The combined effects of healthy lifestyle behaviors on all cause mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Preventive Medicine

Volumn 55, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 163-170

  Loef, Martin ^a,b   Walach, Harald ^a,b  

^a EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY VIADRINA   (Germany)

^b Samueli Institute   (Germany)

Author keywords

All cause mortality; Cohort studies; Lifestyle; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; CIGARETTE SMOKING; DIETARY INTAKE; EFFECT SIZE; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MORTALITY; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CAUSE OF DEATH; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIFE STYLE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84866033802     PISSN: 00917435     EISSN: 10960260     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.06.017     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Abel T., Schori D. Der Capability-Ansatz in der Gesundheitsförderung: Ansatzpunkte für eine Neuausrichtung der Ungleichheitsforschung. Osterr. Z. Soziol. 2009, 34:48-64.
2. Adams K.F., Schatzkin A., Harris T.B., et al. Overweight, Obesity, and Mortality in a Large Prospective Cohort of Persons 50 to 71 Years Old. New Engl. J. Med. 2006, 355:763-778.
3. Byun W., Sieverdes J.C., Sui X., et al. Effect of positive health factors and all-cause mortality in men. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2010, 42:1632-1638.
4. Chakravarty E.F., Hubert H.B., Krishnan E., Bruce B.B., Lingala V.B., Fries J.F. Lifestyle Risk Factors Predict Disability and Death in Healthy Aging Adults. Am. J. Med. 2012, 125:190-197.
5. Chiuve S.E., McCullough M.L., Sacks F.M., Rimm E.B. Healthy lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease among men: benefits among users and nonusers of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications. Circulation 2006, 114:160-167.
6. Chiuve S.E., Rexrode K.M., Spiegelman D., Logroscino G., Manson J.E., Rimm E.B. Primary prevention of stroke by healthy lifestyle. Circulation 2008, 118:947-954.
7. Doll R., Peto R., Boreham J., Sutherland I. Smoking and dementia in male British doctors prospective study. BMJ 2000, 320:1097-1102.
8. Ebrahim S., Taylor F., Ward K., Beswick A., Burke M., Davey Smith G. Multiple risk factor interventions for primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2011, 19:CD001561.
9. Egger M., Smith G.D., Schneider M., Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997, 315:629-634.
10. Ford E.S., Bergmann M.M., Kroger J., Schienkiewitz A., Weikert C., Boeing H. Healthy living is the best revenge: findings from the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam study. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009, 169:1355-1362.
11. Ford E.S., Zhao G., Tsai J., Li C. Low-Risk Lifestyle Behaviors and All-Cause Mortality: Findings From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III Mortality Study. Am. J. Public Health 2011, 10.2105//AJPH.2011.300167.
12. Gelber R.P., Petrovitch H., Masaki K.H., et al. Lifestyle and the Risk of Dementia in Japanese-American Men. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2012, 60:118-123.
13. Gopinath B., Flood V.M., Burlutsky G., Mitchell P. Combined influence of health behaviors on total and cause-specific mortality. Arch. Intern. Med. 2010, 170:1605-1607.
14. Hamer M., Bates C.J., Mishra G.D. Multiple Health Behavoirs and Mortality Risk in Older Adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2011, 59:370-372.
15. Haveman-Nies A., de Groot L., Burema J., Cruz J., Osler M., van Staveren W. Dietary Quality and Lifestyle Factors in Relation to 10-Year Mortality in Older Europeans. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2002, 156:962-968.
16. Higgins J.P., Thompson S.G. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat. Med. 2002, 21:1539-1558.
17. Hu F.B., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., et al. Diet, Lifestyle, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women. New Engl. J. Med. 2001, 345:790-797.
18. Hung H.-C., Joshipura K.J., Jiang R., et al. Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Major Chronic Disease. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2004, 96:1577-1584.
19. Iversen L., Hannaford P.C., Lee A.J., Elliott A.M., Fielding S. Impact of lifestyle in middle-aged women on mortality: evidence from the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 2010, 60:563-569.
20. Jiao L., Mitrou P.N., Reedy J., et al. A Combined Healthy Lifestyle Score and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in a Large Cohort Study. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009, 169:764-770.
21. Khaw K.T., Wareham N., Bingham S., Welch A., Luben R., Day N. Combined impact of health behaviours and mortality in men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. PLoS Med. 2008, 5:e12.
22. King D.E., Mainous Iii A.G., Geesey M.E. Turning Back the Clock: Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle in Middle Age. Am. J. Med. 2007, 120:598-603.
23. King D.E., Mainous A.G., Carnemolla M., Everett C.J. Adherence to healthy lifestyle habits in US adults, 1988-2006. Am. J. Med. 2009, 122:528-534.
24. King D.E., Mainous A.G., Matheson E.M., Everett C.J. Impact of healthy lifestyle on mortality in people with normal blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and C-reactive protein. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 2011.
25. Kirkegaard H., Johnsen N.F., Christensen J., Frederiksen K., Overvad K., Tjonneland A. Association of adherence to lifestyle recommendations and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective Danish cohort study. BMJ 2010, 341:c5504.
26. Knoops K.T., de Groot L.C., Kromhout D., et al. Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women: the HALE project. JAMA 2004, 292:1433-1439.
27. Kurth T., Moore S.C., Gaziano J.M., et al. Healthy Lifestyle and the Risk of Stroke in Women. Arch. Intern. Med. 2006, 166:1403-1409.
28. Kvaavik E., Batty G.D., Ursin G., Huxley R., Gale C.R. Influence of individual and combined health behaviors on total and cause-specific mortality in men and women: the United Kingdom health and lifestyle survey. Arch. Intern. Med. 2010, 170:711-718.
29. Lopez A.D., Mathers C.D., Ezzati M., Jamison D.T., Murray C.J.L. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006, 367:1747-1757.
30. Matheson E.M., King D.E., Everett C.J. Healthy Lifestyle Habits and Mortality in Overweight and Obese Individuals. J. Am. Board Fam. Med. 2012, 25:9-15.
31. McCullough M.L., Patel A.V., Kushi L.H., et al. Following Cancer Prevention Guidelines Reduces Risk of Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and All-Cause Mortality. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2011, 20:1089-1097.
32. Nechuta S.J., Shu X.O., Li H.L., et al. Combined impact of lifestyle-related factors on total and cause-specific mortality among Chinese women: prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2010, 7.
33. Nöthlings U., Ford E.S., Kröger J., Boeing H. Lifestyle factors and mortality among adults with diabetes: findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam study. J. Diabetes 2010, 2:112-117.
34. Orwin R.G. Evaluating coding decisions. The handbook of research synthesis 1994, 139-162.
35. Reeves M.J., Rafferty A.P. Healthy Lifestyle Characteristics Among Adults in the United States, 2000. Arch. Intern. Med. 2005, 165:854-857.
36. Rhee C.W., Kim J.Y., Park B.J., Li Z.M., Ahn Y.-O. Impact of Individual and Combined Health Behaviors on All Causes of Premature Mortality Among Middle Aged Men in Korea: The Seoul Male Cohort Study. J. Prev. Med. Public Health 2012, 45:14-20.
37. Scarborough P., Bhatnagar P., Wickramasinghe K.K., Allender S., Foster C., Rayner M. The economic burden of ill health due to diet, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol and obesity in the UK: an update to 2006-07 NHS costs. J. Public Health 2011, 33(4):527-535.
38. Stroup D., Berlin J., Morton S., et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology a proposal for reporting. JAMA 2000, 283:2008-2012.
39. Symons M.J., Moore D.T. Hazard rate ratio and prospective epidemiological studies. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2002, 55:893-899.
40. Tamakoshi A., Tamakoshi K., Lin Y., Yagyu K., Kikuchi S. Healthy lifestyle and preventable death: Findings from the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study. Prev. Med. 2009, 48:486-492.
41. Tamakoshi A., Kawado M., Ozasa K., et al. Impact of smoking and other lifestyle factors on life expectancy among japanese: findings from the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study. J. Epidemiol. 2010, 20:370-376.
42. Towfighi A., Markovic D., Ovbiagele B. Impact of a healthy lifestyle on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality after stroke in the USA. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2011, 83(2):146-151.
43. Tsai S.P., Bhojani F.A., Wendt J.K. Combined impact of health risk factors on mortality of a petroleum industry population. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2009, 51:916-921.
44. Tsubono Y., Koizumi Y., Nakaya N., et al. Health practices and mortality in Japan: combined effects of smoking, drinking, walking and body mass index in the Miyagi Cohort Study. J. Epidemiol. 2004, 14(Suppl. 1):S39-S45.
45. van Dam R.M., Li T., Spiegelman D., Franco O.H., Hu F.B. Combined impact of lifestyle factors on mortality: prospective cohort study in US women. BMJ 2008, 337:a1440.
46. van den Brandt P.A. The impact of a Mediterranean diet and healthy lifestyle on premature mortality in men and women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 94:913-920.
47. Warburton D.E.R., Nicol C.W., Bredin S.S.D. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 2006, 174:801-809.
48. WHO Data and statistics 2011, WHO, Available from http://www.who.int/research/en/, accessed on 06.06.2011.
49. WHO Risk factors Available from, accessed on 1.11.2011. http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/en/index.html.
50. Willcox B.J., He Q., Chen R., et al. Midlife risk factors and healthy survival in men. JAMA 2006, 296:2343-2350.
51. Zhang Y., Tuomilehto J., Jousilahti P., Wang Y., Antikainen R., Hu G. Lifestyle Factors on the Risks of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke. Arch. Intern. Med. 2011, 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.443.