Mechanistic approaches to understanding and predicting mammalian space use: Recent advances, future directions

Journal of Mammalogy

Volumn 93, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 903-916

  Moorcroft, Paul R ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

animal movement; biotelemetry; environmental covariates; foraging behavior; global positioning system telemetry; habitat selection; home ranges; mechanistic home range models; memory; population demography

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; BIOTELEMETRY; COVARIANCE ANALYSIS; DEMOGRAPHY; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; FUTURE PROSPECT; GPS; HABITAT SELECTION; HOME RANGE; MAMMAL; MECHANICAL THEORY; MEMORY; MOVEMENT; PREDICTION; SPACE USE;

ANIMALIA; MAMMALIA;

EID: 84866599808     PISSN: 00222372     EISSN: 15451542     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1644/11-MAMM-S-254.1     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. ANDERSON, D. P., J. D. FORESTER, AND M. G. TURNER. 2008. When to slow down: elk residency rates on a heterogeneous landscape. Journal of Mammalogy 89: 105-114. (Pubitemid 351304055)
2. ARTHUR, S. M., B. F. J. MANLY, L. L. MCDONALD, AND G. W. GARNER. 1996. Assessing habitat selection when availability changes. Ecology 77: 215-227.
3. ASNER, G. P., ET AL. 2008. Invasive species detection in Hawaiian rainforests using airborne imaging spectroscopy and LiDAR. Remote Sensing of Environment 112: 1942-1955.
4. BAILEY, D. W., ET AL. 1996. Mechanisms that result in large herbivore grazing distribution patterns. Journal of Range Management 49: 386-400.
5. BALLARD, W. B., D. J. REED, S. G. FANCY, AND P. R. KRAUSMAN. 1995. Accuracy, precision, and performance of satellite telemetry for monitoring wolf movements. Pp. 461-467 in Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world (L. N. Carbyn, S. H. Fritts, and D. R. Seip, eds.). Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
6. BARNETT, A. H., AND P. R. MOORCROFT. 2008. Analytic steady-state space-use patterns and rapid computations in mechanistic homerange analysis. Journal of Mathematical Biology 57: 139-159.
7. BETHKE, R., M. TAYLOR, S. AMSTRUP, AND F. MESSIER. 1996. Population delineation of polar bears using satellite collar data. Ecological Applications 6: 311-317. (Pubitemid 126494861)
8. BIGGS, J. R., K. D. BENNETT, AND P. R. FRESQUEZ. 2001. Relationship between home-range characteristics and the probability of obtaining successful global positioning system (GPS) collar positions for elk in New Mexico. Western North American Naturalist 61: 213-222. (Pubitemid 32442479)
9. BOLKER, B. M., ET AL. 2009. Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24: 127-135.
10. BÖRGER, L., B. D. DALZIEL, AND J. M. FRYXELL. 2008. Are there general mechanisms of animal home-range behaviouR A review and prospects for future research. Ecology Letters 11: 637-650. (Pubitemid 351652096)
11. BOTH, C., S. BOUWHUIS, C. M. LESSELLS, AND M. E. VISSER. 2006. Climate change and population declines in a long-distance migratory bird. Nature 441: 81-83.
12. BOYCE, M. S., ET AL. 2003. Scale and heterogeneity in habitat selection by elk in Yellowstone National Park. Ecoscience 10: 421-431. (Pubitemid 38070056)
13. BOYCE, M. S., AND L. L. MCDONALD. 1999. Relating populations to habitats using resource selection functions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14: 268-272. (Pubitemid 29283054)
14. BRISCOE, B., M. A. LEWIS, AND S. PARRISH. 2002. Home-range formation in wolves. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 64: 261-284.
15. BURDETT, C. L., R. A. MOEN, G. J. NIEMI, AND L. D. MECH. 2007. Defining space use and movements of Canada lynx with global positioning system telemetry. Journal of Mammalogy 88: 457-467. (Pubitemid 46744392)
16. BURT, W. H. 1943. Territoriality and home range concepts as applied to mammals. Journal of Mammalogy 24: 346-352.
17. CAGNACCI, F., L. BOITANI, R. A. POWELL, AND M. S. BOYCE. 2010. Animal ecology meets GPS-based radiotelemetry: a perfect storm of opportunities and challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B. Biological Sciences 365: 2157-2162.
18. CARROLL, C., R. F. NOSS, AND P. C. PAQUET. 2001. Carnivores as focal species for conservation planning in the Rocky Mountain region. Ecological Applications 11: 961-980. (Pubitemid 32736185)
19. CATCHPOLE, E. A., B. J. T. MORGAN, T. N. COULSON, S. N. FREEMAN, AND S. D. ALBON. 2000. Factors influencing Soay sheep survival. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, C. Applied Statistics 49: 453-472.
20. COLEING, A. 2009. The application of social network theory to animal behaviour. Bioscience Horizons 2: 32-43.
21. COOKE, S. J., ET AL. 2004. Biotelemetry: a mechanistic approach to ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19: 334-343. (Pubitemid 38729836)
22. COOPER, A. B., AND J. J. MILLSPAUGH. 2001. Accounting for variation in resource availability and animal behavior in resource selection studies. Pp. 246-273 in Radio tracking and animal populations (J. Millspaugh and J. M. Marzluff, eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, California.
23. CROFT, D. P., R. JAMES, AND J. KRAUSE. 2008. Exploring animal social networks. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
24. DALZIEL, B. D., J. M. MORALES, AND J. M. FRYXELL. 2008. Fitting probability distributions to animal movement trajectories: using artificial neural networks to link distance, resources, and memory. American Naturalist 172: 248-258.
25. DOUGLAS, M. E., W. JI, AND M. N. CLOUT. 2006. MateID: design and testing of a novel device for recording contacts between freeranging animals. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34: 203-207.
26. DUBAYAH, R. O., AND J. B. DRAKE. 2000. Lidar remote sensing for forestry. Journal of Forestry 98: 44-46. (Pubitemid 30438329)
27. DURNER, G. M., J. P. WHITEMAN, H. J. HARLOW, S. C. AMSTRUP, E. V. REGEHR, M. BEN-DAVID. 2011. Consequences of long-distance swimming and travel over deep-water pack ice for a female polar bear during a year of extreme ice retreat. Polar Biology 34: 975-984. DOI: 10.1007/s00300-010-0953-2.
28. DUSSAULT, C., R. COURTOIS, J. P. OUELLET, AND I. GIRARD. 2005a. Space use of moose in relation to food availability. Canadian Journal of Zoology 83: 1431-1437. (Pubitemid 43177110)
29. DUSSAULT, C., J. P. OUELLET, R. COURTOIS, J. HUOT, L. BRETON, AND H. JOLICOEUR. 2005b. Linking moose habitat selection to limiting factors. Ecography 28: 619-628. (Pubitemid 41445287)
30. DUSSAULT, C., J. P. OUELLET, R. COURTOIS, J. HUOT, L. BRETON, AND J. LAROCHELLE. 2004. Behavioural responses of moose to thermal conditions in the boreal forest. Ecoscience 11: 321-328. (Pubitemid 39384305)
31. ERICKSON, W. P., T. L. MCDONALD, K. G. GEROW, S. HOWLIN, AND J. W. KERN. 2001. Statistical issues in resource selection studies with radio marked animals. Pp. 211-242 in Radio tracking and animal populations (J. Millspaugh and J. M. Marzluff, eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, California.
32. FIEBERG, J., AND L. BÖRGER. 2012. Could you please phrase "home range" as a questioNJournal of Mammalogy 93: 890-902.
33. FORESTER, J. D. 2005. Animal movement and habitat use in heterogeneous landscapes: elk (Cervus elaphus) responses to forage, predation and disturbance in Yellowstone National Park, USA. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
34. FORESTER, J. D., ET AL. 2007. State-space models link elk movement patterns to landscape characteristics in Yellowstone National Park. Ecological Monographs 77: 285-299. (Pubitemid 351342503)
35. FRANSSON, J. E. S., F. WALTER, AND L. M. H. ULANDER. 2000. Estimation of forest parameters using CARABAS-II VHF SAR data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 38: 720-727. (Pubitemid 30594757)
36. GAUTESTAD, A. O., AND I. MYSTERUD. 2006. Complex animal distribution and abundance from memory-dependent kinetics. Ecological Complexity 3: 44-55. (Pubitemid 43227444)
37. GETZ, W. M., AND C. C. WILMERS. 2004. A local nearest-neighbor convex-hull construction on home ranges and utilization distributions. Ecography 27: 489-505. (Pubitemid 38826099)
38. GUERON, S., AND S. A. LEVIN. 1993. Self-organization of front patterns in large wildebeest herds. Journal of Theoretical Biology 165: 541-552. (Pubitemid 24044954)
39. HAYDON, D. T., J. M. MORALES, A. YOTT, D. A. JENKINS, R. ROSATTE, AND J. M. FRYXELL. 2008. Socially informed random walks: incorporating group dynamics into models of population spread and growth. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B. Biological Sciences 275: 1101-1109. (Pubitemid 351364417)
40. HEBBLEWHITE, M., AND D. T. HAYDON. 2010. Distinguishing technology from biology: a critical review of the use of GPS telemetry data in ecology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B. Biological Sciences 365: 2303-2312.
41. HOLGATE, P. 1971. Random walk models for animal behavior. Pp. 1-212 in Statistical ecology: sampling and modeling biological populations and population dynamics (G. Patil, E. Pielou, and W. Walters, eds.). Penn State Statistics Vol. 2. Penn State University Press, University Park, Pennsylvania.
42. HYDE, P., R. DUBAYAH, W. WALKER, J. B. BLAIR, M. HOFTON, AND C. HUNSAKER. 2006. Mapping forest structure for wildlife habitat analysis using multi-sensor (LiDAR, SAR/InSAR, ETM +, Quickbird) synergy. Remote Sensing of Environment 102: 63-73.
43. JI, W., P. C. L. WHITE, AND M. N. CLOUT. 2005. Contact rates between possums revealed by proximity data loggers. Journal of Applied Ecology 42: 595-604. (Pubitemid 40885685)
44. JOHNSON, C. J., K. L. PARKER, D. C. HEARD, AND M. P. GILLINGHAM. 2002. Movement parameters of ungulates and scale-specific responses to the environment. Journal of Animal Ecology 71: 225-235. (Pubitemid 34409292)
45. JOHNSON, D. 1980. The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference. Ecology 61: 65-71.
46. JUNG, H. G., AND L. J. KOONG. 1985. Effects of hunger satiation on diet quality by grazing sheep. Journal of Range Management 38: 302-305.
47. KAMPE, T. U., B. R. JOHNSON, M. KUESTER, AND M. KELLER. 2010. NEON: the first continental-scale ecological observatory with airborne remote sensing of vegetation canopy biochemistry and structure. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 4: 043510.
48. KAREIVA, P. M., AND N. SHIGESADA. 1983. Analyzing insect movement as a correlated random walk. Oecologia 56: 234-238. (Pubitemid 14269871)
49. KERNOHAN, B. J., R. A. GITZEN, AND J. J. MILLSPAUGH. 2001. Analysis of animal space use and movements. Pp. 125-166 in Radio tracking and animal populations (J. Millspaugh and J. M. Marzluff, eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, California.
50. KOOYMAN, G. L. 1965. Techniques used in measuring diving capacities of Weddell seals. Polar Record 12: 391-394.
51. KROFEL, M., H. POTOCNIK, T. SKRBINSEK, AND T. KOS. 2006. Movement and predation patterns of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) on Menisija and Logatec plateau (Slovenia). Veterinarske Novice 32: 11-17.
52. LEVIN, S. A. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73(4): 1943-1967. (Pubitemid 23399192)
53. LEWIS, M. A., AND J. D. MURRAY. 1993. Modelling territoriality and wolf-deer interactions. Nature 366: 738-740.
54. LEWIS, M. M., V. JOOSTE, AND A. A. DE GASPARIS. 2001. Discrimination of arid vegetation with airborne multispectral scanner hyperspectral imagery. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 39: 1471-1479. (Pubitemid 32732660)
55. MACDONALD, D. W. 1980. Patterns of scent marking with urine and faeces amongst carnivore populations. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 45: 107-139.
56. MACDONALD, D. W., F. G. BALL, AND N. G. HOUGH, 1980. The evaluation of home range size and configuration using radio tracking data. Pp. 405-424 in C. J. Amlaner, Jr. and D. W. Macdonald, eds. A handbook on biotelemetry and radio tracking. Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K.
57. MANLY, B., L. MCDONALD, AND D. THOMAS. 1993. Resource selection by animals: statistical design and analysis for field studies. Chapman and Hall, New York.
58. MERRILL, S. B., L. G. ADAMS, M. E. NELSON, AND L. D. MECH. 1998. Testing releasable GPS radiocollars on wolves and white-tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26: 830-835.
59. MILLSPAUGH, J. J., AND J. M. MARZLUFF (EDS). 2001. Radio tracking and animal populations. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
60. MITCHELL, W. A., AND S. L. LIMA. 2002. Predator-prey shell games: large-scale movement and its implications for decision-making by prey. Oikos 99: 249-259. (Pubitemid 35431610)
61. MITCHELL, M. S., AND ROGER A. POWELL. 2012. Foraging optimally for home ranges. Journal of Mammalogy 93: 917-928.
62. MOEN, R., J. PASTOR, Y. COHEN, AND C. C. SCHWARTZ. 1996. Effects of moose movement and habitat use on GPS collar performance. Journal of Wildlife Management 60: 659-668.
63. MORALES, J. M., D. T. HAYDON, J. FRAIR, K. E. HOLSINER, AND J. M. FRYXELL. 2004. Extracting more out of relocation data: building movement models as mixtures of random walks. Ecology 85: 2436-2445. (Pubitemid 39348537)
64. MOORCROFT, P. R., AND A. H. BARNETT. 2008. Mechanistic home range models and resource selection analysis: a reconciliation and unification. Ecology 89: 1112-1119. (Pubitemid 351620075)
65. MOORCROFT, P. R., AND M. A. LEWIS. 2006. Mechanistic home range analysis. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
66. MOORCROFT, P. R., M. A. LEWIS, AND R. L. CRABTREE. 1999. Home range analysis using a mechanistic home range model. Ecology 80: 1656-1665. (Pubitemid 29355301)
67. MOORCROFT, P. R., M. A. LEWIS, AND R. L. CRABTREE. 2006. Mechanistic home-range models predict spatial patterns and dynamics of coyote territories in Yellowstone. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B. Biological Sciences 273: 1651-1659. (Pubitemid 46931052)
68. MUELLER, T., K. A. OLSON, T. K. FULLER, G. B. SCHALLER, M. G. MURRAY, AND P. LEIMGRUBER. 2008. In search of forage: predicting dynamic habitats of Mongolian gazelles using satellite-based estimates of vegetation productivity. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 649-658. (Pubitemid 351406225)
69. NEWMAN, J. D., AND A. P. F. TURNER. 2005. Home blood glucose biosensors: a commercial perspective. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 20: 2435-2453. (Pubitemid 40602183)
70. OKUBO, A. 1980. Diffusion and ecological problems: mathematical models. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
71. PATLAK, C. 1953. Random walk with persistence and external bias. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 15: 311-338.
72. PIELOU, E. 1977. Mathematical ecology. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
73. POST, E., AND M. C. FORCHHAMMER. 2008. Climate change reduces reproductive success of an arctic herbivore through trophic mismatch. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B. Biological Sciences 363: 2369-2375. (Pubitemid 351771343)
74. POST, E., C. PEDERSEN, C. C. WILMERS, AND M. C. FORCHHAMMER. 2008. Warming, plant phenology and the spatial dimension of trophic mismatch for large herbivores. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B. Biological Sciences 275: 2005-2013. (Pubitemid 351989786)
75. POWELL, R. A. 2000. Animal home ranges and territories and home range estimators. Pp. 65-110 in Research techniques in animal ecology: controversies and consequences (L. Boitani and T. K. Fuller, eds.). Columbia University Press, New York.
76. PRANGE, S., T. JORDAN, C. HUNTER, AND S. D. GEHRT. 2006. New radio collars for the detection of proximity among individuals. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34: 1333-1344. (Pubitemid 46213315)
77. PRIEDE, I. G., AND J. FRENCH. 1991. Tracking of marine mammals by satellite. International Journal of Remote Sensing 12: 667-680.
78. QUIÑ ONES, M. J., AND D. H. HOEKMAN. 2004. Exploration of factors limiting biomass estimation by polarimetric radar in tropical forests. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 42: 86-104.
79. REMPEL, R. S., A. R. RODGERS, AND K. F. ABRAHAM. 1995. Performance of a GPS animal location system under boreal forest canopy. Journal of Wildlife Management 59: 543-551. (Pubitemid 26451471)
80. RHODES, J. R., C. A. MCALPINE, D. LUNNEY, AND H. P. POSSINGHAM. 2005. A spatially explicit habitat selection model incorporating home-range behavior. Ecology 86: 1199-1205. (Pubitemid 40641194)
81. ROPERT-COUDERT, Y., M. BEAULIEU, N. HANUISE, AND A. KATO. 2010. Diving into the world of biologging. Endangered Species Research 10: 21-27.
82. ROPERT-COUDERT, Y., AND R. P. WILSON. 2005. Trends and perspectives in animal-attached remote sensing. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3: 437-444. (Pubitemid 41407518)
83. RUBENSTEIN, D., AND R. WRANGHAM. 1986. Ecological aspects of social evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
84. RUMBLE, M. A., L. BENKOBI, AND R. S. GAMO. 2005. Elk responses to humans in a densely-roaded area. Intermountain Journal of Sciences 11: 10-24.
85. RUMBLE, M. A., L. BENKOBI, F. LINDZEY, AND R. S. GAMO. 2001. Evaluating elk habitat interactions with GPS collars. Pp. 11-17 in Tracking animals with GPS (I. J. Gordon, ed.). Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland.
86. RYAN, S. J., C. U. KNECHTEL, AND W. M. GETZ. 2006. Range and habitat selection of African buffalo in South Africa. Journal of Wildlife Management 70: 764-776. (Pubitemid 44117147)
87. SAATCHI, S. S., R. A. HOUGHTON, R. C. DOS SANTOS ALVALÁ, J. V. SOARES, AND Y. YU. 2007. Distribution of aboveground live biomass in the Amazon Basin. Global Change Biology 13: 816-837. (Pubitemid 46638550)
88. SAPOZHNIKOV, V. B. 1994. Self-attracting walk with V-less-than-1/2. Journal of Physics, A. Mathematical and Theoretical 27: L151-L153.
89. SAPOZHNIKOV, V. B. 1998. Reply to the comment by J.W. Lee. Selfattracting walk: are the exponents universal? Journal of Physics, A. Mathematical and Theoretical 31: 3935-3936.
90. SENFT, R. L., M. B. COUGHENOUR, D. W. BAILEY, L. R. RITTENHOUSE, O. E. SALA, AND D. M. SWIFT. 1987. Large herbivore foraging and ecological hierarchies. BioScience 37: 789-799.
91. SETON, E. T., 1909. Life-histories of northern animals. An account of the mammals of Manitoba. vol. 1. Scribner, New York, 673 pp.
92. SINIFF, D. B., AND C. R. JESSEN. 1969. A simulation model of animal movement patterns. Advances in Ecological Research 6: 185-219.
93. SKELLAM, J. G. 1951. Random Dispersal in Theoretical Populations. Biometrika 38: 196-218.
94. SMOUSE, P. E., S. FOCARDI, P. R. MOORCROFT, J. G. KIE, J. D. FORESTER, AND J. M. MORALES. 2010. Stochastic modeling of animal movement. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B. Biological Sciences 365: 2201-2211.
95. SPENCER, W. D. 2012. Home ranges and the value of spatial information. Journal of Mammalogy 93: 929-947.
96. SPRAGUE, D. S., M. KABAYA, AND K. HAGIHARA. 2004. Field testing a global positioning system (GPS) collar on a Japanese monkey: reliability of automatic GPS positioning in a Japanese forest. Primates 45: 151-154. (Pubitemid 38617052)
97. TAMBLING, C. J., AND L. E. BELTON. 2009. Feasibility of using proximity tags to locate female lion Panthera leo kills. Wildlife Biology 15: 435-441.
98. TAN, Z. J., X. W. ZOU, W. ZHANG, AND Z. Z. JIN. 2001. 'True' selfattracting walk. Physics Letters A 289: 251-254.
99. TAN, Z. J., X. W. ZOU, W. ZHANG, AND Z. Z. JIN. 2002. Random walk with memory enhancement and decay. Physical Review E 65: 1-5.
100. THOMAS, D. L., AND E. J. TAYLOR. 1990. Study designs and tests for comparing resource use and availability. Journal of Wildlife Management 54: 322-330. (Pubitemid 20428795)
101. TOMKIEWICZ, S. M., M. R. FULLER, J. G. KIE, AND K. K. BATES. 2010. Global positioning system and associated technologies in animal behaviour and ecological research. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B. Biological Sciences 365: 2163-2176.
102. TREUHAFT, R. N., G. P. ASNER, AND B. E. LAW. 2003. Structure-based forest biomass from fusion of radar and hyperspectral observations. Geophysical Research Letters 30: 1472.
103. TREUHAFT, R. N., AND P. R. SIQUEIRA. 2000. Vertical structure of vegetated land surfaces from interferometric and polarimetric radar. Radio Science 35: 141-177. (Pubitemid 30568250)
104. TURCHIN, P. 1991. Translating foraging movements in heterogeneous environments in the spatial distribution of foragers. Ecology 73: 1253-1266.
105. TURCHIN, P. 1998. Quantitative analysis of movement: measuring and modeling population redistribution in animals and plants. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
106. VAN DER GRAAF, S. A. J., J. STAHL, A. KLIMKOWSKA, J. P. BAKKER, AND R. H. DRENT. 2006. Surfing on a green wave: how plant growth drives spring migration in the barnacle goose Branta leucopsis. Ardea 94: 567-577. (Pubitemid 46714039)
107. VANE, G., AND A. F. H. GOETZ. 1993. Terrestrial imaging spectrometry: current status, future trends. Remote Sensing of Environment 44: 117-126. (Pubitemid 23383099)
108. VAN MOORTER, B., D. VISSCHER, S. BENHAMOU, L. BÖRGER, M. S. BOYCE, AND J.-M. GAILLARD. 2009. Memory keeps you at home: a mechanistic model for home range emergence. Oikos 118: 641-652.
109. WASSERMAN, S., AND K. FAUST. 1994. Social network analysis: methods and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
110. WEY, T., D. T. BLUMSTEIN, W. SHEN, AND F. JORDÁN. 2008. Social network analysis of animal behaviour: a promising tool for the study of sociality. Animal Behaviour 75: 333-344.
111. WINDBERG, S., M. EBBERT, AND B. T. KELLY. 1997. Population characteristics of coyotes (Canis latrans) in the northern Chihuahuan Desert of New Mexico. American Midland Naturalist 138: 197-207. (Pubitemid 27358464)
112. WORTON, B. J. 1987. A review of models of home range for animal movement. Ecological Modelling 38: 277-298.
113. ZOLLNER, P. A., AND S. L. LIMA. 2005. Behavioral tradeoffs when dispersing across a patchy landscape. Oikos 108: 219-230. (Pubitemid 40199112)