Modelling the effects of surface and crown fire behaviour on serotinous cone opening in jack pine and lodgepole pine forests

International Journal of Wildland Fire

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 709-721

  Alexander, M E ^a   Cruz, M G ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

convection column temperature; crown scorch height; fire ecology; fireline intensity; flame front residence time; fuel consumption; rate of fire spread; tree regeneration.

Indexed keywords

PINUS BANKSIANA; PINUS CONTORTA;

EID: 84866363776     PISSN: 10498001     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/WF11153     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Albini FA (1993) Dynamics and modeling of vegetation fires: observations. In 'Fire in the Environment: the Ecological, Atmospheric, and Climatic Importance of Vegetation Fires'. (Eds PJ Crutzen, JG Goldammer) Environmental Sciences Research Report 13. pp. 39-52. (Wiley: Chichester, UK)
2. Alexander ME (1979) Fuels description in lodgepole pine stands of the Colorado Front Range. MSc thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.
3. Alexander ME (1982) Calculating and interpreting forest-fire intensities. Canadian Journal of Botany 60, 349-357. doi:10.1139/B82-048.
4. Alexander ME (1998) Crown fire thresholds in exotic pine plantations of Australasia. PhD thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.
5. Alexander ME, Cruz MG (2006) Evaluating a model for predicting active crown fire rate of spread using wildfire observations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, 3015-3028. doi:10.1139/X06-174.
6. Alexander ME, Cruz MG (2011) Crown fire dynamics in conifer forests. In 'Synthesis of Knowledge of Extreme Fire Behavior: Volume 1 for Fire Managers'. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-854, pp. 107-142. (Portland, OR)
7. Alexander ME, Cruz MG (2012) Interdependencies between flame length and fireline intensity in predicting crown fire initiation and crown scorch height. International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, 95-113. doi:10.1071/WF11001.
8. Alexander ME, Stocks BJ, LawsonBD(1991) Fire behavior in black spruce-lichen woodland: the Porter Lake project. Forestry Canada, Northern Forestry Centre, Information Report NOR-X-310. (Edmonton, AB)
9. Anderson HE (1968) Sundance Fire: an analysis of fire phenomena. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper INT-56. (Ogden, UT)
10. Anderson HE (1969) Heat transfer and fire spread. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper INT-69. (Ogden, UT)
11. Anderson JE, Romme WH (1991) Initial floristics in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests following the 1988 Yellowstone fires. International Journal of Wildland Fire 1, 119-124. doi:10.1071/WF9910119.
12. Anderson MD (2003) Pinus contorta var. latifolia. In 'Fire Effects Information System' [online]. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. (Missoula, MT) Available at http://fs.fed.us/database/feis [Verified 24 August 2011]
13. Andrews PL, Heinsch FA, Schelvan L (2011) How to generate and interpret fire characteristic charts for surface and crown fire behavior. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-253. (Fort Collins, CO)
14. Beaufait WR (1960a) Some effects of high temperatures on the cones and seeds of jack pine. Forest Science 6, 194-198.
15. Beaufait WR (1960b) Use of a military flame thrower to open cones in standing jack pine. Journal of Forestry 58, 562-563.
16. Brown JK (1970) Ratio of surface area to volume for common fine fuels. Forest Science 16, 101-105.
17. Brown JK (1972) Field test of a rate-of-fire-spread model in slash fuels. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper INT-116. (Ogden, UT)
18. Burrows ND (1995) A framework for assessing acute impacts of fire in jarrah forests for ecological studies. CALMScience 4(Suppl.), 54-66.
19. Burrows ND (2001) Flame residence times and rates of weight loss of eucalypt forest fuel particles. International Journal of Wildland Fire 10, 137-143. doi:10.1071/WF01005.
20. Byram GM (1958) Some basic thermal processes controlling the effects of fire on living vegetation. USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Research Note 114. (Asheville, NC)
21. Byram GM (1959) Combustion of forest fuels. In 'Forest Fire: Control and Use'. (Ed. KP Davis) pp. 61-89, 554-555. (McGraw Hill: New York)
22. Cameron H (1953) Melting point of the bonding material in lodgepole pine and jack pine cones. Canada Department of Resources and Development, Forestry Branch, Division of Forest Research, Silvicultural Leaflet 86. (Ottawa, ON)
23. Carey JH (1993) Pinus banksiana. In 'Fire Effects Information System'. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. (Missoula, MT) Available at http://fs.fed.us/database/feis [Verified 24 August 2011]
24. Cheney NP (1981) Fire behaviour. In 'Fire and the Australian Biota'. (Eds AM Gill, RH Groves, IR Noble) pp. 151-175. (Australian Academy of Science: Canberra, ACT)
25. Cheney NP (1990) Quantifying bushfires. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 13(12), 9-15. doi:10.1016/0895-7177(90)90094-4.
26. Cheney P, Sullivan A (2008) 'Grassfires: Fuel, Weather and Fire Behaviour', 2nd edn (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
27. Chrosciewicz Z (1974) Evaluation of fire-produced seedbeds for jack pine regeneration in central Ontario. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 4, 455-457. doi:10.1139/X74-067.
28. Chrosciewicz Z (1988) Jack pine regeneration following post-cut burning under seed trees in central Saskatchewan. Forestry Chronicle 64, 315-319.
29. Clements FE (1910) The life history of lodgepole burn forests. USDA Forest Service, Bulletin 79. (Washington, DC)
30. Crossley DI (1956) Effect of crown cover and slash density on the release of seed from slash-borne lodgepole pine cones. Canada Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Forestry Branch, Forest Research Division, Technical Note 41. (Ottawa, ON)
31. Cruz MG, Alexander ME (2010) Assessing crown fire potential in coniferous forests of western North America: a critique of current approaches and recent simulation studies. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, 377-398. doi:10.1071/WF08132.
32. Cruz MG, Alexander ME, Wakimoto RH (2003) Assessing canopy fuel stratum characteristics in crown fire prone fuel types of western North America. International Journal of Wildland Fire 12, 39-50. doi:10.1071/WF02024.
33. Cruz MG, Butler BW, Alexander ME, Forthofer JM, WakimotoRH (2006) Predicting the ignition of crown fuels above a spreading surface fire. Part I. Model idealization. International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, 47-60. doi:10.1071/WF04061.
34. D'Amato AW, Fraver S, Palik BJ, Bradford JB, Patty L (2011) Singular and interactive effects of blowdown, salvage logging, and wildfire in sub-boreal pine systems. Forest Ecology and Management 262, 2070-2078. doi:10.1016/J. FORECO.2011.09.003.
35. de Groot WJ, Bothwell PM, Carlsson DH, LoganKA (2003) Simulating the effects of future fire regimes on western Canadian boreal forests. Journal of Vegetation Science 14, 355-364. doi:10.1658/1100-9233(2003)014. [0355:STEOFF]2.0.CO;2.
36. de Groot WJ, Bothwell PM, Taylor SW, Wotton BM, Stocks BJ, Alexander ME (2004) Jack pine regeneration and crown fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, 1634-1641. doi:10.1139/X04-073.
37. Despain DG, Clark DL, Reardon JJ (1996) Simulation of crown fire effects on canopy seed bank in lodgepole pine. International Journal of Wildland Fire 6, 45-49. doi:10.1071/WF9960045.
38. Dickinson MB, Ryan KC (2010) Introduction: strengthening the foundation of wildland fire effects prediction research and management. Fire Ecology 6, 1-12. doi:10.4996/FIREECOLOGY.0601001.
39. Dubé D (1977) Prescribed burning in Jasper National Park. Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forest Research Centre, Forestry Report 5(2), pp. 4-5 (Edmonton, AB).
40. Dubé DE (1976) Early plant succession following a 1968 wildfire in the subalpine zone of the Vermillion Pass, Kootenay National Park. MSc thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton.
41. Eyre FH, LeBarron RK (1944) Management of jack pine stands in the Lake States. USDA, Technical Bulletin 863. (Washington, DC)
42. Fernandes PM, Loureiro C, Botelho HS (2004) Fire behaviour and severity in a maritime pine stand under differing fuel conditions. Annals of Forest Science 61, 537-544. doi:10.1051/FOREST:2004048.
43. Fons WL, Clements HB, George PM (1963) Scale effects on propagation rate of laboratory crib fires. Symposium (International) on Combustion 9, 860-866.
44. Forestry Canada Fire Danger Group (1992) Development and structure of the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction System. Forestry Canada, Science and Sustainable Development Directorate, Information Report ST-X-3. (Ottawa, ON)
45. Fryer GI, JohnsonEA (1988) Reconstruction of fire behaviour and effects in a subalpine forest. Journal of Applied Ecology 25, 1063-1072. doi:10.2307/2403766.
46. Fuglem PL, Murphy PJ (1980) Foliar moisture content and crown fires in Alberta conifers. Alberta Energy and Natural Resources, Alberta Forest Service, ENR Report 158. (Edmonton, AB)
47. Gilmore DW, Kastendick DN, Zasada JC, Anderson PJ (2003) Alternative fuel reduction treatments in the Gunflint Corridor of the Superior National Forest: second-year results and sampling recommendations. USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, Research Note NC-381. (Saint Paul, MN)
48. Grafstrom MD, Hansen HL (1962) Post-fire regeneration study of the 1959. Badoura and 1960 Bemidji fires. University of Minnesota, School of Forestry, Forestry Note 116 (St Paul, MN)
49. Hartford RA, Rothermel RC (1991) Fuel moisture as measured and predicted during the 1988 fires in Yellowstone Park. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Research Note INT-196. (Ogden, UT)
50. Hellum AK (1981) Lodgepole pine seed extraction. In 'High-quality Collection and Production of Conifer Seed, Proceedings of a Workshop Held November 14, 1979, in Edmonton, Alberta'. (Ed. RF Huber) Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forest Research Centre, Information Report NOR-X-235. pp. 38-53. (Edmonton, AB)
51. Hellum AK, Barker NA (1980) Cone moisture content influences seed release in lodgepole pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 10, 239-244. doi:10.1139/X80-041.
52. Hellum AK, Barker NA (1981) The relationship of lodgepole pine cone age and seed extractability. Forest Science 27, 62-70.
53. Hellum AK, Pelchat M (1979) Temperature and time affect the release and quality of seed from cones of lodgepole pine from Alberta. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 9, 154-159. doi:10.1139/X79-029.
54. Horton KW (1955) Early developments in a subalpine lodgepole pine stand of fire origin. Canada Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Forestry Branch, Forest Research Division, Technical Note 16. (Ottawa, ON)
55. Johnson EA, Gutsell SL (1993) Heat budget and fire behaviour associated with the opening of serotinous cones in two Pinus species. Journal of Vegetation Science 4, 745-750. doi:10.2307/3235610.
56. Keyes CR (2006) Role of foliar moisture content in the silvicultural management of forest fuels. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 21, 228-231.
57. Kiil AD, Grigel JE (1969) The May 1968 forest conflagrations in central Alberta-a review of fire weather, fuels and fire behavior. Canada Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Forest Research Laboratory, Information Report A-X-24. (Calgary, AB)
58. Knapp AK, Anderson JE (1980) Effect of heat germination of seeds from serotinous lodgepole pine cones. American Midland Naturalist 104, 370-372. doi:10.2307/2424879.
59. Lavoie N, Alexander ME, Macdonald ES (2010) Photo guide for quantitatively assessing characteristics of forest fuels in a jack pine-black spruce chronosequence in the Northwest Territories. Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Information Report NOR-X-419. (Edmonton, AB)
60. Lawson BD (1972) Fire spread in lodgepole pine stands. MSc thesis, University of Montana, Missoula.
61. LeBarron RK, Roe EI (1945) Hastening the extraction of jack pine seeds. Journal of Forestry 43, 820-821.
62. Lee L, BeaufaitWR(1961) Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of cones of Pinus banksiana. Michigan College of Mining and Technology, Ford Forestry Centre, Technical Bulletin 8. (L'Anse, MI)
63. Lotan JE, Jensen CE (1970) Estimating seed stored in serotinous cones of lodgepole pine. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper INT-83. (Ogden, UT)
64. Lotan JE, Brown JK, Neuenschwander LF (1985) Role of fire in lodgepole pine forests. In 'Lodgepole Pine-the Species and its Management, Symposium Proceedings', 8-10 May 1984, Spokane, WA. (Eds DM Baumgartner, RG Krebill, JT Arnott, GF Weetman) pp. 133-152. (Washington State University: Pullman, WA)
65. Lyon LJ (1984) The Sleeping Child burn-21 years of post-fire change. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper INT-330. (Ogden, UT)
66. McArthur AG (1967) Fire behaviour in eucalypt forests. Commonwealth of Australia, Forestry and Timber Bureau, Forest Research Institute, Leaflet 107. (Canberra, ACT)
67. McArthur AG, Cheney NP (1966) The characterization of fires in relation to ecological studies. Australian Forest Research 2(3), 36-45.
68. Mercer GN, Gill AM, Weber RO (1994) A time-dependent model of fire impact on seed survival in woody fruits. Australian Journal of Botany 42, 71-81. doi:10.1071/BT9940071.
69. Methven IR, Van Wagner CE, Stocks BJ (1975) The vegetation on four burned areas in north-western Ontario. Canadian Forestry Service, Petawawa Forest Experiment Station, Information Report PS-X-60. (Chalk River, ON)
70. Michaletz ST, Johnson EA (2006) A heat transfer model of crown scorch in forest fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, 2839-2851. doi:10.1139/X06-158.
71. Miyanishi K (2003) Toward a sounder fire ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1, 275-276. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001. [0275:TASFE]2.0.CO;2.
72. Muraro SJ (1971) The lodgepole pine fuel complex. Canadian Forestry Service, Forest Research Laboratory, Information Report BC-X-53. (Victoria, BC)
73. Muraro SJ (1978) The use of prescribed fire in the management of lodgepole pine. In 'Fire Ecology in Resource Management: Workshop Proceedings'. (Ed. DE Dube) Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forest Research Centre, Information Report NOR-X-210, pp. 82-89. (Edmonton, AB)
74. Nelson RM, Jr (2003) Reaction times and burning rates for wind tunnel headfires. International Journal of Wildland Fire 12, 195-211. doi:10.1071/WF02041.
75. Nelson RM, Jr, Adkins CW (1988) A dimensionless correlation for the spread of wind-driven fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, 391-397. doi:10.1139/X88-058.
76. Nimchuk N (1983) Wildfire behavior associated with upper ridge breakdown. Alberta Energy and Natural Resources, Forest Service, ENR Report T/50. (Edmonton, AB)
77. Ohmann LF, Grigal DF (1979) Early revegetation and nutrient dynamics following the 1971 Little Sioux Forest Fire in north-eastern Minnesota. Forest Science Monograph 21, 1-80.
78. Oswald ET, Brown BN (1990) Vegetation establishment during 5 years following wildfire in northern British Columbia and southern Yukon Territory. Forestry Canada, Pacific Forestry Centre, Information Report BC-X-320. (Victoria, BC)
79. Perry DA, Lotan JE (1977) Opening temperatures in serotinous cones of lodgepole pine. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Note INT-228. (Ogden, UT)
80. Quintilio D (1972) Fire spread and impact in lodgepole pine slash. MSc thesis, University of Montana, Missoula.
81. Quintilio D, Fahnestock GR, Dubé DE (1977) Fire behavior in upland jack pine: theDarwin Lake Project. Canadian Forestry Service,Northern Forest Research Centre, Information Report NOR-X-174. (Edmonton, AB)
82. Roe EI (1963) Seed stored in cones of some jack pine stands, northern Minnesota. USDA Forest Service, Lake States Forest Experiment Station, Research Paper LS-1. (St Paul, MN)
83. Rouse C (1986) Fire effects in northern forests: jack pine. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, General Technical Report NC-106. (St Paul, MN)
84. Roussopoulos PJ (1978) An appraisal of upland forest fuels and potential fire behavior for a portion of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. PhD dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
85. Rowe JS, ScotterGW (1973) Fire in the boreal forest. Quaternary Research 3, 444-464. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(73)90008-2.
86. Safranyik L, Linton DA, Shore TL, Hawkes BC (2001) The effects of prescribed burning on mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine. Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Information Report BC-X-391. (Victoria, BC)
87. Simard AJ, Haines DA, Blank RW, Frost JS (1983) The Mack Lake Fire. USDAForest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, General Technical Report NC-83. (St Paul, MN)
88. Smith JK, McMurrayNE(2002) FireWorks curriculum featuring ponderosa, lodgepole, and whitebark pine forests. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-65. (Fort Collins, CO)
89. Stocks BJ (1975) The 1974 wildfire situation in north-western Ontario. Canadian Forestry Service, Great Lakes Forest Research Centre, Information Report O-X-232. (Sault Ste Marie, ON)
90. Stocks BJ (1987) Fire behavior in immature jack pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, 80-86. doi:10.1139/X87-014.
91. Stocks BJ (1989) Fire behavior in mature jack pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, 783-790. doi:10.1139/X89-119.
92. Stocks BJ, Alexander ME (1980) Forest fire behaviour and effects research in northern Ontario: a field-oriented program. In 'Proceedings of Sixth Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology', 22-24 April, Seattle, WA. (Eds RE Martin, RL Edmonds, DA Faulkner, JB Harrington, DM Fuquay, BJ Stocks, S Barr) pp. 18-24. (Society of American Foresters: Washington, DC)
93. Stocks BJ, Hartley GR (1995) Fire behavior in three jack pine fuel complexes. Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre. (Sault Ste Marie, ON) Available at http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/29043.pdf [Verified 1 June 2012]
94. Stocks BJ, Walker JD (1972) Fire behavior and fuel consumption in jack pine slash in Ontario. Canadian Forestry Service, Great Lakes Forest Research Centre, Information Report O-X-169. (Sault Ste Marie, ON)
95. Stocks BJ, Alexander ME, Wotton BM, Stefner CN, Flannigan MD, Taylor SW, Lavoie N, Mason JA, Hartley GR, Maffey ME, Dalrymple GN, Blake TW, Cruz MG, Lanoville RA (2004) Crown fire behaviour in a northern jack pine-black spruce forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, 1548-1560. doi:10.1139/X04-054.
96. Taylor SW, Wotton BM, Alexander ME, Dalrymple GN (2004) Variation in wind and crown fire behaviour in a northern jack pine-black spruce forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, 1561-1576. doi:10.1139/X04-116.
97. Thomas PH (1963) The size of flames from natural fires. Symposium (International) on Combustion 9, 844-859.
98. Tozzini DS, Soares RV (1987) Relationship between fire behaviour and damages caused to a loblolly pine stand. Revista Floresta 17, 9-13. [In Portuguese]
99. Van Wagner CE (1972) Duff consumption by fire in eastern pine stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2, 34-39. doi:10.1139/X72-006.
100. Van Wagner CE (1973) Height of crown scorch in forest fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 3, 373-378. doi:10.1139/X73-055.
101. Van Wagner CE (1975) Convection temperatures above low-intensity forest fires. Canadian Forestry Service Bi-monthly Research Notes 31(3), 21. [Erratum 31(5), 36]
102. Van Wagner CE (1977) Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 7, 23-34. doi:10.1139/X77-004.
103. Van Wagner CE (1978) Metric units and conversion factors for forest fire quantities. Canadian Forestry Service, Petawawa Forest Experiment Station, Information Report PS-X-71. (Chalk River, ON)
104. Van Wagner CE (1980) Rough prediction of fire spread rates by fuel type. Canadian Forestry Service, Petawawa Forest Experiment Station, Information Report PS-X-42 revised. (Chalk River, ON)
105. Van Wagner CE, Methven IR (1978) Discussion: two recent articles on fire ecology. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 8, 491-492. doi:10.1139/X78-075.
106. Wade DD (1987) Linking fire behavior to its effects on living plant issue. In 'Forests, the World and the Profession, Proceedings of the 1986 Society of American Foresters National Convention', 5-8 October 1986, Birmingham, AL. SAF Publication 87.02, pp. 112-116. (Society of American Foresters: Bethesda, MD)
107. Wade DD (2011) Your fire management career-make it count! Fire Ecology 7, 107-122. doi:10.4996/FIREECOLOGY.0701107.
108. Wang BSP, Downie B, Wetzel S, Palamarek D, Hamilton R (1992) Effects of cone scorching on germinability and vigour of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) seeds in Alberta. Seed Science and Technology 20, 409-419.
109. Weber MG, Hummel M, Van Wagner CE (1987) Selected parameters of fire behavior and Pinus banksiana Lamb. regeneration in eastern Ontario. Forestry Chronicle 63, 340-346.
110. Wotton BM, Alexander ME, Taylor SW(2009) Updates and revisions to the 1992 Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction System. Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Information Report GLC-X-10. (Sault Ste Marie, ON)
111. Wright HE, HeinselmanML (1973) Ecological role of fire in natural conifer forests of western and northern North America-introduction. Quaternary Research 3, 319-328. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(73)90002-1.
112. Zimmerman GT (1982) Preliminary guidelines for broadcast burning lodgepole pine slash in Colorado. Fire Management Notes 43(1), 17-22.
113. Zimmerman GT (1990) Ecological interrelationships of dwarf mistletoe and fire in lodgepole pine forests of Colorado. PhD dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.