The growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHs-R)

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 18, Issue 31, 2012, Pages 4749-4754

  Laviano, Alessandro ^a   Molfino, Alessio ^a   Rianda, Serena ^a   Fanelli, Filippo Rossi ^a  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

Appetite; Diabetes; GH; Ghrelin; GHS R1a; Ghs R1B; Hypothalamus; Obesity

Indexed keywords

GHRELIN; GHRELIN RECEPTOR; GHSR 1B RECEPTOR PROTEIN; GLUCOSE; GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTOR; INSULIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; AGING; APPETITE; ARTICLE; BRAIN; CACHEXIA; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CELL SURFACE; DIABETES MELLITUS; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HEART PERFORMANCE; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS; HYPOTHALAMUS; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RELEASE; LEARNING; LIPID METABOLISM; MEMORY; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PANCREAS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

APPETITE REGULATION; ENERGY METABOLISM; GHRELIN; HUMANS; MALE; ORGAN SPECIFICITY; PROTEIN ISOFORMS; RECEPTORS, GHRELIN; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84866371529     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161212803216906     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Lim CT, Kola B, Korbonits M. The ghrelin/GOAT/GHS-R system and energy metabolism. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2011; 12: 173-186
2. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 1999; 402: 656-660
3. Peter P, Beatrix S, Eva R, et al. Ghrelin: a new peptide regulating the neurohormonal system, energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008; 24: 343-352
4. Soares JB, Roncon-Albuquerque R, Leite-Moreira A. Ghrelin and ghrelin receptor inhibitors: agents in the treatment of obesity. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12: 1177-11789
5. McKee KK, Palyha OC, Feighner SD, et al. Molecular analysis of rat pituitary and hypothalamic growth hormone secretagogue receptors. Mol Endocrinol 1997; 11: 415-423
6. Feighner SD, Tan CP, McKee KK, et al. Receptor for motilin identified in the human gastrointestinal system. Science 1999; 284: 2184-2188
7. Gomez R, Lago F, Gomez-Reino JJ, Gualillo O. Novel factors as therapeutic targets to treat diabetes. Focus on leptin and ghrelin. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13: 583-5891
8. Gnanapavan S, Kola B, Bustin SA, et al. The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor, GHS-R, in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 2988-29891
9. Guan XM, Yu H, Palyha OC, et al. Distribution of mRNA encoding the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in brain and peripheral tissues. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1997; 48: 23-29
10. Schellekens H, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Lean mean fat reducing "ghrelin" machine: Hypothalamic ghrelin and ghrelin receptors as therapeutic targets in obesity. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58: 2-16
11. Leung PK, Chow KB, Lau PN, et al. The truncated ghrelin receptor polypeptide (GHS-R1b) acts as a dominant-negative mutant of the ghrelin receptor. Cell Signal 2007; 19: 1011-1022
12. Chan CB, Cheng CH. Identification and functional characterization of two alternatively spliced growth hormone secretagogue receptor transcripts from the pituitary of black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 214: 81-95
13. Muccioli G, Baragli A, Granata R, Papotti M, Ghigo E. Heterogeneity of ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptors. Toward the understanding of the molecular identity of novel ghrelin/GHS receptors. Neuroendocrinology 2007; 86: 147-164.
14. Feng DD, Yang SK, Loudes C, et al. Ghrelin and obestatin modulate growth hormone-releasing hormone release and synaptic inputs onto growth hormone-releasing hormone neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34: 732-744
15. Roh SG, Doconto M, Feng DD, Chen C. Differential regulation of GHRH-receptor and GHS-receptor expression by long-term in vitro treatment of ovine pituitary cells with GHRP-2 and GHRH. Endocrine 2006; 30: 55-62
16. Kamegai J, Tamura H, Shimizu T, Ishii S, Sugihara H, Oikawa S. Insulin-like growth factor-I down-regulates ghrelin receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor) expression in the rat pituitary. Regul Pept 2005; 127: 203-206
17. Kageyama H, Takenoya F, Shiba K, Shioda S. Neuronal circuits involving ghrelin in the hypothalamus-mediated regulation of feeding. Neuropeptides 2010; 44: 133-138
18. Gjesing AP, Larsen LH, Torekov SS, et al. Family and populationbased studies of variation within the ghrelin receptor locus in relation to measures of obesity. PLoS One 2010; 5(4): e10084
19. Smith RG, Cheng K, Schoen WR, et al. A nonpeptidyl growth hormone secretagogue. Science 1993; 260: 1640-1643
20. Aloi JA, Gertz BJ, Hartman ML, et al. Neuroendocrine responses to a novel growth hormone secretagogue, L-692,429, in healthy older subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 943-949
21. Smith RG, Sun Y, Jiang H, Albarran-Zeckler R, Timchenko N. Ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1A) agonists show potential as interventive agents during aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1119: 147-164.
22. Baranowska B, Bik W, Baranowska-Bik A, et al. Neuroendocrine control of metabolic homeostasis in polish centenarians. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 57(Suppl 6): 55-61
23. Takeda H, Muto S, Hattori T, et al. Rikkunshito ameliorates the aging-associated decrease in ghrelin receptor reactivity via phosphodiesterase III inhibition. Endocrinology 2010; 151: 244-252
24. Dixit VD, Schaffer EM, Pyle RS, et al. Ghrelin inhibits leptin- and activation-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression by human monocytes and T cells. J Clin Invest 2004; 114: 57-66
25. Laviano A, Meguid MM, Inui A, Muscaritoli M, Rossi-Fanelli F. Therapy insight: Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome--when all you can eat is yourself. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2005; 2: 158-165
26. Müller TD, Tschöp MH, Jarick I, et al. Genetic variation of the ghrelin activator gene ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) is associated with anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45: 706-711
27. Broglio F, Gianotti L, Destefanis S, et al. The endocrine response to acute ghrelin administration is blunted in patients with anorexia nervosa, a ghrelin hypersecretory state. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004; 60: 592-599
28. Hansson C, Haage D, Taube M, Egecioglu E, Salomé N, Dickson SL. Central administration of ghrelin alters emotional responses in rats: behavioural, electrophysiological and molecular evidence. Neuroscience 2011; 180: 201-211
29. Wang G, Wang W, Zhao J, Ni Y, Zhou X, Zhang W. Ghrelin prevents neuronal apoptosis and cognitive impairments in sepsisassociated encephalopathy. Neuroreport 2011; 22: 959-964
30. Ma LY, Zhang DM, Tang Y, et al. Ghrelin-attenuated cognitive dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2011; 25: 352-363
31. Chen L, Xing T, Wang M, et al. Local infusion of ghrelin enhanced hippocampal synaptic plasticity and spatial memory through activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in the dentate gyrus of adult rats. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33: 266-275
32. Mailloux RJ, Harper ME. Uncoupling proteins and the control of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51: 1106-1115
33. Andrews ZB, Erion D, Beiler R, et al. Ghrelin promotes and protects nigrostriatal dopamine function via a UCP2-dependent mitochondrial mechanism. Neurosci 2009; 29: 14057-14065
34. Jiang H, Betancourt L, Smith RG. Ghrelin amplifies dopamine signaling by cross talk involving formation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor/dopamine receptor subtype 1 heterodimers. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20: 1772-1785
35. Meguid MM, Fetissov SO, Varma M, Sato T, Zhang L, Laviano A, Rossi-Fanelli F. Hypothalamic dopamine and serotonin in the regulation of food intake. Nutrition 2000; 16: 843-857
36. Leggio L. Role of the ghrelin system in alcoholism: Acting on the growth hormone secretagogue receptor to treat alcohol-related diseases. Drug News Perspect 2010; 23: 157-166
37. Tschöp M, Smiley DL, Heiman ML. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature 2000; 407: 908-913
38. Davies JS, Kotokorpi P, Eccles SR, et al. Ghrelin induces abdominal obesity via GHS-R-dependent lipid retention. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23: 914-924
39. Asakawa A, Inui A, Kaga T, Katsuura G, Fujimiya M, Fujino MA, Kasuga M. Antagonism of ghrelin receptor reduces food intake and body weight gain in mice. Gut 2003; 52: 947-952.
40. Maletínská L, Matyšková R, Maixnerová J, Sýkora D, Pýchová M, Spolcová A, Blechová M, Drápalová J, Lacinová Z, Haluzík M, Zelezná B. The Peptidic GHS-R antagonist [D-Lys(3)]GHRP-6 markedly improves adiposity and related metabolic abnormalities in a mouse model of postmenopausal obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 343: 55-62.
41. Ma X, Lin L, Qin G, et al. Ablations of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor exhibit differential metabolic phenotypes and thermogenic capacity during aging. PLoS One 2011 Jan 26; 6(1): e16391
42. Mano-Otagiri A, Iwasaki-Sekino A, Nemoto T, et al. Genetic suppression of ghrelin receptors activates brown adipocyte function and decreases fat storage in rats. Regul Pept 2010; 160: 81-90
43. Kurose Y, Iqbal J, Rao A, et al. Changes in expression of the genes for the leptin receptor and the growth hormone-releasing peptide/ ghrelin receptor in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus with longterm manipulation of adiposity by dietary means. J Neuroendocrinol 2005; 17: 331-340
44. Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, et al. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 1597-1604
45. Yada T, Dezaki K, Sone HK et al. Ghrelin regulates insulin release and glycemia: physiological role and therapeutic potential. Curr Diabetes Rev 2008; 4: 18-23
46. Dezaki K, Sone H, Yada T. Ghrelin is a physiological regulator of insulin release in pancreatic islets and glucose homeostasis. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 118: 239-249
47. Lin L, Saha PK, Ma X, et al. Ablation of ghrelin receptor reduces adiposity and improves insulin sensitivity during aging by regulating fat metabolism in white and brown adipose tissues. Aging Cell 2011; 10: 996-1010
48. Katugampola SD, Pallikaros Z, Davenport AP. 125I-His(9)]- ghrelin, a novel radioligand for localizing GHS orphan receptors in human and rat tissue: up-regulation of receptors with athersclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134: 143-149
49. Nagaya N, Kangawa K. Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing peptide, in the treatment of chronic heart failure. Regul Pept 2003; 114: 71-77
50. Locatelli V, Rossoni G, Schweiger F, et al. Growth hormoneindependent cardioprotective effects of hexarelin in the rat. Endocrinology 1999; 140: 4024-4041
51. Nagaya N, Miyatake K, Uematsu M, et al. Hemodynamic, renal, and hormonal effects of ghrelin infusion in patients with chronic heart failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 5854-5859
52. Nagaya N, Uematsu M, Kojima M, et al. Chronic administration of ghrelin improves left ventricular dysfunction and attenuates development of cardiac cachexia in rats with heart failure. Circulation 2001; 104: 1430-1435
53. Cheng KC, Li YX, Asakawa A, Inui A. The role of ghrelin in energy homeostasis and its potential clinical relevance. Int J Mol Med 2010; 26: 771-778