Modeling heterogeneous treatment effects in survey experiments with bayesian additive regression trees

Public Opinion Quarterly

Volumn 76, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 491-511

  Green, Donald P ^a   Kern, Holger L ^b  

^a Howard Hughes Medical Institute   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867424852     PISSN: 0033362X     EISSN: 15375331     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/poq/nfs036     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Berry, William D., Jacqueline H. R. DeMeritt, and Justin Esarey. 2010. "Testing for Interaction in Binary Logit and Probit Models: Is a Product Term Essential?" American Journal of Political Science 54(1):248-66.
2. Birnbaum, Michael H. 2004. "Human Research and Data Collection via the Internet." Annual Review of Psychology 55:803-32.
3. Bonato, Vinicius, Veerabhadran Baladandayuthapani, Bradley M. Broom, Erik P. Sulman, Kenneth D. Aldape, and Kim-Anh Do. 2011. "Bayesian Ensemble Methods for Survival Prediction in Gene Expression Data." Bioinformatics 27(3):359-67.
4. Breiman, Leo, Jerome Friedman, Charles J. Stone, and R. A. Olshen. 1984. Classification and Regression Trees. New York: Chapman & Hall.
5. Bullock, Heather E., Wendy R. Williams, and Wendy M. Limbert. 2003. "Predicting Support for Welfare Policies: The Impact of Attributions and Beliefs About Inequality." Journal of Poverty 7(3):35-56.
6. Cameron, A. Colin, and Pravin K. Trivedi. 2005. Microeconometrics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
7. Chipman, Hugh, Edward George, Jason Lemp, and Robert McCulloch. 2010. "Bayesian Flexible Modeling of Trip Durations." Transportation Research Part B 44(4):686-98.
8. Chipman, Hugh A., Edward I. George, and Robert E. McCulloch. 1998. "Bayesian CART Model Search." Journal of the American Statistical Association 94(443):935-48.
9. -2007. "Bayesian Ensemble Learning." In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 19, edited by Bernhard Schölkopf, John Platt, and Thomas Hofmann. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
10. -2010. "BART: Bayesian Additive Regression Trees." Annals of Applied Statistics 4(1):266-98.
11. Chipman, Hugh, and Robert McCulloch. 2009. BayesTree: "Bayesian Methods for Tree-Based Models." R package version 0.3-1.
12. Corstange, Daniel. 2009. "Sensitive Questions, Truthful Answers? Modeling the List Experiment with LISTIT." Political Analysis 17(1):45-63.
13. Djebbari, Habiba, and Jeffrey Smith. 2008. "Heterogeneous Impacts of PRO GRESA." Journal of Econometrics 145:64-80.
14. Droitcour, Judith, Rachel A. Caspar, Michael L. Hubbard, Teresa L. Parsley, Wendy Visscher, and Trena M. Ezzati. 1991. "The Item-Count Technique as a Method of Indirect Questioning: A Review of Its Development and a Case-Study Application." In Measurement Errors in Surveys, edited by Paul P. Biemer et al., pp. 185-210. New York: John Wiley & Sons
15. federico, Christopher M. 2004. "When Do Welfare Attitudes Become Racialized? The Paradoxical Effects of Education." American Journal of Political Science 48(2):374-91.
16. Feller, Avi, and Chris C. Holmes. 2009. "Beyond Toplines: Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in Randomized Experiments." Working Paper.
17. Gelman, Andrew. 2007. "Struggles with Survey Weighting and Regression Modeling." Statistical Science 22(2):153-64.
18. Gelman, Andrew, and Jennifer Hill. 2007. Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/ Hierarchical Models. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
19. Gilens, Martin. 1999. Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Anti-Poverty Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
20. Greenwald, Anthony G., and Mahzarin R. Banaji. 1995. "Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and Stereotypes." Psychological Review 102(1):4-27.
21. Hastie, Trevor, Robert Tibshirani, and Jerome Friedman. 2009. The Elements of Statistical Learning. 2nd ed. New York: Springer.
22. Henry, P. J., Christine Reyna, and Bernard Weiner. 2004. "Hate Welfare But Help the Poor: How the Attributional Content of Stereotypes Explains the Paradox of Reactions to the Destitute in America." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34(1):34-58.
23. Hill, Jennifer L. 2011. "Bayesian Nonparametric Modeling for Causal Inference." Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 20(1):217-40.
24. Holland, Paul W. 1986. "Statistics and Causal Inference." Journal of the American Statistical Association 81(396):945-60.
25. Imai, Kosuke, and Aaron Strauss. 2011. "Estimation of Heterogeneous Treatment Effects from Randomized Experiments, with Application to the Optimal Planning of the Get-Out-the-Vote Campaign." Political Analysis 19(1):1-19.
26. Imbens, Guido W. 2004. "Nonparametric Estimation of Average Treatment Effects Under Exogeneity: A Review." Review of Economics and Statistics 86(1):4-29.
27. Iyengar, Shanto. 2010. "Experimental Designs for Political Communication Research." In Sourcebook for Political Communication Research: Methods, Measures, and Analytical Techniques, edited by Eric P. Bucy and R. Lance Holbert, pp. 129-48. New York: Routledge
28. Izenman, Alan Julian. 2008. Modern Multivariate Statistical Techniques: Regression, Classification, and Manifold Learning. New York: Springer.
29. Jacoby, William G. 2000. "Issue Framing and Public Opinion on Government Spending." American Journal of Political Science 44(4):750-67.
30. Kam, Cindy D., and Robert J. Franzese, Jr. 2007. Modeling and Interpreting Interactive Hypotheses in Regression Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
31. Kent, David, and Rodney Hayward. 2007. "When Averages Hide Individual Differences in Clinical Trials." American Scientist 95(1):60-68.
32. King, Gary, Michael Tomz, and Jason Wittenberg. 2000. "Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation." American Journal of Political Science 44(2):341-55.
33. King, Gary, and Langche Zeng. 2001. "Improving Forecasts of State Failure." World Politics 53(4):623-58.
34. Kluegel, James R., and Eliot R. Smith. 1986. Beliefs About Inequality: Americans' Views of What Is and What Ought to Be. New York
35. Aldine de Gruyter. Kuklinski, James H., Michael D. Cobb, and Martin Gilens. 1997. "Racial Attitudes and the 'New South.'" Journal of Politics 59(2):323-49.
36. Mandel, Micha, and Rebecca A. Betensky. 2008. "Simultaneous Confidence Intervals Based on the Percentile Bootstrap Approach." Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 52(4):2158-65.
37. Mason, Winter, and Siddharth Suri. 2011. "Conducting Behavioral Research on Amazon's Mechanical Turk." Working Paper, SSRN.
38. Paolacci, Gabriele, Jesse Chandler, and Panagiotis G. Ipeirotis. 2010. "Running Experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk." Judgment and Decision Making 5(5):411-19.
39. Pocock, Stuart J., Susan E. Assmann, Laura E. Enos, and Linda E. Kasten. 2002. "Subgroup Analysis, Covariate Adjustment, and Baseline Comparisons in Clinical Trial Reporting: Current Practice and Problems." Statistics in Medicine 21:2917-30.
40. Rasinski, Kenneth A. 1989. "The Effect of Question Wording on Public Support for Government Spending." Public Opinion Quarterly 53(3):388-94.
41. Rothwell, Peter M. 2005. "Subgroup Analysis in Randomized Controlled Trials: Importance, Indications, and Interpretation." Lancet 365:176-86.
42. Rubin, Donald B. 1974. "Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies." Journal of Educational Psychology 66(5):688-701.
43. Schuman, Howard, and Stanley Presser. 1981. Questions and Answers in Attitude Surveys: Experiments on Question Form, Wording, and Context. New York: Academic Press.
44. Shaw, Greg M., and Robert Y. Shapiro. 2002. "Trends: Poverty and Public Assistance." Public Opinion Quarterly 66(1):105-28.
45. Smith, Tom W. 1987. "That Which We Call Welfare by Any Other Name Would Smell Sweeter." Public Opinion Quarterly 51(1):75-83.
46. Smith, Tom W., and Bruce L. Peterson. 1986. "Problems in Form Randomization on the General Social Survey." GSS Methodological Report No. 36.
47. Sniderman, Paul. 2011. "The Logic and Design of the Survey Experiment: An Autobiography of a Methodological Innovation." In Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science, edited by James N. Druckman, Donald P. Green, James H. Kuklinski, and Arthur Lupia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
48. Sniderman, Paul M., and Douglas Grob. 1996. "Innovations in Experimental Design in Attitude Surveys." Annual Review of Sociology 22:377-99.
49. Stone, M. 1974. "Cross-Validatory Choice and Assessment of Statistical Predictions." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B 36(2):111-47.
50. Tomz, Michael. 2007. "Domestic Audience Costs in International Relations: An Experimental Approach." International Organization 61(4):821-40.
51. Vavreck, Lynn, and Douglas Rivers. 2008. "The 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study." Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties 18(4):355-66.
52. Williamson, John B. 1974. "Beliefs About the Motivation of the Poor and Attitudes Toward Poverty Policy." Social Problems 21(5):634-48.
53. Zhang, Junni L., and Wolfgang K. Härdle. 2010. "The Bayesian Additive Classification Tree Applied to Credit-Risk Modeling." Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 54(5):1197-205.