Phenological patterns in a natural population of a tropical timber tree species, Milicia excelsa (Moraceae): Evidence of isolation by time and its interaction with feeding strategies of dispersers

American Journal of Botany

Volumn 99, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 1453-1463

  Daïnou, Kasso ^a   Laurenty, Eric ^a   Mahy, Grégory ^a   Hardy, Olivier J ^b   Brostaux, Yves ^a   Tagg, Nikki ^c   Doucet, Jean Louis ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

^c CENTRE FOR RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Feeding behavior; Flowering phenology; Flowering synchrony; Germination; Isolation by time; Milicia excelsa; Moraceae; Reproductive isolation; Reproductive success; Tropical rainforest

Indexed keywords

MICROSATELLITE DNA; RAIN;

BAT; BREEDING SEASON; DECIDUOUS TREE; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FLOWERING; GENETIC STRUCTURE; GENOTYPE; GERMINATION; KINSHIP; PERSISTENCE; PHENOLOGY; RAINFOREST; REGENERATION; RELATIVE HUMIDITY; REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; SEED DISPERSAL; SEED PRODUCTION; TEMPERATURE INVERSION; TIMBER; TIMESCALE; TROPICAL REGION;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BAT; CAMEROON; ECOSYSTEM; FLOWER; FRUIT; GENE LOCUS; GENETICS; GEOGRAPHY; GERMINATION; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; MORACEAE; PHYSIOLOGY; PLANT LEAF; PLANT SEED; POPULATION GENETICS; REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION; SEASON; SEED DISPERSAL; TIME; TREE; TROPIC CLIMATE;

ANIMALS; CAMEROON; CHIROPTERA; ECOSYSTEM; FLOWERS; FRUIT; GENETIC LOCI; GENETICS, POPULATION; GEOGRAPHY; GERMINATION; MICROSATELLITE REPEATS; MORACEAE; PLANT LEAVES; RAIN; REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION; SEASONS; SEED DISPERSAL; SEEDS; TIME FACTORS; TREES; TROPICAL CLIMATE;

CAMEROON;

ANIMALIA; EIDOLON HELVUM; MILICIA EXCELSA; MORACEAE;

EID: 84866127284     PISSN: 00029122     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200147     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. ADDINSOFT. 2012. XLSTAT 2012.1.01. Computer program and documentation distributed by the author, website http://www.xlstat.com/en/ [accessed 14 January 2012].
2. AIZEN, M. A. 2003. Influences of animal pollination and seed dispersal on winter flowering in a temperate mistletoe. Ecology 84: 2613-2627.
3. ALBRECTSEN, B. R. 2000. Flowering phenology and seed predation by a tephritid fly: Escape of seeds in time and space. Ecoscience 7: 433-438.
4. ALMEIDA-NETO, M., and T. M. LEWINSOHN. 2004. Small-scale spatial autocorrelation and the interpretation of relationships between phenological parameters. Journal of Vegetation Science 15: 561-568.
5. ANDERSON, D. P., E. V. NORDHEIM, T. C. MOERMOND, Z. B. G. BI, and C. BOESCH. 2005. Factors influencing tree phenology in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. Biotropica 37: 631-640.
6. ASDC [ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE DATA CENTER]. 2011. NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy, release 6, Meteorology and solar energy: Daily data. Website http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse [accessed 18 January 2011].
7. ASHTON, P. S., T. J. GIVNISH, and S. APPANAH. 1988. Staggered flowering in the Dipterocarpaceae: New insights into floral induction and the evolution of mast fruiting in the seasonal tropics. American Naturalist 132: 347-370.
8. ATIBT [ASSOCIATION TECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE DES BOIS TROPICAUX]. 2010. Statistiques 2009. La lettre de l'ATIBT 32: 4-25.
9. AUBRÉVILLE, A. 1959. La flore forestière de la Côte d'Ivoire, 2nd ed., tome 1. Centre Technique Forestier Tropical [CTFT], Nogent-sur-Marne, France.
10. AUSÍN, I., C. ALONSO-BLANCO, and J.-M. MARTÍNEZ-ZAPATER. 2005. Environmental regulation of flowering. International Journal of Developmental Biology 49: 689-705.
11. BAWA, K. S., H. KANG, and M. H. GRAYUM. 2003. Relationships among time, frequency, and duration of flowering in tropical rain forest trees. American Journal of Botany 90: 877-887.
12. ADDINSOFT. 2012. XLSTAT 2012.1.01. Computer program and documentation distributed by the author, website http://www.xlstat.com/en/ [accessed 14 January 2012].
13. AIZEN, M. A. 2003. Influences of animal pollination and seed dispersal on winter flowering in a temperate mistletoe. Ecology 84: 2613-2627.
14. ALBRECTSEN, B. R. 2000. Flowering phenology and seed predation by a tephritid fly: Escape of seeds in time and space. Ecoscience 7: 433-438.
15. ALMEIDA-NETO, M., and T. M. LEWINSOHN. 2004. Small-scale spatial autocorrelation and the interpretation of relationships between phenological parameters. Journal of Vegetation Science 15: 561-568.
16. ANDERSON, D. P., E. V. NORDHEIM, T. C. MOERMOND, Z. B. G. BI, and C. BOESCH. 2005. Factors influencing tree phenology in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. Biotropica 37: 631-640.
17. ASDC [ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE DATA CENTER]. 2011. NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy, release 6, Meteorology and solar energy: Daily data. Website http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse [accessed 18 January 2011].
18. ASHTON, P. S., T. J. GIVNISH, and S. APPANAH. 1988. Staggered flowering in the Dipterocarpaceae: New insights into floral induction and the evolution of mast fruiting in the seasonal tropics. American Naturalist 132: 347-370.
19. ATIBT [ASSOCIATION TECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE DES BOIS TROPICAUX]. 2010. Statistiques 2009. La lettre de l'ATIBT 32: 4-25.
20. AUBRÉVILLE, A. 1959. La flore forestière de la Côte d'Ivoire, 2nd ed., tome 1. Centre Technique Forestier Tropical [CTFT], Nogent-sur-Marne, France.
21. AUSÍN, I., C. ALONSO-BLANCO, and J.-M. MARTÍNEZ-ZAPATER. 2005. Environmental regulation of flowering. International Journal of Developmental Biology 49: 689-705.
22. BAWA, K. S., H. KANG, and M. H. GRAYUM. 2003. Relationships among time, frequency, and duration of flowering in tropical rain forest trees. American Journal of Botany 90: 877-887. 51. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, Biological Sciences 365: 3101-3112.
23. FUCHS, E. J., J. A. LOBO, and M. QUESADA. 2003. Effects of forest fragmentation and flowering phenology on the reproductive success and mating patters of the tropical dry forest tree Pachira quinata. Conservation Biology 17: 149-157.
24. GARRISON, B. A., W. D. KOENIG, and J. M. H. KNOPS. 2008. Spatial synchrony and temporal patterns in acorn production of California black oaks. Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Ecology and management. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-217, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, California, USA.
25. GEBER, M. A., and L. R. GRIFFEN. 2003. Inheritance and natural selection on functional traits. International Journal of Plant Sciences 164: S21-S42.
26. GOUDET, J. 1995. FSTAT (version 1.2): A computer program to calculate F -statistics. Journal of Heredity 86: 485-486.
27. HAMANN, A. 2004. Flowering and fruiting phenology of a Philippine submontane rain forest: Climatic factors as proximate and ultimate causes. Journal of Ecology 92: 24-31.
28. HARDY, O. J. 2009. TOROCOR: A program to assess the association between spatially autocorrelated variables using a torus-translation test on multiple grids. Computer program and documentation distributed by the author, website http://ebe.ulb.ac.be/ebe/Software.html [accessed 02 June 2011].
29. HARDY, O. J., and X. VEKEMANS. 2002. SPAGeDi: A versatile computer program to analyse spatial genetic structure at the individual or population levels. Molecular Ecology Notes 2: 618-620.
30. HENDRY, A. P., and T. DAY. 2005. Population structure attributable to reproductive time: Isolation by time and adaptation by time. Molecular Ecology 14: 901-916.
31. HENDRY, A. P., P. NOSIL, and L. H. RIESEBERG. 2007. The speed of ecological speciation. Functional Ecology 21: 455-464.
32. HENDRY, A. P., J. K. WENBURG, P. BENTZEN, E. C. VOLK, and T. P. QUINN. 2000. Rapid evolution of reproductive isolation in the wild: Evidence from introduced salmon. Science 290: 516-518.
33. HIRAO, A. S., and G. KUDO. 2008. The effect of segregation of flowering time on fine-scale spatial genetic structure in an alpine-snowbed herb Primula cuneifolia. Heredity 100: 424-430.
34. HOWE, H. F., and J. SMALLWOOD. 1982. Ecology of seed dispersal. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 13: 201-228.
35. IUCN [INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE and NATURAL RESOURCES]. 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, version 2010.4. Website http://www.iucnredlist.org [accessed 15 April 2011].
36. IZAWA, T., Y. TAKAHASHI, and M. YANO. 2003. Comparative biology comes into bloom: Genomic and genetic comparison of flowering pathways in rice and Arabidopsis. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6: 113-120.
37. KANKAM, B. O., and W. ODURO. 2009. Frugivores and fruit removal of Antiaris toxicaria (Moraceae) at Bia Biosphere Reserve, Ghana. Journal of Tropical Ecology 25: 201-204.
38. KELLY, C. A. 1993. Quantitative genetics of size and phenology of lifehistory traits in Chamaecrista fasciculata. Evolution 47: 88-97.
39. KOUADIO, Y. L. 2009. Mesures sylvicoles en vue d'améliorer la gestion des populations d'essences commerciales de l'Est du Cameroun. Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, ULg, Belgium. Ph.D. dissertation, Gembloux-Agro Bio Tech, ULg, Gembloux, Belgium.
40. KOUADIO, Y. L., and J.-L. DOUCET. 2009. Étude du comportement de Baillonnella toxisperma Pierre (moabi) dans les trouées d'abattage enrichies. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement 13: 317-324.
41. LACLAVÈRE, G. 1979. Atlas de la République Unie du Cameroun. Jeune Afrique, Paris, France.
42. LOBO, J. A., M. QUESADA, K. E. STONER, E. J. FUCHS, Y. HERRERIAS-DIEGO, J. ROJAS, and G. SABORIO. 2003. Factors affecting phenological patterns of bombacaceous trees in seasonal forests in Costa Rica and Mexico. American Journal of Botany 90: 1054-1063.
43. LOISELLE, B. A., V. L. SORK, J. NASON, and C. GRAHAM. 1995. Spatial genetic structure of a tropical understory shrub, Psychotria Officinalis (Rubiaceae). American Journal of Botany 82: 1420-1425.
44. PURRINGTON, C. B., and J. SCHMITT. 1998. Consequences of sexual dimorphic timing of emergence and flowering in Silene latifolia. Journal of Ecology 86: 397-404.
45. RATIARISON, S., and P.-M. FORGET. 2005. Frugivores and seed removal at Tetragastris altissima (Burseraceae) in a fragmented forested landscape of French Guiana. Journal of Tropical Ecology 21: 501-508.
46. RICHTER, H. V., and G. S. CUMMING. 2008. First application of satellite telemetry to track African straw-coloured fruit bat migration. Journal of Zoology 275: 172-178.
47. RICHTER, H. V., and A. WALSH. 2006. The greatest migration in Africa-Unlocking the mysteries of the straw-colored fruit bat. AZA Magazine-Communique 2006: 24-26.
48. RIVERA, G., H. ELLIOTT, L. S. CALDAS, G. NICOLOSSI, V. T. R. CORADIN, and R. BORCHERT. 2002. Increasing day-length induces spring flushing of tropical dry forest trees in the absence of rain. Trees 16: 445-456.
49. ROBERTS, A. M. I., F. T. LAST, and E. KEMPTON. 2004. Preliminary analyses of changes in the first flowering dates of a range of plants between 1978 and 2001. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report no. 035, Edinburgh, UK.
50. SCHLUTER, D. 2009. Evidence for ecological speciation and its alternative. Science 323: 737-741.
51. SCHUPP, E. W. 1993. Quantity, quality and the effectiveness of seed dispersal by animals. Vegetatio 107/108: 15-29.
52. SINGER, M. C., and C. PARMESAN. 2010. Phenological asynchrony between herbivorous insects and their hosts: Signal of climate change or preexisting adaptive strategy? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B, Biological Sciences 365: 3161-3176.
53. SPARKS, T. H., and P. D. CAREY. 1995. The responses of species to climate over two centuries: An analysis of the Marsham phenological record, 1736-1947. Journal of Ecology 83: 321-329.
54. STANTON, M. L., C. GALEN, and J. SHORE. 1997. Population structure along a steep environmental gradient: Consequences of flowering time and habitat variation in the snow buttercup, Ranunculus adoneus. Evolution 51: 79-94.
55. STATSOFT. 2004. STATISTICA, v6. StatSoft France, Maisons-Alfort, France.
56. STEPHENSON, A. G. 1981. Flower and fruit abortion: Proximal causes and ultimate function. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 12: 253-279.
57. TARAYRE, M., G. BOWMAN, A. SCHERMANN-LEGIONNET, M. BARAT, and A. ATLAN. 2007. Flowering phenology of Ulex europaeus: Ecological consequences of variation within and among populations. Evolutionary Ecology 21: 395-409.
58. TAYLOR, D. A. R., B. O. KANKAM, and M. R. WAGNER. 1999. The role of the fruit bat Eidolon helvum in seed dispersal, survival, and germination in Milicia excelsa, a threatened West African hardwood. Website http://www.for.nau.edu/cms/content/view/521/715 [accessed 28 June 2010].
59. THRALL, P. H., and A. M. JAROSZ. 1994. Host-pathogen dynamics in experimental populations of Silene alba and Ustilago violacea. I. Ecological and genetic determinants of disease spread. Journal of Ecology 82: 549-559.
60. TONDEUR, G. 1939. Monographie forestière du C hlorophora excelsa Benth. et Hook. Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge 30: 163-198.
61. VEKEMANS, X., and O. J. HARDY. 2004. New insights from fine-scale spatial genetic structure analyses in plant populations. Molecular Ecology 13: 921-935.
62. WALTHER, G.-R., E. POST, P. CONVEY, A. MENZEL, C. P ARMESAN, T. J. C. BEEBEE, J.-M. FROMENTIN, O. HOEGH-GULDBERG, and F. BAIRLEIN. 2002. Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416: 389-395.
63. WEIS, A. E. 2005. Direct and indirect assortative mating: A multivariate approach to plant flowering schedules. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18: 536-546.
64. WEIS, A. E., and T. M. KOSSLER. 2004. Genetic variation in flowering time induces phenological assortative mating: Quantitative genetic methods applied to Brassica rapa. American Journal of Botany 91: 825-836.
65. WHITE, L., and K. ABERNETHY. 1996. Guide de la végétation de la Réserve de la Lopé, Gabon. Projet Ecofac, Libreville, Gabon.
66. WHITE, T. L., W. T. ADAMS, and D. B. NEALE. 2007. Forest genetics. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
67. WIENS, D., C. L. CALVIN, C. A. W ILSON, C. I. D AVERN, D. FRANK, and S. R. SEAVEY. 1987. Reproductive success, spontaneous embryo abortion, and genetic load in flowering plants. Oecologia 71: 501-509.
68. WORBES, M., R. STASCHEL, A. ROLOFF, and W. J. JUNK. 2003. Tree ring analysis reveals age structure, dynamics and wood production of a natural forest stand in Cameroon. Forest Ecology and Management 173: 105-123.
69. WRIGHT, S. J., and C. P. VAN SCHAIK. 1994. Light and the phenology of tropical trees. American Naturalist 143: 192-199.