Security sector reform and state building

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 32, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 1803-1822

  Jackson, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84865882540     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: 13602241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2011.610577     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. DFID, 'Poverty and the security sector,' policy statement, London, 2000.
2. P Jackson & P Albrecht, Security Sector Transformation in Sierra Leone 1997-2007, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2010.
3. MBrozska & H Hanggi, 'Conceptualising security sector reform and reconstruction,' in A Bryden & H Hanggi (eds), Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector, Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces/Lit Verlag, 2004.
4. G Peake, E Scheye & A Hills, Managing Insecurity: Field Experiences of Security Sector Reform, New York: Routledge, 2008.
5. See Hanggi & Bryden, Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector.
6. N Lemay-Hébert, 'The "empty-shell" approach: the setup process of international administrations in Timor-Leste and Kosovo-its consequences and lessons,' International Security Perspectives, 12, 2011, pp 190-211.
7. See, for example, Jackson & Albrecht, Security Sector Transformation in Sierra Leone.
8. MChalmers, Security Sector Reform in Developing Countries: An EU Perspective, London: Saferworld, 2000, p 6.
9. Lemay-Hébert, 'The "empty-shell" approach.'.
10. D Garrasi, S Kuttner & PE Wam, The Security Sector and Poverty Reduction Strategies, Washington, DC: World Bank, June 2009.
11. World Bank, 'Voices of the poor,' at http://go. worldbank. org/NKOX512JJO.
12. Jackson & Albrecht, Security Sector Transformation in Sierra Leone.
13. D Hendrickson, 'Reframing the SSR debate,' 2009, at www. ssrnetwork. net.
14. M Brzoska, 'Introduction: criteria for evaluating post-conflict reconstruction and security sector reform in peace support operations,' International Peacekeeping, 13(1), 2006, pp 1-13.
15. See G John, Liberalism, Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1986.
16. M Doyle, Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism and Socialism, New York: WW Norton, 1997.
17. Lemay-Hébert, 'The "empty-shell" aproach.'.
18. M Fischer & B Schmelze, Building Peace in the Absence of States: Challenging the Discourse on State Failure, Berlin: Berghof, 2009.
19. W Heinrich & M Kulessa, 'Deconstruction of states as an opportunity for new statism: the example of Somalia and Somaliland,' in Hippler (ed), Nation-Building: A Key Concept for Peaceful Conflict Transformation?, London: Pluto Press, 2005.
20. WL Susan, 'A case for shifting the focus: some lessons from the Balkans,' in Fischer & Schmezle, Building Peace in the Absence of States.
21. See TM Berger, From Nation-Building to State-Building, London: Routledge, 2007.
22. F Fukuyama, State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004.
23. Fukuyama, Nation-Building: Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
24. Hippler, Nation-Building.
25. See Jackson & Albrecht, Security Sector Transformation in Sierra Leone.
26. See also A Mehler, 'Hybrid regimes and oligopolies of violence in Africa: expectations on security provision "from below",' in Fischer & Schmezle (eds), Building Peace in the Absence of States.
27. See A Bellamy & P Williams, 'Introduction: thinking anew about peace operations,' International Peacekeeping, 11(1), 2004, pp 1-15.
28. D Chandler, 'The responsibility to protect? Imposing the "liberal peace",' International Peacekeeping, 11(1), 2004, pp 59-81.
29. See Berger, From Nation-Building to State-Building.
30. Lemay-Hébert, 'The "empty shell" approach'.
31. P Jackson, 'Military integration from Rhodesia to Zimbabwe and beyond,' in R Licklider (ed), Military Integration, London: Routledge, 2011 forthcoming.
32. C Hodes & M Sedra, The Search for Security in Post-Taliban Afghanistan, Adelphi Papers 391, London: Routledge, 2007.
33. Jackson & Albrecht, Security Sector Transformation in Sierra Leone.
34. See P Jackson, 'Reshuffling an old deck of cards? The politics of decentralisation in Sierra Leone,' African Affairs, 106, 2007, pp 95-111.
35. See B Bruce, 'Beyond the tarmac road: local forms of policing in Sierra Leone and Rwanda,' Review of African Political Economy, 35(118), 2008, pp 555-570.
36. This is not a new argument. It stems from work by Mancur Olsen on the difference between static and mobile bandits, the theory being that one wishes to be ruled by a static bandit since they have an interest in keeping you alive-basic feudalism. M Olsen, 'Dictatorship, democracy, and development,' American Political Science Review, 87(3), 1993, pp 567-576.
37. See also P Jackson, 'Warlords as alternative forms of governance system,' Small Wars and Insurgencies, 14(2), 2003, pp 131-150.
38. A Mehler, 'Hybrid regimes and oligopolies of violence in Africa.'.
39. See R Luckham, 'Introduction: transforming security and development in an unequal world", IDS Bulletin, 40(2), 2009, pp 1-10.
40. Bellamy & Williams, 'Introduction.'.
41. SeeMDuffield, Development, Security and Unending War: Governing the World of Peoples, Cambridge: Polity, 2007.
42. K Liden, Whose Peace? Which Peace? On the Political Architecture of Liberal Peacebuilding, Oslo: International Peace Research Institute, 2005.
43. UN High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, A more Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility, New York: United Nations, 2004, p 74.
44. OECD, OECD/DAC Handbook on Security System Reform: Supporting Security and Justice, Paris: OECD, 2007, at www. oecd. org/dataoecd/43/25/38406485. pdf, accessed November 2010, p 2.
45. Brozska & Hanggi, 'Conceptualising security sector reform and reconstruction.'.
46. As in Jackson & Albrecht, Transforming the Security Sector in Sierra Leone.
47. Much SSR work within the UK government was funded through the 'conflict pool' system where each department would contribute and the funds would be devoted to cross-departmental activities. See D Poate, P Balogun, I Rothmann, MKnight & F Sesay, 'Evaluation of DFID country programmes: Sierra Leone,' Evaluation Report EV690, DFID, London, 2008.
48. J Ginnifer & O Kaye, 'Evaluation of the conflict prevention pools: Sierra Leone,' Evaluation Report EV647, DFID, London, 2004.
49. Jackson & Albrecht, Transforming the Security Sector in Sierra Leone.
50. For example, the French version of SSR consists of training and equipping, the Belgians are doing something similar, the EU is attempting to co-ordinate, the UK is doing something broader and is also involved with the police along with the South Africans. At the same time elsewhere on the continent the US version of SSR hires Dyncorp to train the Liberian army without any contextual elements like civil command and control.
51. Brzoska & Hanggi, 'Conceptualising security sector reform and reconstruction.'.
52. J Chanaa, Security Sector Reform: Issues, Challenges and Prospects, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
53. B Hettne, 'Development and security: origins and future,' Security Dialogue, 41, 2010, pp 31-59.
54. N Tschirgi, M Lund, & F Mancini, Security and Development: Searching for Critical Connections, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2009.
55. N Ball & D Hendrickson, 'Trends in security sector reform (SSR): policy, practice and research,' paper presented to the IDRC workshop 'New Directions in Security Sector Reform,' Ottawa, 3-4 November 2006.
56. A Etzioni, Security First: For a Muscular Moral Foreign Policy, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007.
57. Tschirgi et al, Security and Development.
58. Luckham, 'Introduction,' constructs an argument for rethinking security around four main points, which are also included here as part of the analysis. Luckham's four points are: unequal distribution of security.
59. B Savon, & D Tirone, 'Foreign aid, democratization and civil conflict: how does democracy aid affect civil conflict?,' American Journal of Political Science, 55(2), 2011, p 233.
60. See Jackson, 'Reshuffling an old deck of cards?.'.
61. L Denney, 'Reducing poverty with teargas and batons: the security-development nexus in Sierra Leone,' African Affairs, 110(439), 2011, pp 275-294.
62. Jackson & Albrecht, Transforming the Security Sector in Sierra Leone.
63. Denney, 'Reducing poverty with teargas and batons.'.
64. Clare Short, interview, June 2008, detailed in Jackson & Albrecht, Transforming the Security Sector in Sierra Leone.
65. While there were several active violent groups within Sierra Leone, the war had largely been perpetrated by the RUF under the leadership of Foday Sankoh, which was an associate of Liberia's Charles Taylor, also active at this time just over the border.
66. P Richards, Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth, and Resources in Sierra Leone, Portsmouth: Heinemann, 1996.
67. Richards, 'The social assessment study: community-driven development and social capital in post-war Sierra Leone,' unpublished paper commissioned by the Community Driven Development Group of the World Bank for the National Commission for Social Action of the Government of Sierra Leone, 2003.
68. Richards, 'To fight or to farm? Agrarian dimensions of the Mano river conflicts in Liberia and Sierra Leone,' African Affairs, 104, 2006, pp 571-590.
69. O Gbla, 'Security sector reform under international tutelage in Sierra Leone,' International Peacekeeping, 13(1), 2006, pp 78-93.
70. In particular, the UK entered into a 10-year Memorandum of Understanding with Sierra Leone, which is an unusually lengthy stated commitment.
71. Jackson & Albrecht, Transforming the Security Sector in Sierra Leone.
72. While there were several active violent groups within Sierra Leone, the war had largely been perpetrated by the RUF under the leadership of Foday Sankoh, which was an associate of Liberia's Charles Taylor, also active at this time just over the border.
73. Jackson & Albrecht, Transforming the Security Sector in Sierra Leone.
74. Denney 'Reducing poverty with teargas and batons.'.
75. M White, 'Security and development in Sierra Leone: DFID's approach,' in L Gberie, (ed), Rescuing a Fragile State: Sierra Leone 2002-2008, Ontario: LCMSDS Press, 2009.
76. A Horn & F Olanasikan, 'United Kingdom-led security sector reform in Sierra Leone,' in G Peake et al, Managing Insecurity, p 32.
77. Denney, 'Reducing poverty with teargas and batons.'.
78. M Sedra, 'Security sector reform in Afghanistan,' International Peacekeeping, 13(1), 2006, pp 94-110.
79. C Hartzell, 'Missed opportunities: the impact of DDR on SSR in Afghanistan,' USIP Special Report 270, April 2011.
80. See also A Giustozzi, 'Shadow ownership and SSR in Afghanistan,' in T Donais (ed), Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform, Zurich: DCAF/Lit Verlag, 2008.
81. R Perito, 'Afghanistan's police: the weak link of security sector reform,' United States Institute for Peace Special Report, 2009, at http://www. usip. org/publications/afghanistan-s-police.
82. Hodes & Sedra, The Search for Security in Post-Taliban Afghanistan.
83. Perito, 'Afghanistan's police.'.
84. Hendrickson, 'Reframing the SSR debate'.
85. Hodes & Sedra, The Search for Security in Post-Taliban Afghanistan.
86. Perito, 'Afghanistan's police.'.
87. Jackson & Albrecht, Transforming the Security Sector in Sierra Leone.
88. Hodes & Sedra, The Search for Security in Post-Taliban Afghanistan.
89. Sedra, 'Security sector reform in Afghanistan.'.
90. Jackson & Albrecht, Transforming the Security Sector in Sierra Leone.
91. Following the military integration of the former Rhodesian and nationalist forces in 1980, the ruling elite used the security forces to systematically construct power and exclude others from the political system. See Jackson, 'Military integration from Rhodesia to Zimbabwe and beyond.'.
92. Lemay-Hébert, 'The "empty shell" approach'.
93. Bryden & Hanggi, Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector.
94. Jackson & Albrecht, Transforming the Security Sector in Sierra Leone.
95. Hodes & Sedra, The Search for Security in Post-Taliban Afghanistan.
96. Bryden & Hanggi (eds), Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector.
97. D Chandler, Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-building, London: Pluto Press, 2006.
98. Jackson & Albrecht, Transforming the Security Sector in Sierra Leone.
99. Perito, 'Afghanistan's police.'.
100. Author interview with Clare Short, former minister for international development (and one of those politicians), 2009.
101. Jackson & Albrecht, Transforming the Security Sector in Sierra Leone.
102. Hendrickson, 'Reframing the SSR debate.'.
103. Hodes & Sedra, The Search for Security in Post-Taliban Afghanistan.
104. Denney, 'Reducing poverty with teargas and batons.'.
105. Lemay-Hébert, 'The "empty-shell" approach.'.
106. Chandler, Empire in Denial.
107. D Hendrickson & M Kasongo, Security Sector Reform in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Strategic Issues, Issue Paper 4, Center of International Cooperation, New York University, 2011.