Anomalous bodily-self experiences among recreational ketamine users

Cognitive Neuropsychiatry

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 415-430

  Wilkins, Leanne K ^a   Girard, Todd A ^a   Cheyne, J Allan ^b  

^a RYERSON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Autoscopy; Ketamine; Out of body experiences; Vestibular motor hallucinations

Indexed keywords

KETAMINE; RECREATIONAL DRUG;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; DRUG USE; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; ILLUSION; LIFESPAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MOVEMENT (PHYSIOLOGY); OUT OF BODY EXPERIENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SELF REPORT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANESTHETICS, DISSOCIATIVE; BODY IMAGE; DEPERSONALIZATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; ILLUSIONS; KETAMINE; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; QUESTIONNAIRES; STREET DRUGS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84866694785     PISSN: 13546805     EISSN: 14640619     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2012.663162     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Arbuckle, J. L. (2006a). AMOS (Version 7.0) [Computer software]. Chicago, IL: SPSS.
2. Arbuckle, J. L. (2006b). AMOS 7.0 user's guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS.
3. Arzy, S., Seeck, M., Ortigue, S., Spinelli, L., & Blanke, O. (2006). Induction of an illusory shadow person. Nature, 443(7109), 287.
4. Blackmore, S. J. (1982). Beyond the body: An investigation of out-of-body experiences. London, UK: Heinemann.
5. Blanke, O., & Arzy, S. (2005). The out-of-body experience: Disturbed self-processing at the temporo-parietal junction. The Neuroscientist, 11, 16-24.
6. Blanke, O., Landis, T., Spinelli, L., & Seeck, M. (2004). Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. Brain, 127, 243-258.
7. Blanke, O., & Mohr, C. (2005). Out-of-body experience, heautoscopy, and autoscopic hallucination of neurological origin: Implications for neurocognitive mechanisms of corporeal awareness and self-consciousness. Brain Research Reviews, 50(1), 184-199.
8. Blanke, O., Ortigue, S., Landis, T., & Seeck, M. (2002). Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions. Nature, 419, 269-270.
9. Blanke, O., Perrig, S., Thut, G., Landis, T., & Seeck, M. (2000). Simple and complex vestibular responses induced by electric stimulation of parietal cortex in humans. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 69, 553-556.
10. Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. A. (1993). Bootstrapping goodness-of-fit measures in structural equation models. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 111-135). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
11. Braithwaite, J. J., & Dent, K. (2011). New perspectives on perspective-taking mechanisms and the out-of-body experience. Cortex, 47, 628-632.
12. Braithwaite, J. J., Samson, D., Apperly, I., Broglia, E., & Hulleman, J. (2011). Cognitive correlates of the spontaneous out-of-body experience (OBE) in the psychologically normal population: Evidence for an increased role of temporal-lobe instability, body-distortion processing, and impairments in own-body transformations. Cortex, 47, 839-853.
13. Brugger, P. (2006). From phantom limb to phantom body: Varieties of extracorporeal awareness. In G. Knoblich, I. M. Thornton, M. Grosjean, & M. Shiffrar (Eds.), Human body perception from the inside out: Advances in visual cognition (pp. 171-209). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
14. Brugger, P., Regard, M., & Landis, T. (1996). Unilaterally felt 'presences': The neuropsychiatry of one's invisible Doppelgänger. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 9, 114-122.
15. Brugger, P., Regard, M., & Landis, T. (1997). Illusory reduplication of one's one body: Phenomenology and classification of autoscopic phenomena. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 2, 19-38.
16. Cheyne, J. A. (2003). Sleep paralysis and the structure of waking-nightmare hallucinations. Dreaming, 13, 163-179.
17. Cheyne, J. A., & Girard, T. A. (2009). The body unbound: Vestibular-motor hallucinations and out-of-body experiences. Cortex, 45(2), 201-215.
18. Cheyne, J. A., Rueffer, S. D., & Newby-Clark, I. R. (1999). Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations during sleep paralysis: Neurological and cultural construction of the night-mare. Consciousness and Cognition, 8, 319-337.
19. Corlett, P., Frith, C., & Fletcher, P. (2009). From drugs to deprivation: A Bayesian framework for understanding models of psychosis. Psychopharmacology, 206(4), 515-530.
20. Curran, H. V., & Morgan, C. (2000). Cognitive, dissociative, and psychotogenic effects of ketamine in recreational users on the night of drug use and 3 days later. Addiction, 95, 575-590.
21. Devinsky, O., Feldmann, E., Burrowes, K., & Bromfield, E. (1989). Autoscopic phenomena with seizures. Archives of Neurology, 46, 1080-1088.
22. Easton, S., Blanke, O., & Mohr, C. (2009). A putative implication for fronto-parietal connectivity in out-of-body experiences. Cortex, 45, 216-227.
23. Fan, X., Thompson, B., & Wang, L. (1999). Effects of sample size, estimation methods, and model specification on structural equation modeling fit indexes. Structural Equation Modeling, 4, 87-107.
24. Frith, C. D. (2004). The pathology of experience. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 127, 239-242.
25. Girard, T. A., & Cheyne, J. A. (2004). Individual differences in lateralization of hallucinations associated with sleep paralysis. Laterality, 9, 93-111.
26. Guimond, T., Gnam, W., & Strike, C. (2008). Patterns of perceived benefits and harms of ketamine among users [Abstract]. American Journal on Addictions, 17(4), 336.
27. Hoyle, R. H. (1995). Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
28. Irwin, H. J. (2000). The disembodied self: An empirical study of dissociation and the out-of-body experience. Journal of Parapsychology, 64, 261-277.
29. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed). London, UK: Guilford Press.
30. Liao, Y., Tang, J., Ma, M., Wu, Z., Yang, M., Wang, X., et al. (2010). Frontal white matter abnormalities following chronic ketamine use: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain, 133, 2115-2122.
31. Luke, D. P., & Kittenis, M. (2005). A preliminary survey of paranormal experiences with psychoactive drugs. Journal of Parapsychology, 69(2), 305-327.
32. Melzack, R. (1990). Phantom limbs and the concept of a neuromatrix. Trends in Neuroscience, 13, 88-92.
33. Metzinger, T. (2009).Why are out-of-body experiences interesting for philosophers? The theoretical relevance of OBE research. Cortex, 45, 256-258.
34. Muetzelfeldt, L., Kamboj, S. K., Rees, H., Taylor, J., Morgan, C. J. A., & Curran, H. V. (2008). Journey through the K-hole: Phenomenological aspects of ketamine use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 95(3), 219-229.
35. Overney, L. S., Arzy, S., & Blanke, O. (2009). Deficient mental own-body imagery in a neurological patient with out-of-body experiences due to cannabis use. Cortex, 45, 228-235.
36. Pomarol-Clotet, E., Honey, G. D., Murray, G. K., Corlett, P. R., Absalom, A. R., Lee, M., et al. (2006). Psychological effects of ketamine in healthy volunteers: Phenomenological study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189(2), 173-179.
37. Schwartz, S., & Maquet, P. (2002). Sleep imaging and the neuropsychological assessment of dreams. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 23-30.
38. Tart, C. T. (1971). On being stoned: A psychological study of marijuana intoxication. Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavioral Books.
39. Terhune, D. B. (2009). The incidence and determinants of visual phenomenology during out-ofbody experiences. Cortex, 45, 236-242.
40. Wilkins, L., Girard, T. A., & Cheyne, J. A. (2011). Ketamine as a primary predictor of out-of-body experiences associated with multiple substance use. Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 943-950.
41. Wilkins, L., Girard, T. A., & Salazar-Campbell, L. 2010. K-pains, insomnia and memory loss: Health concerns associated with ketamine use. Poster session presented at the 6th International Conference on Nightlife, Substance Use and Related Health Issues, Zurich, Switzerland.