-1387
80. Doyle MB (1992) Magnetic resonance imaging in mullerian fusion defects. J Reprod Med 37:33-38
81. Duffy DA, Nulsen J, Maier D, Schmidt D, Benadiva C (2004) Septate uterus with cervical duplication: a full-term delivery after resection of a vaginal septum. Fertil Steril 81:1125-1126
82. Duncan PA, Shapiro LR, Stangel JJ, Klein RM, Addonizio JC (1979) The MURCS association: Mullerian duct aplasia, renal aplasia, and cervicothoracic somite dysplasia. J Pediatr 95:399-402
83. Fatum M, Rojansky N, Shushan A (2003) Septate uterus with cervical duplication: rethinking the development of mullerian anomalies. Gynecol Obstet Invest 55:186-188
84. Fedele L, Zamberletti D, Vercellini P, Dorta M, Candiani GB (1987) Reproductive performance of women with unicornuate uterus. Fertil Steril 47:416-419
85. Fedele L, Busacca M, Candiani M, Vignali M (1994) Laparoscopic creation of a neovagina in Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome by modification of Vecchietti's operation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171:268-269
86. Fedele L, Bianchi S, Marchini M, Mezzopane R, Di Nola G, Tozzi L (1996) Residual uterine septum of less than 1 cm after hysteroscopic metroplasty does not impair reproductive outcome. Hum Reprod 11:727-729
87. Forstner R, Hricak H (1994) Congenital malformations of uterus and vagina. Radiologe 34:397-404
88. Franz RC (1996) Sigmoid colon vaginoplasty: a modified method. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 103:1148-1155
89. Garcia J, Jones HW Jr (1977) The split thickness graft technic for vaginal agenesis. Obstet Gynecol 49:328-332
90. Ghirardini G, Popp L (1994) New approach to the Mayer-von Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome. Adoles Pediatr 7:41-43
91. Giraldo JL, Habana A, Duleba AJ, Dokras A (2000) Septate uterus associated with cervical duplication and vaginal septum. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 7:277-279
92. Golan A, Langer R, Bukovsky I, Caspi E (1989) Congenital anomalies of the mullerian system. Fertil Steril 51:747-755
93. Gray SE, Roberts DK, Franklin RR (1984) Fertility after metroplasty of the septate uterus. J Reprod Med 29:185-188
94. Greiss FC Jr, Mauzy CH (1961) Genital anomalies in women: an evaluation of diagnosis, incidence, and obstetric performance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 82:330-339
95. Griffin JE, Edwards C, Madden JD, Harrod MJ, Wilson JD (1976) Congenital absence of the vagina. The Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. Ann Intern Med 85:224-236
96. Grimbizis GF, Camus M, Tarlatzis BC, Bontis JN, Devroey P (2001) Clinical implications of uterine malformations and hysteroscopic treatment results. Hum Reprod Update 7:161-174
97. Heinonen PK (1997) Unicornuate uterus and rudimentary horn. Fertil Steril 68:224-230
98. Heinonen PK (2006) Complete septate uterus with longitudinal vaginal septum. Fertil Steril 85:700-705
99. Heinonen PK, Saarikoski S, Pystynen P (1982) Reproductive performance of women with uterine anomalies. An evaluation of 182 cases. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 61:157-162
100. Hinckley MD, Milki AA (2003) Management of uterus didelphys, obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis. A case report. J Reprod Med 48:649-651
101. Hundley AF, Fielding JR, Hoyte L (2001) Double cervix and vagina with septate uterus: an uncommon mullerian malformation. Obstet Gynecol 98:982-985
102. Imaoka I, Wada A, Matsuo M, Yoshida M, Kitagaki H, Sugimura K (2003) MR imaging of disorders associated with female infertility: use in diagnosis, treatment, and management. Radiographics 23:1401-1421
103. Jones HW (1992) Reconstruction of congenital uterovaginal anomalies. In: Rock JA, Murphy A, Jones HW (eds) Female Reproducative Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
104. Lewenthal H, Biale Y, Ben-Adereth N (1977) Uterus didelphys with a pregnancy in each horn. Case report. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 84:155-158
105. Lin PC (2004) Reproductive outcomes in women with uterine anomalies. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 13:33-39
106. Lindenman E, Shepard MK, Pescovitz OH (1997) Mullerian agenesis: an update. Obstet Gynecol 90:307-312
107. Litta P, Pozzan C, Merlin F et al (2004) Hysteroscopic metroplasty under laparoscopic guidance in infertile women with septate uteri: follow-up of reproductive outcome. J Reprod Med 49: 274-278
108. Litta P, Spiller E, Saccardi C, Ambrosini G, Caserta D, Cosmi E (2008) Resectoscope or Versapoint for hysteroscopic metroplasty. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 101:39-42
109. Lobaugh ML, Bammel BM, Duke D, Webster BW (1994) Uterine rupture during pregnancy in a patient with a history of hysteroscopic metroplasty. Obstet Gynecol 83:838-840
110. Lolis DE, Paschopoulos M, Makrydimas G, Zikopoulos K, Sotiriadis A, Paraskevaidis E (2005) Reproductive outcome after strassman metroplasty in women with a bicornuate uterus. J Reprod Med 50:297-301
111. Lyons JK (1997) MURSC association: müllerian duct, renal and cervical vertebral defects. In: Smith's recognizable patterns of human malformation, 5th edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia
112. Maneschi F, Zupi E, Marconi D, Valli E, Romanini C, Mancuso S (1995) Hysteroscopically detected asymptomatic mullerian anomalies. Prevalence and reproductive implications. J Reprod Med 40:684-688
113. March CM, Israel R (1987) Hysteroscopic management of recurrent abortion caused by septate uterus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156:834-842
114. Markham SM, Waterhouse TB (1992) Structural anomalies of the reproductive tract. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 4:867-873
115. Marten K, Vosshenrich R, Funke M, Obenauer S, Baum F, Grabbe E (2003) MRI in the evaluation of mullerian duct anomalies. Clin Imaging 27:346-350
116. Michalas SP (1991) Outcome of pregnancy in women with uterine malformation: evaluation of 62 cases. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 35:215-219
117. Mitchell DG (1992) Benign disease of the uterus and ovaries. Applications of magnetic resonance imaging. Radiol Clin North Am 30:777-787
118. Mitchell DG, Outwater EK (1995) Benign gynecologic disease: applications of magnetic resonance imaging. Top Magn Reson Imaging 7:26-43
119. Mobus VJ, Kortenhorn K, Kreienberg R, Friedberg V (1996) Longterm results after operative correction of vaginal aplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:617-624
120. Mollo A, De Franciscis P, Colacurci N et al (2008) Hysteroscopic resection of the septum improves the pregnancy rate of women with unexplained infertility: a prospective controlled trial. Fertil Steril 91:2628-2631
121. Mor E, Saadat P, Sokol RZ, Paulson RJ (2002) Spontaneous twin gestation after vaginal dilation in a woman with uterus didelphys and bladder exstrophy. Obstet Gynecol 100:1138-1141
122. Motoyama S, Laoag-Fernandez JB, Mochizuki S, Yamabe S, Maruo T (2003) Vaginoplasty with Interceed absorbable adhesion barrier for complete squamous epithelialization in vaginal agenesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188:1260-1264
123. Mulchahey KM (2002) Management quandary. Severe dysmenorrhea due to obstructive anomaly. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 15:175-177
124. Murray JM, Gambrell RD Jr (1979) Complete and partial vaginal agenesis. J Reprod Med 22:101-105
125. Nahum GG (1998) Uterine anomalies. How common are they, and what is their distribution among subtypes? J Reprod Med 43:877-887
126. Narlawar RS, Chavhan GB, Bhatgadde VL, Shah JR (2003) Twin gestation in one horn of a bicornuate uterus. J Clin Ultrasound 31:167-169
127. Nisolle M, Donnez J (1992) Vaginoplasty using amniotic membranes in cases of vaginal agenesis or after vaginectomy. J Gynecol Surg 8:25-30
128. Nohara M, Nakayama M, Masamoto H, Nakazato K, Sakumoto K, Kanazawa K (2003) Twin pregnancy in each half of a uterus didelphys with a delivery interval of 66 days. BJOG 110:331-332
129. Patton PE, Novy MJ (1988) Reproductive potential of the anomalous uterus. Sem Reprod Endocrinol 6:217-233
130. Patton PE, Novy MJ, Lee DM, Hickok LR (2004) The diagnosis and reproductive outcome after surgical treatment of the complete septate uterus, duplicated cervix and vaginal septum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 190:1669-1675; discussion 75-78.
131. Pellerito JS, McCarthy SM, Doyle MB, Glickman MG, DeCherney AH (1992) Diagnosis of uterine anomalies: relative accuracy of MR imaging, endovaginal sonography, and hysterosalpingography. Radiology 183:795-800
132. Petrozza JC, Gray MR, Davis AJ, Reindollar RH (1997) Congenital absence of the uterus and vagina is not commonly transmitted as a dominant genetic trait: outcomes of surrogate pregnancies. Fertil Steril 67:387-389
133. Phupong V, Pruksananonda K, Taneepanichskul S, Tresukosol D, Virutamasen P (2000) Double uterus with unilaterally obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis: a variety presentation and a 10-year review of the literature. J Med Assoc Thai 83:569-574
134. Pieroni C, Rosenfeld DL, Mokrzycki ML (2001) Uterus didelphys with obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis. A case report. J Reprod Med 46:133-136
135. Propst AM, Hill JA 3rd (2000) Anatomic factors associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. Semin Reprod Med 18:341-350
136. Pui MH (2004) Imaging diagnosis of congenital uterine malformation. Comput Med Imaging Graph 28:425-433
137. Raga F, Bonilla-Musoles F, Blanes J, Osborne NG (1996) Congenital Mullerian anomalies: diagnostic accuracy of three-dimensional ultrasound. Fertil Steril 65:523-528
138. Raga F, Bauset C, Remohi J, Bonilla-Musoles F, Simon C, Pellicer A (1997) Reproductive impact of congenital Mullerian anomalies. Hum Reprod 12:2277-2281
139. Rangaswamy M, Machado NO, Kaur S, Machado L (2001) Laparoscopic vaginoplasty: using a sliding peritoneal flap for correction of complete vaginal agenesis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 98:244-248
140. Reuter KL, Daly DC, Cohen SM (1989) Septate versus bicornuate uteri: errors in imaging diagnosis. Radiology 172:749-752
141. Robert HG (1969) Uterus cloisonne avec cavite borgne sans hematometrie. CR Soc Fr Gyencol 39:767-775
142. Rock JA (2003) Surgery for anomalies of the mullerian ducts. In: Tompson JD, Rock JA (eds) TeLind's operative gynecology, 9th edn. JB Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia
143. Rock JA, Jones HW Jr (1977) The clinical management of the double uterus. Fertil Steril 28:798-806
144. Rock JA, Schlaff WD (1985) The obstetric consequences of uterovaginal anomalies. Fertil Steril 43:681-692
145. Rolen AC, Choquette AJ, Semmens JP (1966) Rudimentary uterine horn: obstetric and gynecologic implications. Obstet Gynecol 27:806-813
146. Sadove RC, Horton CE (1988) Utilizing full-thickness skin grafts for vaginal reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg 15:443-448
147. Saleem SN (2003) MR imaging diagnosis of uterovaginal anomalies: current state of the art. Radiographics 23:e13
148. Scarsbrook AF, Moore NR (2003) MRI appearances of mullerian duct abnormalities. Clin Radiol 58:747-754
149. Sentilhes L, Sergent F, Berthier A, Catala L, Descamps P, Marpeau L (2006) Uterine rupture following operative hysteroscopy. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 34:1064-1070
150. Sheth SS, Sonkawde R (2000) Uterine septum misdiagnosed on hysterosalpingogram. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 69:261-263
151. Singh J, Devi YL (1983) Pregnancy following surgical correction of nonfused mullerian bulbs and absent vagina. Obstet Gynecol 61:267-269
152. Singhal S, Agarwal U, Sharma D, Sirohiwal D (2003) Pregnancy in asymmetric blind hemicavity of Robert's uterus-A previously unreported phenomenon. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 107:93-95
153. Solomons E (1956) Conception and delivery following construction of an artificial vagina; report of a case. Obstet Gynecol 7:329-331
154. Soong YK, Chang FH, Lai YM, Lee CL, Chou HH (1996) Results of modified laparoscopically assisted neovaginoplasty in 18 patients with congenital absence of vagina. Hum Reprod 11:200-203
155. Stanton SL (1974) Gynecologic complications of epispadias and bladder exstrophy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 119:749-754
156. Stassart JP, Nagel TC, Prem KA, Phipps WR (1992) Uterus didelphys, obstructed hemivagina, and ipsilateral renal agenesis: the University of Minnesota experience. Fertil Steril 57:756-761
157. Strickland JL, Cameron WJ, Frantz KE (1993) Long-term satisfaction of adults undergoing McIndoe vaginoplasty as adults. Adoles Pediatr Gynecol 6:135
158. Suzuki A, Urushitani H, Sato T et al (2007) Gene expression change in the Mullerian duct of the mouse fetus exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 232:503-514
159. Tanaka YO, Kurosaki Y, Kobayashi T et al (1998) Uterus didelphys associated with obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis: MR findings in seven cases. Abdom Imaging 23: 437-441
160. Templeman CL, Hertweck SP, Levine RL, Reich H (2000) Use of laparoscopically mobilized peritoneum in the creation of a neovagina. Fertil Steril 74:589-592
161. Tiker F, Yildirim SV, Barutcu O, Bagis T (2000) Familial mullerian agenesis. Turk J Pediatr 42:322-324
162. Tridenti G, Bruni V, Ghirardini G (1995) Double uterus with a blind hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis: clinical variants in three adolescent women: case report and literature review. Adoles Pediatr Gynecol 8:201-207
163. Troiano RN (2003) Magnetic resonance imaging of mullerian duct anomalies of the uterus. Top Magn Reson Imaging 14:269-279
164. Turunen A, Unnerus CE (1967) Spinal changes in patients with congenital aplasia of the vagina. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 46:99-106
165. Tyagi A, Minocha B, Prateek S (2001) Delayed delivery of second twin in uterus didelphys. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 73:259-260
166. Valdes C, Malini S, Malinak LR (1984) Ultrasound evaluation of female genital tract anomalies: a review of 64 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 149:285-292
167. Valle RF, Sciarra JJ (1986) Hysteroscopic treatment of the septate uterus. Obstet Gynecol 67:253-257
168. Valli E, Vaquero E, Lazzarin N, Caserta D, Marconi D, Zupi E (2004) Hysteroscopic metroplasty improves gestational outcome in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 11:240-244
169. Wagner BJ, Woodward PJ (1994) Magnetic resonance evaluation of congenital uterine anomalies. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 15:4-17
170. Wai CY, Zekam N, Sanz LE (2001) Septate uterus with double cervix and longitudinal vaginal septum. A case report. J Reprod Med 46:613-617
171. Wheeler PG, Weaver DD (2001) Partial urorectal septum malformation sequence: a report of 25 cases. Am J Med Genet 103:99-105
172. Willemsen WN (1982) Combination of the Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster and Klippel-Feil syndrome-A case report and literature review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 13:229-235
173. Williams EA (1964) Congenital absence of the vagina: a simple operation for its relief. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 71:511-512
174. Yang CC, Tseng JY, Chen P, Wang PH (2002) Uterus didelphys with cervical agenesis associated with adenomyosis, a leiomyoma and ovarian endometriosis. A case report. J Reprod Med 47:936-938
175. Zanetti E, Ferrari LR, Rossi G (1978) Classification and radiographic features of uterine malformations: hysterosalpingographic study. Br J Radiol 51:161-170
176. Zurawin RK, Dietrich JE, Heard MJ, Edwards CL (2004) Didelphic uterus and obstructed hemivagina with renal agenesis: case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 17:137-141