Assessment of the legislated particle number measurement procedure for a Euro 5 and a Euro 6 compliant diesel passenger cars under regulated and unregulated conditions

Journal of Aerosol Science

Volumn 55, Issue , 2013, Pages 31-47

  Mamakos, Athanasios ^a   Martini, Giorgio ^a   Manfredi, Urbano ^a  

^a JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

Author keywords

DPF; Euro 5; Euro 6; Particle number; PMP; Regeneration

Indexed keywords

NUCLEATION; VEHICLES;

CONDENSATION PARTICLE COUNTERS; DIESEL EXHAUST EMISSIONS; DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS; EURO 5; EURO 6; NEW EUROPEAN DRIVING CYCLES; PARTICLE NUMBERS; REGENERATION;

PARTICULATE EMISSIONS;

ASSESSMENT METHOD; DIESEL ENGINE; EMISSION CONTROL; EXHAUST EMISSION; LEGISLATIVE IMPLEMENTATION; MEASUREMENT METHOD; MOTORWAY; NUCLEATION; PARTICULATE MATTER;

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL; ARTICLE; CAR DRIVING; CATALYSIS; DYNAMOMETRY; EXHAUST GAS; HUMAN; OXIDATION; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STATIC ELECTRICITY; UPREGULATION;

EID: 84866096606     PISSN: 00218502     EISSN: 18791964     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2012.07.012     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Andersson, J. (2006). Final Report of a Test Programme for DFT: Fuel and Lubricant Effects on Particle Emissions from DPF Equipped Diesel Vehicles. Ricardo Report RD 06/240701.2.
2. Andre, M. (2004). The ARTEMIS European driving cycles for measuring car pollutant emissions. Science of the Total Environment, 334-335, 73-84.
3. Beatrice, C., Di Iorio, S., Guido, C., & Napolitano, P. (2012). Detailed characterization of particulate emissions of an automotive catalyzed DPF using actual regeneration strategies. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Sciencehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2012.01.005.
4. Bergmann, M., Kirchner, U., Vogt, R., & Benter, T. (2009). On-road and laboratory investigation of low-level PM emissions of a modern diesel particulate filter equipped diesel passenger car. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 1908-1916.
5. Bikas, G., & Zervas, E. (2007). Regulated and non-regulated pollutants emitted during the regeneration of a diesel particulate filter. Energy and Fuels, 21, 1543-1547.
6. Bollerhoff, T., Markomanolakis, I., & Koltsakis, G. (2012). Filtration and regeneration modeling for particulate filters with inhomogeneous wall structure. Catalysis Today
7. Braisher, M., Stone, R., & Price, P. (2010). Particle Number Emissions from a Range of European Vehicles. SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-0786.
8. Campbell, B., Peckham, M., Symonds, J., Parkinson, J., & Finch, A. (2006). Transient Gaseous and Particulate Emissions Measurements on a Diesel Passenger Car Including a DPF Regeneration Event. SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-1079.
9. Chase, R.E., Duszkiewicz, G.J., Richert, J.F., Lewis, D., Maricq, M.M., & Xu, N. (2004). PM Measurement Artefact: Organic Vapour Deposition on Different Filter Media. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0967.
10. Czerwinski, J., Zimmerli, Y., Mayer, A., Heeb, N., Lemaire, J., D'Urbano, G., & Bunge, R. (2009). Testing of Combined DPF{thorn}SCR Systems for HD-retrofitting-VERTdePN. SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-0284.
11. De Filippo, A., & Maricq, M. (2008). Diesel nucleation mode particles: Semivolatile or solid?. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 7957-7962.
12. DieselNet (2010). Technology Guide. Diesel Emissions, Gaseous Emissions. Available at: /dieselnet.com/tg.phpS.
13. Diesel and Gas-oil and Introducing a Mechanism to Monitor and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Amending Council Directive 1999/32/EC as Regards the Specification of Fuel Used by Inland Waterway Vessels and Repealing Directive 93/12/EEC. Available for download at: /http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:140:0088:0113:EN:PDFS
14. Dwyer, H., Ayala, A., Zhang, S., Collins, J., Huai, T., Herner, J., & Chau, W. (2010). Emissions from a diesel car during regeneration of an active diesel particulate filter. Journal of Aerosol Science, 41, 541-552.
15. EC (2007). Commission Regulation 715/2007. Available at: /http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:171:0001:0016:EN:PDFS.
16. EC (2009). Commission Regulation 595/2009. Available at: /http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:188:0001:0013:EN:PDFS.
17. EPA (2001). 40 Code of Federal Register Parts 69,80 and 86. Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles: Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards and Highway Diesel Fuel Sulfur Control Requirements; Final Rule. January 18, 2001.
18. Giechaskiel, B., Carriero, M., Martini, G., & Andersson, J. (2009). Heavy Duty Particle Measurement Programme (PMP): Exploratory Work for the Definition of the Test Protocol. SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-1767.
19. Giechaskiel, B., Cresnoverh, M., Jorgl, H., & Bergmann, A. (2010). Calibration and accuracy of a particle number measurement system. Measurement Science and Technology, 21, 045102.
20. Giechaskiel, B., & Drossinos, Y. (2010). Theoretical Investigation of Volatile Removal Efficiency of Particle Number Measurement Systems. SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-1304.
21. Giechaskiel, B., Dilara, P., & Andersson, J. (2008). Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) light-duty inter-laboratory exercise: repeatability and reproducibility of the particle number method. Aerosol Science and Technology, 42, 528-543.
22. Giechaskiel, B., Mamakos, A., Andersson, J., Dilara, P., Martini, G., Schindler, W., & Bergmann, A. (2012). Measurement of automotive nonvolatile particle number emissions within the European legislative framework: A review. Aerosol Science and Technology, 46, 719-749.
23. Giechaskiel, B., Munoz-Bueno, R., Rubino, L., Manfredi, U., Dilara, P., De Santi, G., & Andersson, J. (2007a). Particle Measurement Programme (PMP): Particle Size and Number Emissions Before, During and After Regeneration Events of a Euro 4 DPF Equipped Light Duty Diesel Vehicle. SAE Technical Paper 2007-01 -1944
24. Giechaskiel, B., Ntziachristos, L., Samaras, Z., Casati, R., Scheer, V., & Vogt, R., (2007b). Effect of Speed and Speed-Transition on the Formation of Nucleation Mode Particles from a Light Duty Diesel Vehicle. SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1110.
25. Giechaskiel, B., Ntziachristos, L., Samaras, Z., Scheer, V., Casati, R., & Vogt, R. (2005). Formation potential of vehicle exhaust nucleation mode particles on-road and in the laboratory. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 3191-3198.
26. Givens, W.A., Buck, W.H.,Jackson, A., Kaldor, A., Hertzberg, A., Moehrmann, W., Mueller-Lunz, S., Pelz, N., & Wenninger, G,. (2003). Lube Formulation Effects on Transfer of Elements to Exhust After-Treatment System Components. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3109.
27. Hedge, M., Weber, P., Gingrich, J., Alger, T., & Khalek, I. (2011). Effect of EGR on Particle Emissions from GDI Engine. SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0636.
28. Herner, J.D.,Robertson, W.H., & Ayala, A. (2007). Investigation of Ultrafine Particle Number Measurements from a Clean Diesel Truck Using the European PMP Protocol. SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1114.
29. Hinds, W.C. (1999). Aerosol Science. Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles second ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York. p. 144.
30. Johnson, K.C., Durbin, T.D., Jung, H., Chaudhary, A., Cocker, III D.R., Herner, J.D., Robertson, W.H., Huai, T., Ayala, A., & Kittelson, D. (2009). Evaluation of the European PMP methodologies during on-road and chassis dynamometer testing for DPF equipped heavy-duty diesel engines. Aerosol Science and Technology, 43, 962-969.
31. Kasper, M. (2004). The Number Concentration of Non-Volatile Particles-Design Study for an Instrument According to the PMP Recommendations. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0960.
32. Kirchner, U., Vogt, R., & Maricq, M. (2010). Investigation of Euro 5/6 Level Particle Number Emissions of European Diesel Light Duty Vehicles. SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-0789.
33. Kittelson, D.B. (1998). Engines and nanoparticles: a review. Journal of Aerosol Science, 29, 575-588.
34. Konstantopoulos, A.G., Kostoglou, M., Vlachos, N., & Kladopoulou, E (2008). Advances in the science and technology of diesel particulate filter simulation. Advances in Chemical Engineering, 33, 213-275.
35. Konstantopoulos, A.G., Zarvalis D., & Dolios I. (2007). Multi-Instrumental Assessment of Diesel Particulate Filters. SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0313.
36. 2O in the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 26349-26354.
37. Lahde, T., Ronkko, T., Virtanen, A., Solla, A., Kyto, M., Sodersrtom, C., & Keskinen, J. (2010). Dependence between nonvolatile nucleation mode particle and soot number concentrations in an EGR equipped heavy-duty diesel engine exhaust. Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 3175-3180.
38. Lemmetty, M., Vehkamaki, H., Virtanen, A., Kulmala, M., & Keskinen, J. (2007). Homogeneous ternary H2SO4-NH3-H2O nucleation and diesel exhaust: A classical approach. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 7, 489-499.
39. Mamakos, A., Dardiotis, C., Marotta, A., Martini, G., Manfredi, U., Colombo, R., Sculati, M., Le Lijour, P., Lanappe, G. (2011). Particle Emissions from a Euro5a Certified Diesel Passenger Car. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, EUR 24855 EN.Available for download at: /http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/11111111 1/22040?mode=full
40. S. Maricq, M.M., Chase, R.E., Podsiadlik D.H., & Vogt, R. (1999). Vehicle Exhaust Particle Size Distributions: A Comparison of Tailpipe and Dilution Tunnel Measurements. SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-1461.
41. Mayer, A., Czerwinski, J., Ulrich, A., Wichser, A., Kasper, M., & Mooney, J. (2010). Metal-Oxide Particles in Combustion Engine Exhaust. SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-0792.
42. Mayer, A., Matter, U., Scheidegger, G., Czerwinski, J., Wyser, M., Kieser, D., & Weidhofer, J. (1999). Particulate Traps for Retro-fitting Construction Site Engines-VERT: Final Measurements and Implementation. SAE Technical Paper, 1999-01-0116.
43. Meyer, N.K., & Ristovski, Z.D (2007). Ternary Nucleation as a mechanism for the production of diesel nanoparticles: Experimental analysis of the volatile and hygroscopic properties of diesel exhaust using the volatilization and humidification tandem differential mobility analyzer. Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 7309-7314.
44. Mohr, M., Forss, A., & Lehmann, U. (2006). Particle emissions from diesel passenger cars equipped with a particle trap in comparison to other technologies. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 2375-2383.
45. Ntziachristos, L., Giechaskiel, B., Pistikopoulos, P., Samaras, Z., Mathis, U., Mohr, M., Ristimaki, J., Keskinen, J., Mikkanen, P., Casati, R., Scheer, V., & Vogt, R.. (2004). Performance Evaluation of a Novel Sampling and Measurement System for Exhaust Particle Characterization. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1439.
46. Ohara, E., Mizuno, Y., Miyari, Y., Mizutani, T., Yuuki, K., Noguchi, Y., Hiramatsu, T., Makino, M., Takahashi, A., Sakai, H., Tanaka, M., Martin, A., Fujii, S., Busch, P., Toyoshima, T., Ito, T., Lappas, I., & Vogt, C. D. (2007). Filtration Behavior of Diesel Particulate Filters (1). SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0921.
47. Sakurai, H., Tobias, H.J., Park, K., Zarling, D., Docherty, K.S., Kittelson, D.B., McMurry, P.H., & Ziemann, P.J. (2003). On-line measurements of diesel nanoparticle composition and volatility. Atmospheric Environment, 37(9-10), 1199-1210.
48. Salvat, O., Marez, P., & Belot, G. (2000). Passenger Car Serial Application of a Particulate Filter System on a Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine. SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0473.
49. SAE (2012). SAE standard AIR5892: nonvolatile exhaust particle measurement techniques. E-31 Aircraft Exhaust Emissions Committee, Version 2012-03-07.
50. SEC (2005) 43. Fiscal Incentives for Motor Vehicles in Advance of Euro 5. Commision Staff Working Paper. Brussels, 12.1.2005. Available for download at:/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/automotive/files/pagesbackground/pollutant_emission/sec_2005_43_en.pdfS.
51. Seinfeld, J., & Pandis, S. (2006). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change second ed). Willey-Interscience: New York. p. 579.
52. Smallwood, G.J., Clavel, D., Gareau, D., Sawchuk, R.A., Snelling, D.R., Witze, P.O., Axelsson, B., Bachalo, W.D., & Giilder, O.L. (2002). Concurrent Quantitative Laser-Induced Incandescence and SMPS Measurements of EGR Effects on Particulate Emissions from a TDI Diesel Engine. SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2715.
53. Suresh, A., Yezerets, A., Currier, N., & Clerc, J. (2008). Diesel particulate filter system-effect of critical variables on the regeneration strategy development and optimization. SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubrications, 1(1), 173-183.
54. Swanson, J., & Kittelson, D. (2010). Evaluation of thermal denuder and catalytic stripper methods for solid particle measurements. Journal of Aerosol Science,41, 1113-1122.
55. UNECE (2011). Regulation No. 83. Revision 4. Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Vehicles with Regard to the Emission of Pollutants According to Engine Fuel Requirements. Available at: /http://unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs81-100.htmlS.
56. Vaaraslahti, K., Keskinen, J., Giechaskiel, B., Solla, A., Murtonen, T., & Vesala, H. (2005). Effect of lubricant on the formation of heavy-duty diesel exhaust nanoparticles. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 8497-8504.
57. Young, L.H., Liou, Y.J., Cheng, M.T., Lu, J.H., Yang, H.H., Tsai, Y.I., Wang, L.C., Chen, C.B., & Lai, J.S. (2012). Effects of biodiesel, engine load and diesel particulate filter on nonvolatile particle number size distributions in heavy-duty diesel engine exhaust. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 199-200, 282-289.
58. Zheng, Z., Kent, C.J., Liu, Z., Durbin, T.D., Hu, S., Huai, T., Kittelson, D.B., &Jung, H.S. (2011). Investigation of solid particle number measurement: Existence and nature of sub-23 nm particles under PMP methodology. Journal of Aerosol Science, 42, 883-897.