Molecular aspects of thymic carcinoma

Lung Cancer

Volumn 78, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 127-132

  Weissferdt, Annikka ^a   Wistuba, Ignacio I ^a   Moran, Cesar A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Mediastinum; Molecular biology; Thymic carcinoma; Thymus

Indexed keywords

BETA TUBULIN; BETA TUBULIN 3; BEVACIZUMAB; BRCA1 PROTEIN; CYCLIN D1; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR 2A; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR KINASE INHIBITOR; FLUOROURACIL; GROWTH FACTOR; IMATINIB; K RAS PROTEIN; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; PLATINUM DERIVATIVE; PROTEIN BAX; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN P16; PROTEIN P53; RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN; SOMATOMEDIN C RECEPTOR; SORAFENIB; STEM CELL FACTOR; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE LOCUS; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; HETEROZYGOSITY LOSS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; ONCOGENE; ONCOGENE K RAS; OVERALL SURVIVAL; POINT MUTATION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; THYMUS CANCER; TUMOR LOCALIZATION;

GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; HUMANS; LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; MUTATION; ONCOGENES; THYMOMA; THYMUS NEOPLASMS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84867398788     PISSN: 01695002     EISSN: 18728332     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.08.002     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart 2004, 148-197. IARC Press, Lyon, France. W.D. Travis, E. Brambilla, H.K. Müller-Hermelink, C.C. Harris (Eds.).
2. Kondo K., Monden Y. Therapy for thymic epithelial tumors: a clinical study of 1320 patients from Japan. Ann Thorac Surg 2003, 76:878-884.
3. Weissferdt A., Moran C.A.I. Thymic carcinoma: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 65 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 2012, 138:103-114.
4. Hanahan D., Weinberg R.A. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 2011, 144:646-674.
5. Cappuzzo F., Hirsch F.R., Rossi E., Bartolini S., Ceresoli G.L., Bemis L., et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor gene and protein and gefitinib sensitivity in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005, 97:643-655.
6. Lynch T.J., Bell D.W., Sordella R., Gurubhagavatula S., Okimoto R.A., Brannigan B.W., et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:2129-2139.
7. Hayashi Y., Ishii N., Obayashi C., Jinnai K., Hanioka K., Imai Y., et al. Thymoma: tumour type related to expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF), EGF-receptor, p53, v-erb B and ras p21. Virchows Arch 1995, 426:43-50.
8. Henley J.D., Koukoulis G.K., Loehrer P.J. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in invasive thymoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2002, 128:167-170.
9. Ionescu D.N., Sasatomi E., Cieply K., Nola M., Dacic S. Protein expression and gene amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor in thymomas. Cancer 2005, 103:630-636.
10. Suzuki E., Sasaki H., Kawano O., Endo K., Haneda H., Yukiue H., et al. Expression and mutation statuses of epidermal growth factor receptor in thymic epithelial tumors. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2006, 36:351-356.
11. Meister M., Schirmacher P., Dienemann H., Mechtersheimer G., Schnabel P.A., Kern M.A., et al. Mutational status of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in thymomas and thymic carcinomas. Cancer Lett 2007, 248:186-191.
12. Pedersini R., Vattemi E., Lusso M.R., Mazzoleni G., Ebner H., Graiff C. Erlotinib in advanced well-differentiated thymic carcinoma with overexpression of EGFR: a case report. Tumori 2008, 94:849-852.
13. Yoh K., Nishiwaki Y., Ishii G., Goto K., Kubota K., Ohmatsu H., et al. Mutational status of EGFR and KIT in thymoma and thymic carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2008, 62:316-320.
14. Girard N., Shen R., Guo T., Zakowski M.F., Heguy A., Riely G.J., et al. Comprehensive genomic analysis reveals clinically relevant molecular distinctions between thymic carcinomas and thymomas. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15:6790-6799.
15. Aisner S.C., Dahlberg S., Hameed M.R., Ettinger D.S., Schiller J.H., Johnson D.H., et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor, c-kit, and Her2/neu immunostaining in advanced or recurrent thymic epithelial neoplasms staged according to the 2004 World Health Organization in patients treated with octreotide and prednisone: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5:885-892.
16. Girard N., Teruya-Feldstein J., Payabyab E.C., Riely G.J., Rusch V.W., Kris M.G., et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor expression in thymic malignancies. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5:1439-1446.
17. Weissferdt A., Lin H., Woods D., Tang X., Fujimoto J., Wistuba I.I., et al. HER family receptor and ligand status in thymic carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2012 June 20, [Epub ahead of print].
18. Yamaguchi H., Soda H., Kitazaki T., Tsukamoto K., Hayashi T., Kohno S. Thymic carcinoma with epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations. Lung Cancer 2006, 52:261-262.
19. Bisagni G., Rossi G., Cavazza A., Sartori G., Gardini G., Boni C. Long lasting response to the multikinase inhibitor bay 43-9006 (sorafenib) in a heavily pretreated metastatic thymic carcinoma. J Thorac Oncol 2009, 4:773-775.
20. Sasaki H., Yano M., Fujii Y. Evaluation of Kras gene mutation and copy number in thymic carcinomas and thymomas. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5:1715-1716.
21. Ströbel P., Bargou R., Wolff A., Spitzer D., Manegold C., Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A., et al. Sunitinib in metastatic thymic carcinomas: laboratory findings and initial clinical experience. Br J Cancer 2010, 103:196-200.
22. Pan C.C., Chen P.C., Wang L.S., Lee J.Y., Chiang H. Expression of apoptosis-related markers and HER-2/neu in thymic epithelial tumours. Histopathology 2003, 43:165-172.
23. Heinrich M.C., Corless C.L., Demetri G.D., Blanke C.D., von Mehren M., Joensuu H., et al. Kinase mutations and imatinib response in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:4342-4349.
24. Hirota S., Isozaki K., Moriyama Y., Hashimoto K., Nishida T., Ishiguro S., et al. Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science 1998, 279:577-580.
25. Demetri G.D., von Mehren M., Blanke C.D., Van den Abbeele A.D., Eisenberg B., Roberts P.J., et al. Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. N Engl J Med 2002, 347:472-480.
26. Ströbel P., Hartmann M., Jakob A., Mikesch K., Brink I., Dirnhofer S., et al. Thymic carcinoma with overexpression of mutated KIT and the response to imatinib. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:2625-2626.
27. Nakagawa K., Matsuno Y., Kunitoh H., Maeshima A., Asamura H., Tsuchiya R. Immunohistochemical KIT (CD117) expression in thymic epithelial tumors. Chest 2005, 128:140-144.
28. Tsuchida M., Umezu H., Hashimoto T., Shinohara H., Koike T., Hosaka Y., et al. Absence of gene mutations in KIT-positive thymic epithelial tumors. Lung Cancer 2008, 62:321-325.
29. Giaccone G., Rajan A., Ruijter R., Smit E., van Groeningen C., Hogendoorn P.C. Imatinib mesylate in patients with WHO B3 thymomas and thymic carcinomas. J Thorac Oncol 2009, 4:1270-1273.
30. Li X.F., Chen Q., Huang W.X., Ye Y.B. Response to sorafenib in cisplatin-resistant thymic carcinoma: a case report. Med Oncol 2009, 26:157-160.
31. Palmieri G., Marino M., Buonerba C., Federico P., Conti S., Milella M., et al. Imatinib mesylate in thymic epithelial malignancies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012, 69:309-315.
32. Petrini I., Zucali P.A., Lee H.S., Pineda M.A., Meltzer P.S., Walter-Rodriguez B., et al. Expression and mutational status of c-kit in thymic epithelial tumors. J Thorac Oncol 2010, 5:1447-1453.
33. Pao W., Wang T.Y., Riely G.J., Miller V.A., Pan Q., Ladanyi M., et al. KRAS mutations and primary resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib. PLoS Med 2005, 2:e17.
34. Ciardiello F., Tortora G. EGFR antagonists in cancer treatment. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:1160-1174.
35. Suzuki M., Chen H., Shigematsu H., Ando S., Iida T., Nakajima T., et al. Aberrant methylation: common in thymic carcinomas, rare in thymomas. Oncol Rep 2005, 14:1621-1624.
36. Gong Y., Yao E., Shen R., Goel A., Arcila M., Teruya-Feldstein J., et al. High expression levels of total IGF-1R and sensitivity of NSCLC cells in vitro to an anti-IGF-1R antibody (R1507). PLoS ONE 2009, 4(10):e7273.
37. Breinig M., Mayer P., Harjung A., Goeppert B., Malz M., Penzel R., et al. Heat shock protein 90-sheltered overexpression of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor contributes to malignancy of thymic epithelial tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2011, 17:2237-2249.
38. Kaira K., Oriuchi N., Imai H., Shimizu K., Yanagitani N., Sunaga N., et al. l-Type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is frequently expressed in thymic carcinomas but is absent in thymomas. J Surg Oncol 2009, 99:433-438.
39. Chen F.F., Yan J.J., Chang K.C., Lai W.W., Chen R.M., Jin Y.T. Immunohistochemical localization of Mcl-1 and bcl-2 proteins in thymic epithelial tumours. Histopathology 1996, 29:541-547.
40. Engel P., Francis D., Graem N. Expression of bcl-2 in fetal thymus, thymomas and thymic carcinomas. Association with p53 expression and review of the literature. APMIS 1998, 106:449-455.
41. Hiroshima K., Iyoda A., Toyozaki T., Supriatna Y., Shibuya K., Shimamura F., et al. Proliferative activity and apoptosis in thymic epithelial neoplasms. Mod Pathol 2002, 15:1326-1332.
42. Tateyama H., Eimoto T., Tada T., Inagaki H., Hattori H., Takino H. Apoptosis, bcl-2 protein, and Fas antigen in thymic epithelial tumors. Mod Pathol 1997, 10:983-991.
43. de Gramont A., Tournigand C., André T., Larsen A.K., Louvet C. Targeted agents for adjuvant therapy of colon cancer. Semin Oncol 2006, 33(6 Suppl. 11):S42-S45.
44. Tomita M., Matsuzaki Y., Edagawa M., Maeda M., Shimizu T., Hara M., et al. Correlation between tumor angiogenesis and invasiveness in thymic epithelial tumors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002, 124:493-498.
45. Sasaki H., Yukiue H., Kobayashi Y., Nakashima Y., Moriyama S., Kaji M., et al. Elevated serum vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor levels in patients with thymic epithelial neoplasms. Surg Today 2001, 31:1038-1040.
46. Sanford M., Scott L.J. Imatinib: as adjuvant therapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Drugs 2010, 70:1963-1972.
47. Hirabayashi H., Fujii Y., Sakaguchi M., Tanaka H., Yoon H.E., Komoto Y., et al. p16INK4, pRB, p53 and cyclin D1 expression and hypermethylation of CDKN2 gene in thymoma and thymic carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1997, 73:639-644.
48. Tateyama H., Eimoto T., Tada T., Mizuno T., Inagaki H., Hata A., et al. p53 protein expression and p53 gene mutation in thymic epithelial tumors. An immunohistochemical and DNA sequencing study. Am J Clin Pathol 1995, 104:375-381.
49. Kaira K., Serizawa M., Koh Y., Miura S., Kaira R., Abe M., et al. Expression of excision repair cross-complementation group 1, breast cancer susceptibility 1, and β III-tubulin in thymic epithelial tumors. J Thorac Oncol 2011, 6:606-613.
50. Kaira K., Serizawa M., Koh Y., Miura S., Kaira R., Abe M., et al. Expression of thymidylate synthase, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in thymic epithelial tumors. Lung Cancer 2011, 74:419-425.
51. Zhou R., Zettl A., Ströbel P., Wagner K., Müller-Hermelink H.K., Zhang S., et al. Thymic epithelial tumors can develop along two different pathogenetic pathways. Am J Pathol 2001, 159:1853-1860.
52. Inoue M., Starostik P., Zettl A., Ströbel P., Schwarz S., Scaravilli F., et al. Correlating genetic aberrations with World Health Organization-defined histology and stage across the spectrum of thymomas. Cancer Res 2003, 63:3708-3715.
53. Zettl A., Ströbel P., Wagner K., Katzenberger T., Ott G., Rosenwald A., et al. Recurrent genetic aberrations in thymoma and thymic carcinoma. Am J Pathol 2000, 157:257-266.
54. Kubonishi I., Takehara N., Iwata J., Sonobe H., Ohtsuki Y., Abe T., et al. Novel t(15;19)(q15;p13) chromosome abnormality in a thymic carcinoma. Cancer Res 1991, 51:3327-3328.
55. Stelow E.B., Bellizzi A.M., Taneja K., Mills S.E., Legallo R.D., Kutok J.L., et al. NUT rearrangement in undifferentiated carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract. Am J Surg Pathol 2008, 32:828-834.
56. Vargas S.O., French C.A., Faul P.N., Fletcher J.A., Davis I.J., Dal Cin P., et al. Upper respiratory tract carcinoma with chromosomal translocation 15;19: evidence for a distinct disease entity of young patients with a rapidly fatal course. Cancer 2001, 92:1195-1203.
57. Mertens F., Wiebe T., Adlercreutz C., Mandahl N., French C.A. Successful treatment of a child with t(15;19)-positive tumor. Pediatr Blood Am J Surg Pathol 2009, 33(August (8)):1253-1258.
58. den Bakker M.A., Beverloo B.H., van den Heuvel-Eibrink M.M., Meeuwis C.A., Tan L.M., Johnson L.A., et al. NUT midline carcinoma of the parotid gland with mesenchymal differentiation. Cancer 2007, 49:1015.
59. Shehata B.M., Steelman C.K., Abramowsky C.R., Olson T.A., French C.A., Saxe D.F., et al. NUT midline carcinoma in a newborn with multiorgan disseminated tumor and a 2-year-old with a pancreatic/hepatic primary. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2010, 13:481-485.
60. Sait S.N., Brooks J.J., Ashraf M., Zhang P.J. A novel t(1;8)(p13;p11) in a thymic carcinoma with unusual giant cell features and renal metastasis. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2001, 124:140-143.
61. Moran C.A., Suster S. Thymic carcinoma: current concepts and histologic features. Hematol Oncol N Am 2008, 22:393-407.
62. Pan C.C., Chen P.C., Chiang H. KIT (CD117) is frequently overexpressed in thymic carcinomas but is absent in thymomas. J Pathol 2004, 202:375-381.
63. Dorfman D.M., Shahsafaei A., Chan J.K. Thymic carcinomas, but not thymomas and carcinomas of other sites, show CD5 immunoreactivity. Am J Surg Pathol 1997, 21:936-940.
64. Weissferdt A., Moran C.A. Pax8 expression in thymic epithelial neoplasms: an immunohistochemical analysis. Am J Surg Pathol 2011, 35:1305-1310.