The Power of a Smile to Move You: Complementary Submissiveness in Women's Posture as a Function of Gender Salience and Facial Expression

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 38, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 1480-1494

  de Lemus, Soledad ^a   Spears, Russell ^b,c   Moya, Miguel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

^b CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

complementarity; dominance; nonverbal behavior; power; sexism

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; BODY POSTURE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL DOMINANCE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; UNITED KINGDOM; VIDEORECORDING;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; DOMINANCE-SUBORDINATION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; POSTURE; POWER (PSYCHOLOGY); PREJUDICE; SEX FACTORS; SMILING; VIDEO RECORDING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84867089012     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167212454178     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Bargh J. A.,Chen M.,Burrows L.Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1996;71:230-244.
2. Barreto M.,Ellemers N.The burden of benevolent sexism: How it contributes to the maintenance of gender inequalities.European Journal of Social Psychology. 2005;35:633-642.
3. Carson R. C.Interaction concepts of personality. Chicago, IL: Aldine de Gruyter; 1969:.
4. Cesario J.,Plaks J. E.,Higgins E. T.Automatic social behavior as motivated preparation to interact.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2006;90:893-910.
5. Chartrand T. L.,Bargh J. A.The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction.Journal of Personality and social Psychology. 1999;76:893-910.
6. De Lemus S.,Spears R.,Bukowski M.,Moya M.,Lupiáñez J.Reversing implicit gender stereotype activation as a function of exposure to traditional gender roles.Social Psychology.
7. Dijksterhuis A.,Spears R.,Lepinasse V.Reflecting and deflecting stereotypes: Assimilation and contrast in impression formation and automatic behavior.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2001;37:286-299.
8. Dijksterhuis A.,Spears R.,Postmes T.,Stapel D.,Koomen W.,van Knippenberg A.,Scheepers D.Seeing one thing and doing another: Contrast effects in automatic behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998;75:862-871.
9. Dijksterhuis A.,van Knippenberg A.The relation between perception and behavior, or how to win a game of trivial pursuit.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998;74:865-877.
10. Eagly A. H.,Karau S. J.Gender and the emergence of leaders: A meta-analysis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991;60:685-710.
11. Ellemers N.The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations. Jost J. T.Major B., ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2001:205-222.
12. Fiske S. T.,Cuddy A.,Glick P.,Xu J.A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and Warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002;82:6 878-902.
13. Ford T. E.,Ferguson M. A.Social consequences of disparagement humor: A prejudice norm theory.Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2004;8:79-94.
14. Glick P.,Fiske S. T.The ambivalent sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1996;70:491-512.
15. Glick P.,Fiske S. T.Advances in experimental social psychology. Zanna M. P., ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Academic Press; 2001:115-188.
16. Hall J. A.,Coats E. J.,Smith LeBeau L.Nonverbal behaviour and the vertical dimension of social relations: A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin. 2005;131:898-924.
17. Henley N. M.,LaFrance M.Wolfgang A., ed. Nonverbal behaviour Lewinston, NY: Perspectives, applications, intercultural insights Hogrefe; 1984:351-371.
18. Jackman M. R.The velvet glove: Paternalism and conflict in gender, class, and race relations. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1994:.
19. Jost J. T.,Banaji M. R.The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness.British Journal of Social Psychology. 1994;33:1-27.
20. Kaiser C. R.,Major B.The social life of emotions. Tiedens L. Z.Leach C. W., ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2004:270-291.
21. Kilianski S. E.,Rudman L. A.Wanting it both ways: Do women approve of benevolent sexism?.Sex Roles. 1998;39:333-352.
22. Kobrynowicz D.,Branscombe N. R.Who considers themselves victims of discrimination? Individual difference predictors of perceived gender discrimination in women and men.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1997;21:347-363.
23. Leary T.Interpersonal diagnosis of personality. New York, NY: Ronald Press; 1957:.
24. Major B.,Vick S. B.On the nature of prejudice: 50 years after Allport. Dovidio J. F.Glick P.Rudman L. A., ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing; 2005:139-154.
25. Moya M.,Glick P.,Expósito F.,de Lemus S.,Hart J.It's for your own good: Benevolent sexism and women's reactions to protectively justified restrictions.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2007;33:1421-1434.
26. Ng S. H.Social identity and intergroup relations. Tajfel H., ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1982:179-206.
27. Preacher K. J.,Hayes A. F.Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models.Behavior Research Methods. 2008;40:879-891.
28. Prentice D. A.,Carranza E.What Women and men should be, shouldn't be, are allowed to be, and don't have to be: The content of prescriptive gender stereotypes.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2002;26:260-281.
29. Ridgeway C. L.The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations. Jost J. T.Major B., ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2001:257-277.
30. Sachdev I.,Bourhis R. Y.Social categorization and power differentials in group relations.European Journal of Social Psychology. 1985;15:415-434.
31. Schubert T. W.,Häfner M.Contrast from social stereotypes in automatic behavior.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2003;39:577-584.
32. Schmid Mast M.Interpersonal behavior and social perception in a hierarchy: The Interpersonal Power and Behaviour Model. European Review of Social Psychology. 2010;21:1-33.
33. Sidanius J.,Pratto F.Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1999:.
34. Sinclair S.,Huntsinger J.,Skorinko J.,Hardin C. D.Social tuning of the self: Consequences for the self-evaluations of stereotype targets.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2005;89:160-175.
35. Spears R.,Gordijn E.,Dijksterhuis A.,Stapel D. A.Reaction in action: Intergroup contrast in automatic behavior.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2004;30:605-616.
36. StelM. (2005). The social functions of mimicry: On the consequences and qualifiers of facial imitation (Doctoral dissertation). Nijmegen, Netherlands: Radbound Universiteit Nijmegen.
37. Tabachnick B. G.,Fidell L. S.Using multivariate statistics. 2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon; 2007:.
38. Tajfel H.,Turner J. C.The social psychology of intergroup relations. Austin W. G.Worchel S., ed. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole; 1979:33-47.
39. Tiedens L. Z.,Fragale A. R.Power moves: Complementarity in dominant and submissive nonverbal behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003;84:558-568.
40. Vescio T. K.,Gervais S. J.,Snyder M.,Hoover A.Power and the creation of patronizing environments: The stereotype-based behaviors of the powerful and their effects on female performance in masculine domains.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2005;88:658-672.
41. Wiggins J. S.A psychological taxonomy of trait-descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1979;37:395-412.
42. Wright S. C.The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations. Jost J. T.Major B., ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2001:223-254.