Turkish-Syrian Relations: A Checkered History

Middle East Policy

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 36-53

  Bishku, Michael B ^a  

^a AUGUSTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84866526722     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: 14754967     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-4967.2012.00546.x     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. This fact was stated by Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu on June 10, 2010, at a meeting of the Turkish-Arab Economic Forum in Istanbul attended by delegations from 22 Arab countries. It was at the Forum that Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan announced plans for the "Levant Quartet.""Turkey to Open Free Trade Zone with Arab States as Erdogan Denies Axis Shift,"Los Angeles Times, June 11, 2010, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/11/israel-turkey-iran-threat-politics-war.html.
2. Gökhan Kurtaran, "Mediterranean Quartet Taking Step toward Union, Says Syrian Minister,"Hürriyet Daily News, December 3, 2010, www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=mediterranean-quartet-takes-a-step-towards-a-union-says-syrian-minister-2010-12-03.
3. Gamze Coskun, "Model Partnership in the Middle East: Turkish-Syrian Relations,"Hürriyet Daily News, January 2, 2011, www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=model-partnership-in-the-middle-east-turkish-syrian-relations-2010.
4. "Erdogan Says Syria's 'Glorious Resistance' Will Succeed,"Today's Zaman, November 1, 2011, www.todayszaman.com/news-261588-erdogan-says-syrias-glorious-resistance-will-succeed.html.
5. Daniel Dombey, "Turkey Hardens Stance against Syria,"Financial Times, November 1, 2011, www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f1438150-049e-11e1-ac2a-00144feabdc0.html.
6. Daniel Dombey, "Turkish President Welcomes Rapport with U.S.,"Financial Times, November 7, 2011, www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d0c2fde6-06d5-11e1-b9cc-01144feabdc0.html.
7. Altemur Kiliç, Turkey and the World (Public Affairs Press, 1959), 188-189.
8. Memorandum, Turkish-Arab Relations: Analysis of Views of U.S. Missions in Arab States and Iran, Ankara, Turkey, November 12, 1952, included in letter from Ambassador George McGhee to Department of State, November 15, which is reprinted in George McGhee, The U.S.-Turkish-NATO Middle East Connection (St. Martin's Press, 1990), appendix (186-207). The quotation is on pp. 187-188.1952
9. Patrick Seale, The Struggle for Syria (Yale University Press, 1987), 253-254.
10. Tabitha Petran, Syria (Praeger Publishers, 1972), 115.
11. Andrew Rathmell, Secret War in the Middle East (I.B. Tauris), 111-123. Chamoun's quote is from p. 121.1995
12. Erik J. Zürcher, Turkey: A Modern History (I.B. Tauris, 2004), 236.
13. Süha Bölükbasi, "Behind the Turkish-Israeli Alliance: A Turkish View,"Journal of Palestine Studies 29, no. 1 (Autumn 1999): 23.
14. Elie Podeh, "The Struggle over Arab Hegemony after the Suez Crisis,"Middle Eastern Studies 29, no. 1 (January 1993): 92.
15. George Lenczowski, The Middle East in World Affairs (Cornell University Press, 1980), 797.
16. Kemal Karpat, Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition, 1950-1974 (E.J. Brill, 1975), 120.
17. Elie Podeh, The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise and Fall of the United Arab Republic (Sussex Academic Press, 1999), 39-41.
18. Baruch Gilead, "Turkish-Egyptian Relations,"Middle Eastern Affairs 10, no. 11 (November 1959): 366.
19. Feroz Ahmad, The Turkish Experiment in Democracy (Westview Press, 1977), 397.
20. David Kushner, "Conflict and Accommodation in Turkish-Syrian Relations," in Moshe Ma'oz and Avner Yaniv, eds., Syria under Assad: Domestic Constraints and Regional Risks, (St. Martin's Press, 1986), 87.
21. Bölükbasi, "Behind the Turkish-Israeli Alliance," 26.
22. Ferenc A. Váli, Bridge across the Bosporus: The Foreign Policy of Turkey (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971), 314.
23. Kushner, "Conflict and Accommodation," 93.
24. Patrick Seale, Assad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East (University of California Press, 1988), 158-159.
25. Ömer E. Kürkçüoglu, "Recent Developments in Turkey's Middle Eastern Policy,"Dis Politika 1 2 1971 96.
26. "Lebanon: UN-Backed Tribunal Submits Indictment over Hariri Murder,"UN News Service, June 30, 2011,; and Robert Fisk, "UN Blames Hezbollah for Hariri Bomb Murder,"Independent, July 1 2011, www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-un-blames-hezbollah-for-hariri-bomb-murder-230566.html,www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=38902&Cr=hariri&Cr1.
27. Muhammad Muslih, "Syria and Turkey: Uneasy Relations," in Henri J. Barkey, ed., Reluctant Neighbor: Turkey's Role in the Middle East (United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996), 123
28. Muslih uses the word "[theirs]" instead of the words "[the Arabs]."
29. "Turkey, Syria to Build a Friendship Dam,"Hürriyet Daily News, February 14, 2010, www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkey-syria-to-build-a-friendship-dam-2010-02-14.
30. Bölükbasi, "Behind the Turkish-Israeli Alliance," 28-30.
31. Mahmut Bali Aykan, "The Turkish-Syrian Crisis of October 1998: A Turkish View,"Middle East Policy 6, no. 4 (1999): 175.
32. Quoted in Efraim Inbar, "Regional Implications of the Israeli-Turkish Strategic Partnership,"Turkish Studies 3, no. 2 (Autumn 2002): 29.
33. Carol Migdalovitz, "AKP's Domestically-Driven Foreign Policy,"Turkish Policy Quarterly 9, 4 (Winter2010 38.
34. Philip Robins, "Turkish Foreign Policy since 2002: Between a Post-Islamist Government and Kemalist State,"International Affairs 83, no. 2 (2007), 301.
35. Jonathan Burch, "Turkey to Freeze EU Ties if Cyprus Gets EU Presidency," Reuters, September 16, 2011, www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/18/us-turkey-cyprus-idUSTRE78H20L20110918.
36. Migdalovitz, "AKP's Domestically-Driven Foreign Policy," 42-43.
37. Robins, "Turkish Foreign Policy since 2002," 295-296
38. Jack Khoury and Barak Ravid, "Turkey Expels Israel Envoy after Gaza Flotilla Report, Freezes Military Ties,"Haaretz, September 2, 2011, www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/turkey-expels-israel-envoy-after-gaza-flotilla-report-freezes-military-ties-1.382181.
39. Alice Fordham, "Amid Unrest, Syrians Struggle to Feed their Families,"Washington Post, May 1, 2012.
40. Yoav Stern, "Turkey Singing a New Tune,"Haaretz, January 9, 2005, www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/turkey-singing-a-new-tune-1.146587.
41. Burak Akinci, "Newly Found Friendship between Turkey and Syria,"Middle East Online (London), December 23, 2004, www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=12236.
42. "PM Vows to Build Model Partnership with Syria,"Today's Zaman, December 24, 2009, www.todayszaman.com/news-196473-102-pm-vows-to-build-model-partnership-with-syria.html.
43. Ercan Yavuz, "Turkey and Syria Settle Decades-Old Property Dispute,"Today's Zaman, March 3, 2009, www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=168465.
44. "Turkish State Minister for Foreign Trade in Syria,"Trend (Baku), January. Also see Dan Bilefsky, "Syrians' New Ardor for a Turkey Looking Eastward,"New York Times, July 24 15, 2011, http://en.trend.az/capital/business/1812283.html, 2010.
45. "Interview with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad,"Wall Street Journal, January 31, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703833204576114712441122894.html.
46. "Syria Accepts Arab League Plan to End Crisis," National Public Radio, November 2, 2011, www.npr.org/2011/11/02/141939266/syria-accepts-arab-league-plan-to-end-crisis;
47. Liz Sly, "Arab League Announces Peace Plan for Syria,"Washington Post, November 2, 2011.
48. "Arab League Syria Plan Leaves Regional Media Sceptical," BBC News, November 3, 2011, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15572173.
49. Quoted in Sly, "Arab League Announces Peace Plan."
50. Susanne Güsten, "Mandate for a New Turkish Era,"New York Times, June 15, 2011.
51. Kelly McEvers, "Syria Strains Turkey's 'No Problems' Foreign Policy," National Public Radio, May 6, 2011, www.npr.org/2011/05/06/136035297/syria-strains-turkeys-no-problems-foreign-policy.
52. "Turkey's Erdogan Holds Crisis Talks with Syrian Envoy,"Haaretz, June 15, 2011, www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/turkey-s-erdogan-holds-crisis-talks-with-syria-envoy-1.367913.
53. Borzou Daragahi, "Turkey Breaks with Syria over Crackdown,"Los Angeles Times, June 17, 2011, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jun/17/world/la-fg-turkey-syria-20110617.
54. "Turkey to Press Syria to End Bloodshed"Guardian, August 9, 2011,; and Fadwa al-Hatem, "Turkey Won't Let Syria Become Another Iraq,"Guardian, August 10, 2011, www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/aug/10/turkey-syria-complex-relationship,www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/09/turkey-press-syria-end-crackdown.
55. Sibel Utku Bila, "Erdogan Sends Turkish FM to Increase Pressure on Syria,"Hürriyet Daily News, August 7, 2011, www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=erdogan-sends-turkish-fm-to-up-pressure-on-syria-2011-08-07.
56. "Turkey Says Sanctions on Syria to Go Ahead,"Hürriyet Daily News, October 5, 2011,; and Martin Chulov, "Turkey Imposes Sanctions on Syria in Protest over Deaths,"Guardian, October 4, 2011, www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/04/bashar-al-assad-syria,www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkey-says-sanctions-on-syria-to-go-ahead-2011-10-05.
57. "Erdogan Changed, Not Me,"Hürriyet Daily News, October 7, 2011, www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=8216erdogan-changed-not-me8217-2011-10-07.
58. Ishaan Tharoor, "Exclusive: TIME Meets Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan,"Time, September 26, 2011, http://globalspin.blogs.time.com/2011/09/26/exclusive-time-meets-turkish-prime-minister-recep-tayyip-erdogan/.
59. "Turkey Issues Diplomatic Note to Syria over Mission Attacks,"Today's Zaman,; and "Outside Pressure Builds on Syria as Violence Continues," BBC News, November 13, 2011, November 13, 2011, www.todayszaman.com/news-262535-turkey-issues-diplomatic-note-to-syria-over-mission-attacks.html,www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15712876
60. "Syrian Rebels Reject New Demands as Ceasefire Nears," BBC News, April 9, 2012, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17655425.
61. Alice Fordham and Karen DeYoung, "Syrian Violence Spills into Lebanon and Turkey,"Washington Post, April 9, 2012
62. "Syrian Troops Fire on Refugees Fleeing to Turkey,"Today's Zaman, April 12, 2012, www.todayszaman.com/news-27713-syrian-troops-fire-on-refugees-fleeing-turkey.html.
63. Colum Lynch and Alice Fordham, "UN Security Council Authorizes Team of Up to 300 Cease-fire Observers in Syria,"Washington Post, April 21, 2012.
64. Joby Warrick and Alice Fordham, "Syria Running Out of Cash as Sanctions Take Toll, but Assad Avoids Economic Pain,"Washington Post, April 24, 2012.
65. Gabe Kahn, "France and Turkey Mulling Syria Intervention,"Arutz Sheva, April 26, 2012, www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/155177.