Vanished diamondiferous cratonic root beneath the Southern Superior province: Evidence from diamond inclusions in the Wawa metaconglomerate

Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology

Volumn 164, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 697-714

  Miller, Christine E ^a   Kopylova, Maya G ^a   Ryder, John ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b Dianor Resources Inc   (Canada)

Author keywords

Craton amalgamation; Cratonic root; Diamond inclusion; Geotherm; Neoarchean kimberlite; Southern Superior; Tectonic erosion

Indexed keywords

CONGLOMERATE; CRATON; DIAMOND; EROSION; GARNET; GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY; GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT; HARZBURGITE; INCLUSION; KIMBERLITE; OLIVINE; ORTHOPYROXENE; PARAGENESIS; PETROLOGY; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; XENOLITH;

CANADA; ONTARIO [CANADA]; WAWA;

EID: 84866439674     PISSN: 00107999     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00410-012-0773-1     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Begg GC, Griffin WL, Natapov LM, O'Reilly SY, Grand SP, O'Neill CJ, Hronsky JMA, Djomani YP, Swain CJ, Deen T, Bowden P (2009) The lithospheric architecture of Africa: seismic tomography, mantle petrology, and tectonic evolution. Geosphere 5: 23-50.
2. Bellefleur G, Calvert AJ, Chouteau MC (1997) A link between deformation history and the orientation of reflective structures in the 2. 68-2. 83 Ga Opatica belt of the Canadian Superior Province. J Geophys Res 102: 15243-15257.
3. Boyd FR, Pokhilenko NP, Pearson DG, Mertzman SA, Sobolev NV, Finger LW (1997) Composition of the Siberian cratonic mantle: evidence from Udachnaya peridotite xenoliths. Contrib Mineral Petrol 128: 228-246.
4. Brey GP, Kohler T (1990) Geothermobarometry in four-phase lherzolites II. New thermobarometers, and practical assessment of existing thermobarometers. J Petrol 31: 1353-1378.
5. Brey GP, Bulatov VK, Girnis AV (2008) Geobarometry for peridotites: experiments in simple and natural systems from 6 to 10 GPa. J Petrol 49: 3-24.
6. Bruce LF, Kopylova MG, Longo M, Ryder J, Dobrzhinetskaya LF (2011) Luminescence of diamonds from metamorphic rocks. Am Mineral 96: 14-22.
7. Brummer JJ, MacFayden DA, Pegg CC (1992) Discovery of kimberlites in the Kirkland Lake area northern Ontario, Canada. PART II: kimberlite discoveries, sampling, diamond content, ages and emplacement. Explor Mining Geol 1: 351-370.
8. Burke K, Kidd WSF (1978) Were Archean continental geothermal gradients much steeper than those of today? Nature 272: 240-241.
9. Calvert AP, Ludden JN (1999) Archean continental assembly in the southeastern Superior Province of Canada. Tecton 18: 412-429.
10. Calvert AJ, Sawyer EW, Davis WJ, Ludden JN (1995) Archean subduction inferred from seismic images of a mantle suture in the Superior Province. Nature 375: 670-674.
11. Cartigny P (2005) Stable isotopes and the origin of diamond. Elem 1: 79-84.
12. Chapman DS, Furlong KP (1977) Continental heat flow-age relationships. EOS Trans AGU (abstract) 58: 1240.
13. Chu ZY, Wu FY, Walker RJ, Rudnick RL, Pitcher L, Puchtel IS, Yang YH, Wilde SA (2009) Temporal evolution of the Lithospheric mantle beneath the Eastern North China Craton. J Petrol 50(10): 1857-1898.
14. Clowes RM, White DJ, Hajnal Z (2010) Mantle heterogeneities and their significance: results from Lithoprobe seismic reflection and refraction-wide-angle reflection studies. Can J Earth Sci 47(4): 409-443.
15. Cookenboo HO, Grutter HS (2010) Mantle-derived indicator mineral compositions as applied to diamond exploration. Geochem Explor Environ Anal 10: 81-95.
16. Craven JA, Kurtz RD, Boerner DE, Skulski T, Spratt J, Ferguson IJ, Wu X, Bailey RC (2001) Conductivity of western Superior province upper mantle in northwestern Ontario. Geol Survey Can Curr Res 2001-E6.
17. De Stefano A, Lefebvre N, Kopylova M (2006) Enigmatic diamonds in Archean calc-alkaline lamprophyres of Wawa, southern Ontario, Canada. Contrib Mineral Petrol 151: 158-173.
18. De Stefano A, Kopylova MG, Cartigny P, Afanasiev V (2009) Diamonds and eclogites of the Jericho kimberlite (Northern Canada). Contrib Mineral Petrol 158: 295-315.
19. Drury M, Taylor A (1987) Some new measurements of heat flow in the Superior Province of the Canadian shield. Can J Earth Sci 24: 1486-1489.
20. Ernst R, Bleeker W (2010) Large igneous provinces (LIPs), giant dyke swarms, and mantle plumes: significance for breakup events within Canada and adjacent regions from 2. 5 Ga to the present. Can J Earth Sci 47: 695-739.
21. Faure S, Godey S, Fallara F, Trepanier S (2011) Seismic architecture of the Archean North American mantle and its relationship to diamondiferous kimberlite fields. Econ Geol 106: 223-240.
22. 3 system: II. Thermodynamic analysis. Eur J Mineral 11: 619-636.
23. Godey S, Deschamps F, Tramper J (2004) Thermal and compositional anomalies beneath the North American continent. J Geophys Res. doi: 10. 1029/2002JB002263.
24. Grand SP (1994) Mantle shear structure beneath the Americas and surrounding oceans. J Geophys Res 99: 11591-11621.
25. Griffin WL, Ryan CG (1995) Trace elements in indicator minerals: area selection and target evaluation in diamond exploration. J Geochem Explor 53: 311-337.
26. Griffin WL, Smith D, Boyd FR, Cousens DR, Ryan CG, Sie SH, Suter GF (1989) Trace element zoning in garnets from sheared mantle xenoliths. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53: 561-567.
27. Griffin WL, O'Reilly SY, Natapov LM, Ryan CG (2003a) The evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath the Kalahari Craton and its margins. Lithos 71: 215-242.
28. Griffin WL, O'Reilly SY, Abe N, Aulbach S, Davies RM, Pearson NJ, Doyle BJ, Kivi K (2003b) The origin and evolution of the Archean lithospheric mantle. Precamb Res 127: 19-41.
29. Griffin WL, O'Reilly SY, Doyle BJ, Pearson NJ, Coopersmith H, Kivi K, Malkovets V, Pokhilenko N (2004) Lithospheric mapping beneath the North American plate. Lithos 77: 873-922.
30. Griffin WL, Kobussen AF, Babu EVSSK, O'Reilly SY, Norris R, Sengupta P (2009) A translithospheric suture in the vanished 1-Ga lithospheric root of South India: evidence from contrasting lithosphere sections in the Dharwar craton. Lithos 112S: 1109-1119.
31. Grutter H (2009) Pyroxene xenocrysts geotherms: techniques and application. Lithos 112S: 1167-1178.
32. Grutter H, Latti D, Menzies A (2006) Cr-Saturation arrays in concentrate garnet compositions from kimberlite and their use in mantle barometry. J Petrol 47: 801-820.
33. Gurney JJ, Zweistra P (1995) The interpretation of the major element compositions of mantle minerals in diamond exploration. J Geochem Explor 53: 293-309.
34. Gurney JJ, Helmstaedt HH, Richardson SH, Shirey SB (2010) Diamonds through time. Econ Geol 105: 689-712.
35. Harley SL (1984) An experimental study of the portioning of Fe and Mg between garnet and orthopyroxene. Contrib Mineral Petrol 86: 359-373.
36. Heaman LM, Kjarsgaard BA (2000) Timing of eastern North American kimberlite magmatism: continental extension of the Great Meteor hotspot track? Earth Planet Sci Lett 178: 253-268.
37. Heaman LM, Kjarsgaard BA, Creaser RA (2004) The temporal evolution of North American kimberlites. Lithos 76: 377-397.
38. Helmstaedt HH, Gurney JJ (1995) Geotectonic controls of primary diamond deposits: implications for area selection. J Geochem Explor 53: 125-144.
39. Helmstaedt HH, Schulze DJ (1989) Southern African kimberlites and their mantle sample: implications for Archean tectonics and lithosphere evolution. In: Ross J et al (eds) Kimberlites and related rocks, Proceedings of IV Kimberlite conference (Perth 1986). Geol Soc Aust Special Publ 14: 358-368.
40. Helmstaedt HH, Gurney JJ, Richardson SH (2010) Ages of cratonic diamond and lithosphere evolution: constraints on Precambrian tectonics and diamond exploration. Can Mineral 48: 1385-1408.
41. Kaminsky FV, Sablukov SM, Sablukova LI, Shchukin VS, Canil D (2002) Kimberlites from the Wawa area, Ontario. Can J Earth Sci 39: 1819-1838.
42. Kendall JM, Sol S, Thomson CJ, White DJ, Asudeh I, Snell CS, Sutherland FH (2002) Seismic heterogeneity and anisotropy in the Western Superior Province, Canada: insights into the evolution of an Archean craton. In: Fowler CMR, Ebinger CJ, Hawkesworth CJ (eds) The early earth: physical, chemical, and biological development. Geol Soc Lon Special Publ 199: 27-44.
43. Kennedy CS, Kennedy GC (1976) The equilibrium boundary between graphite and diamond. J Geophys Res 81: 2467-2470.
44. Ketchum JWF, Ayer JA, van Breemen O, Pearson NJ, Becker JK (2008) Pericontinental crustal growth of the southwestern Abitibi subprovince, Canada- U-Pb, Hf, and Nd isotope evidence. Econ Geol 103: 1151-1184.
45. 2 and thermodynamic modeling. Lithos 77: 639-646.
46. Klemme S, O'Neill H StC (2000) The near-solidus transition from garnet lherzolite to spinel lherzolite. Contrib Mineral Petrol 138: 237-248.
47. Kopylova MG, Lo J, Christensen NI (2004) Petrological constraints on seismic properties of the Slave upper mantle (Northern Canada). Lithos 77: 493-510.
48. Kopylova MG, Afanasiev VP, Bruce LF, Thurston P, Ryder J (2011) Metaconglomerate preserves evidence for kimberlite, diamondiferous root and medium grade terrane of a pre-2. 7 Ga Southern Superior protocraton. Earth Planet Sci Lett 312: 213-225.
49. Lavrent'ev YG, Usova LV, Korolyuk VN, Logvinova AM (2005) Electron probe microanalysis of Cr-spinel for zinc and nickel traces as applied to study of the geothermometry of peridotites. Rus Geol Geophys 46: 741-745.
50. Lenardic A (2006) Continental growth and the Archean paradox. In: Benn K, Mareschal JC, Condie KC (eds) Archean geodynamics and environments. Am Geophys Union, Washington, pp 33-45.
51. Liu JG, Rudnick RL, Walker RJ, Gao S, Wu FY, Piccoli PM, Yuan HL, Xu WL, Xu YG (2011) Mapping lithospheric boundaries using Os isotopes of mantle xenoliths: an example from the North China Craton. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 75(13): 3881-3902.
52. Long DGF (2004) The tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Huronian basement and the subsequent basin fill: geological constraints on impact models of the Sudbury event. Precamb Res 129: 203-223.
53. Mareschal JC, Jaupart C, Gariepy C, Cheng LZ, Guillou-Frottier L, Bienfait G, Lapointe R (2000) Heat flow and deep thermal structure near the southeastern edge of the Canadian shield. Can J Earth Sci 37: 399-414.
54. Mercier J-P, Bostock MG, Audet P, Gaherty JB, Garnero EJ, Revenaugh J (2008) The teleseismic signature of fossil subduction: Northwestern Canada. J Geophys Res 113: B04308.
55. Meyer HOA, Waldman MA, Garwood BL (1994) Mantle xenoliths from kimberlite near Kirkland Lake, Ontario. Can Mineral 32: 295-306.
56. Moore AE, Lock NP (2001) The origin of mantle-derived megacrysts and sheared peridotites-evidence from kimberlites in the northern Lesotho- Orange Free State (South Africa) and Botswana pipe clusters. S Afr J Geo 104: 23-38.
57. Nickel KG, Green DH (1985) Empirical geothermobarometry for garnet peridotites and implications for the nature of the lithosphere, kimberlites and diamonds. Earth Planet Sci Lett 73: 158-170.
58. Nimis P, Grutter H (2010) Internally consistent geothermometers for garnet peridotites and pyroxenites. Contrib Mineral Petrol 159: 411-427.
59. Nyblade AA, Pollack HN (1993) A global analysis of heat flow from Precambrian terrains: implications for the thermal structure of Archean and Proterozoic lithosphere. J Geophys Res 98: 12207-12218.
60. O'Neill CJ (1981) The transition between spinel lherzolite and garnet lherzolite, and its use as a geobarometer. Contrib Mineral Petrol 77: 185-194.
61. O'Neill CJ, Wood BJ (1979) An experimental study of Fe-Mg partitioning between garnet and olivine and its calibration as a geothermometer. Contrib Mineral Petrol 70: 59-70.
62. Pearson DG, Wittig N (2008) Formation of Archean continental lithosphere and its diamonds: the root of the problem. J Geol Soc Lond 165: 895-914.
63. Percival JA, Sanborn-Barrie M, Skulski T, Stott GM, Helmstaedt H, White DJ (2006) Tectonic evolution of the western Superior Province from NATMAP and Lithoprobe studies. Can J Earth Sci 43: 1085-1117.
64. Phillips D, Harris JW, Viljoen KS (2004) Mineral chemistry and thermobarometry of inclusions from De Beers Pool diamonds, Kimberley, South Africa. Lithos 77: 155-179.
65. Pollack HN, Chapman DS (1977) On the regional variation of heat flow, geotherms, and lithospheric thickness. Tectonophys 38: 279-296.
66. Reutskii VN, Logvinova AM, Sobolev NV (1999) Carbon isotopic composition of polycrystalline diamond aggregates with chromite inclusions from the Mir kimberlite pipe, Yakutia. Geochem Int 37: 1073.
67. Rudnick RL, McDonough WF, O'Connell RJ (1998) Thermal structure, thickness and composition of continental lithosphere. Chem Geol 145: 395-411.
68. Russell JK, Kopylova MG (1999) A steady state conductive geotherm for the north central Slave, Canada: inversion of petrological data from the Jericho kimberlite pipe. J Geophys Res 104: 7089-7101.
69. Ryan CG, Griffin WL, Pearson NJ (1996) Garnet geotherms: pressure-temperature data from Cr-pyrope garnet xenocrysts in volcanic rocks. J Geophys Res 101: 5611-5625.
70. Ryder J, Verley CG, Miller A, Martel B, Khoun R (2008) The diamondiferous conglomerates of the Leadbetter Project. 9th International kimberlite conference, extended abstract no. 9IKC-A-00110.
71. Schulze DJ (1996) Kimberlites in the vicinity of Kirkland Lake and Lake Timiskaming, Ontario and Quebec. In: LeCheminant AN, Richardson DG, DiLabio RNW, Richardson KA (eds) Searching for diamonds in Canada. Geol Survey Can Open File 3228: 73-78.
72. Shirey SB, Harris JW, Richardson SH, Fouch MJ, James DE, Cartigny P, Deines P, Viljoen F (2002) Diamond genesis, seismic structure, and evolution of the Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe craton. Science 297: 1683-1686.
73. Smith D, Boyd FR (1987) Compositional heterogeneities in a high-temperature lherzolite nodule and implications for mantle processes. In: Nixon PH (ed) Mantle xenoliths. Wiley, New York, pp 551-561.
74. Smith D, Griffin WL, Ryan CG, Sie SH (1991) Trace-element zonation in garnets from The Thumb: heating and melt infiltration below the Colorado Plateau. Contrib Mineral Petrol 107: 60-79.
75. Sobolev NV, Logvinova AM, Zedgenizov DA, Seryotkin YV, Yefimova ES, Floss C, Taylor LA (2004) Mineral inclusions in microdiamonds and macrodiamonds from kimberlites of Yakutia: a comparative study. Lithos 77: 225-242.
76. Stachel T, Harris JW (2008) The origin of cratonic diamonds- constraints from mineral inclusions. Ore Geol Rev 34: 5-32.
77. Stachel T, Banas A, Muehlenbachs K, Kurszlaukis S, Walker EC (2006) Archean diamonds from Wawa (Canada): samples from deep cratonic roots predating cratonization of the Superior Province. Contrib Mineral Petrol 151(6): 737-750.
78. Stachel T, Harris JW, Muehlenbachs K (2009) Sources of carbon in inclusion bearing diamonds. Lithos 112: 625-637.
79. Stern RJ (2002) Subduction zones. Rev Geophys 40(4): 3-38.
80. Thurston PC (1991) Geology of Ontario: introduction. In: Thurston PC, Williams HR, Sutcliffe RH, Stott GM (eds) Geology of Ontario, OGS, Special Vol 4, pp 3-25.
81. van der Lee S (2001) Deep below North America. Sci 294: 1297-1298.
82. Verley CG, D'Amours C, Martel BO (2007) Preliminary tonnage estimate for the diamondiferous conglomerates of the Leadbetter Diamond Project. Dianor Resources Inc.
83. Vicker PH (1997) Garnet peridotite xenoliths from kimberlite near Kirkland Lake, Canada. MSc Thesis, University of Toronto, 128 p. https://tspace. library. utoronto. ca/handle/1807/11731.
84. White DJ, Musacchio G, Helmstaedt HH, Harrap RM, Thurston PC, van der Velden A, Hall K (2003) Images of a lower-crustal oceanic slab: direct evidence for tectonic accretion in the Archean western Superior province. Geology 31(11): 997-1000.
85. Williams HR, Stott GM, Heather KB, Muir TL, Sage RP (1991) Wawa subprovince. In: Thurston PC, Williams HR, Sutcliffe RH, Stott GM (eds) Geology of Ontario, Part 1. Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, pp 485-539.
86. Wu CM, Zhao G (2011) The applicability of garnet-orthopyroxene Geobarometry in mantle xenoliths. Lithos 125: 1-9.
87. Young GM, Long DGF, Fedo CM, Nesbitt HW (2001) Paleoproterozoic Huronian basin: product of a Wilson cycle punctuated by glaciations and a meteorite impact. Sed Geol 141-142: 233-254.
88. Zhang K-J (2012) Destruction of the North China craton: lithosphere folding-induced removal of lithospheric mantle? J Geodyn 53: 8-17.
89. Zheng J, Griffin WL, O'Reilly SY, Yang J, Li T, Zhang M, Zhang RY, Liou JG (2006) Mineral chemistry of peridotites from Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic lithosphere: constraints on mantle evolution beneath Eastern China. J Petrol 47(11): 2233-2256.