Emergence of antibiotic-resistant extremophiles (AREs)

Extremophiles

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 697-713

  Gabani, Prashant ^a   Prakash, Dhan ^b   Singh, Om V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^b INSTITUTE OF MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY   (India)

Author keywords

Antibiotic resistant extremophiles; Antibiotics; AREs; Genomics; Proteomics

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BACTERIAL PROTEIN; PROTEOME;

ADAPTATION; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIUM; GENETICS; METABOLISM; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEOMICS; REVIEW;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BACTERIA; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, BACTERIAL; GENES, BACTERIAL; PROTEOME; PROTEOMICS;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 84865812442     PISSN: 14310651     EISSN: 14334909     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00792-012-0475-7     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Aiello AE, Larson EL, Levy SB (2007) Consumer antibacterial soaps: effective or just risky? Clin Infect Dis 45(Suppl 2): S137-S147.
2. Amoroso A, Boudet J, Berzigotti S, Duval V, Teller N, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Luxen A, Simorre JP, Joris B (2012) A peptidoglycan fragment triggers beta-lactam resistance in Bacillus licheniformis. PLoS Pathog 8: e1002571.
3. Araujo C, Torres C, Goncalves A, Carneiro C, Lopez M, Radhouani H, Pardal M, Igrejas G, Poeta P (2011) Genetic detection and multilocus sequence typing of vanA-containing Enterococcus strains from mullets fish (Liza ramada). Microb Drug Resist 17: 357-361.
4. Asadollahi K, Taherikalani M, Maleki A, Alizadeh E, Valadbaigi H, Soroush S, Maleki H, Asadollahi P, Emaneini M (2011) Diversity of aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes among multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii genotypes isolated from nosocomial infections in Tehran hospitals and their association with class 1 integrons. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 58: 359-370.
5. Baldoni D, Haschke M, Rajacic Z, Zimmerli W, Trampuz A (2009) Linezolid alone or combined with rifampin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in experimental foreign-body infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53: 1142-1148.
6. Banerjee R, Gretes M, Basuino L, Strynadka N, Chambers HF (2008) In vitro selection and characterization of ceftobiprole-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52: 2089-2096.
7. Blanchard JS (2005) Old approach yields new antibiotic. Nat Med 11: 1045-1046.
8. Bowers JR, Driebe EM, Nibecker JL, Wojack BR, Sarovich DS, Wong AH, Brzoska PM, Hubert N, Knadler A, Watson LM, Wagner DM, Furtado MR, Saubolle M, Engelthaler DM, Keim PS (2012) Dominance of multidrug resistant CC271 clones in macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Arizona. BMC Microbiol 12: 12.
9. Breidenstein EB, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Hancock RE (2011) Pseudomonas aeruginosa: all roads lead to resistance. Trends Microbiol 19: 419-426.
10. Brown MH, Paulsen IT, Skurray RA (1999) The multidrug efflux protein NorM is a prototype of a new family of transporters. Mol Microbiol 31: 394-395.
11. Cantas L, Midtlyng PJ, Sorum H (2012) Impact of antibiotic treatments on the expression of the R plasmid tra genes and on the host innate immune activity during pRAS1 bearing Aeromonas hydrophila infection in zebrafish (Danio rerio). BMC Microbiol 12: 37.
12. Canton R, Morosini MI (2011) Emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance following exposure to antibiotics. FEMS Microbiol Rev 35: 977-991.
13. Cao L, Srikumar R, Poole K (2004) MexAB-OprM hyperexpression in NalC-type multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: identification and characterization of the nalC gene encoding a repressor of PA3720-PA3719. Mol Microbiol 53: 1423-1436.
14. Carattoli A (2009) Resistance plasmid families in Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53: 2227-2238.
15. Champlin FR, Ellison ML, Bullard JW, Conrad RS (2005) Effect of outer membrane permeabilisation on intrinsic resistance to low triclosan levels in Pseudomonasaeruginosa. Int J Antimicrob Agents 26: 159-164.
16. Chantratita N, Rholl DA, Sim B, Wuthiekanun V, Limmathurotsakul D, Amornchai P, Thanwisai A, Chua HH, Ooi WF, Holden MT, Day NP, Tan P, Schweizer HP, Peacock SJ (2011) Antimicrobial resistance to ceftazidime involving loss of penicillin-binding protein 3 in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 17165-17170.
17. Chowdhury G, Pazhani GP, Nair GB, Ghosh A, Ramamurthy T (2011) Transferable plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in association with extended-spectrum β-lactamases and fluoroquinolone-acetylating aminoglycoside-6′-N-acetyltransferase in clinical isolates of Vibriofluvialis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 38: 169-173.
18. Clardy J, Fischbach MA, Walsh CT (2006) New antibiotics from bacterial natural products. Nat Biotechnol 24: 1541-1550.
19. Clark D, Pazdernik N (2012) Molecular biology. Elsevier, Waltham, MA.
20. Copeland E, Choy N, Gabani P, Singh OV (2012) Biosynthesis of extremolytes: radiation resistance and biotechnological implications. In: Singh OV (ed) Extremophiles: sustainable resources and biotechnological implications. Wiley, New York.
21. D'Costa VM, King CE, Kalan L, Morar M, Sung WW, Schwarz C, Froese D, Zazula G, Calmels F, Debruyne R, Golding GB, Poinar HN, Wright GD (2011) Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature 477: 457-461.
22. DeMarco CE, Cushing LA, Frempong-Manso E, Seo SM, Jaravaza TA, Kaatz GW (2007) Efflux-related resistance to norfloxacin, dyes, and biocides in bloodstream isolates of Staphylococcusaureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 3235-3239.
23. Dhar N, McKinney JD (2007) Microbial phenotypic heterogeneity and antibiotic tolerance. Curr Opin Microbiol 10: 30-38.
24. Dinh T, Paulsen IT, Saier MH Jr (1994) A family of extracytoplasmic proteins that allow transport of large molecules across the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria. J Bacteriol 176: 3825-3831.
25. Diwan V, Tamhankar AJ, Khandal RK, Sen S, Aggarwal M, Marothi Y, Iyer RV, Sundblad-Tonderski K, Stalsby-Lundborg C (2010) Antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in waters associated with a hospital in Ujjain, India. BMC Public Health 10: 414.
26. Donkor ES, Newman MJ, Yeboah-Manu D (2012) Epidemiological aspects of non-human antibiotic usage and resistance: implications for the control of antibiotic resistance in Ghana. Trop Med Int Health. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1365-3156. 2012. 02955. x.
27. Dortet L, Poirel L, Al Yaqoubi F, Nordmann P (2012) NDM-1, OXA-48 and OXA-181 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Sultanate of Oman. Clin Microbiol Infect 18: E144-E148.
28. dos Santos KV, Diniz CG, Veloso Lde C, de Andrade HM, Giusta Mda S, Pires Sda F, Santos AV, Apolonio AC, de Carvalho MA, Farias Lde M (2010) Proteomic analysis of Escherichiacoli with experimentally induced resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam. Res Microbiol 161: 268-275.
29. Edrington TC, Kintz E, Goldberg JB, Tamm LK (2011) Structural basis for the interaction of lipopolysaccharide with outer membrane protein H (OprH) from Pseudomonasaeruginosa. J Biol Chem 286: 39211-39223.
30. Eisig JN, Silva FM, Barbuti RC, Navarro-Rodriguez T, Moraes-Filho JP, Pedrazzoli J Jr (2011) Helicobacterpylori antibiotic resistance in Brazil: clarithromycin is still a good option. Arq Gastroenterol 48: 261-264.
31. El'Garch F, Jeannot K, Hocquet D, Llanes-Barakat C, Plesiat P (2007) Cumulative effects of several nonenzymatic mechanisms on the resistance of Pseudomonasaeruginosa to aminoglycosides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 1016-1021.
32. Endimiani A, Rossano A, Kunz D, Overesch G, Perreten V (2012) First countrywide survey of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichiacoli from broilers, swine, and cattle in Switzerland. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 73: 31-38.
33. Engstrom A, Morcillo N, Imperiale B, Hoffner SE, Jureen P (2012) Detection of first- and second-line drug resistance in Mycobacteriumtuberculosis clinical isolates by pyrosequencing. J Clin Microbiol 50: 2026-2033.
34. Erill I, Campoy S, Mazon G, Barbe J (2006) Dispersal and regulation of an adaptive mutagenesis cassette in the bacteria domain. Nucleic Acids Res 34: 66-77.
35. Farra A, Islam S, Stralfors A, Sorberg M, Wretlind B (2008) Role of outer membrane protein OprD and penicillin-binding proteins in resistance of Pseudomonasaeruginosa to imipenem and meropenem. Int J Antimicrob Agents 31: 427-433.
36. Feng J, Billal DS, Lupien A, Racine G, Winstall E, Legare D, Leprohon P, Ouellette M (2011) Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of linezolid resistance in Streptococcuspneumoniae. J Proteome Res 10: 4439-4452.
37. Fernandez-Alarcon C, Singer RS, Johnson TJ (2011) Comparative genomics of multidrug resistance-encoding IncA/C plasmids from commensal and pathogenic Escherichiacoli from multiple animal sources. PLoS ONE 6: e23415.
38. Fick J, Soderstrom H, Lindberg RH, Phan C, Tysklind M, Larsson DG (2009) Contamination of surface, ground, and drinking water from pharmaceutical production. Environ Toxicol Chem 28: 2522-2527.
39. Firoozeh F, Shahcheraghi F, Zahraei Salehi T, Karimi V, Aslani M (2011) Antimicrobial resistance profile and presence of class I integrongs among Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from human clinical specimens in Tehran, Iran. Iran J Microbiol 3: 112-117.
40. Fischer A, Yang SJ, Bayer AS, Vaezzadeh AR, Herzig S, Stenz L, Girard M, Sakoulas G, Scherl A, Yeaman MR, Proctor RA, Schrenzel J, Francois P (2011) Daptomycin resistance mechanisms in clinically derived Staphylococcus aureus strains assessed by a combined transcriptomics and proteomics approach. J Antimicrob Chemother 66: 1696-1711.
41. Floyd JL, Smith KP, Kumar SH, Floyd JT, Varela MF (2010) LmrS is a multidrug efflux pump of the major facilitator superfamily from Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54: 5406-5412.
42. Fothergill JL, Winstanley C, James CE (2012) Novel therapeutic strategies to counter Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 10: 219-235.
43. Garcia-Fernandez A, Chiaretto G, Bertini A, Villa L, Fortini D, Ricci A, Carattoli A (2008) Multilocus sequence typing of IncI1 plasmids carrying extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Escherichia coli and Salmonella of human and animal origin. J Antimicrob Chemother 61: 1229-1233.
44. Garrison MW, Anderson DE, Campbell DM, Carroll KC, Malone CL, Anderson JD, Hollis RJ, Pfaller MA (1996) Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: emergence of multidrug-resistant strains during therapy and in an in vitro pharmacodynamic chamber model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40: 2859-2864.
45. Gill MM, Usman J, Kaleem F, Hassan A, Khalid A, Anjum R, Fahim Q (2011) Frequency and antibiogram of multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 21: 531-534.
46. Goldberg M, Pribyl T, Juhnke S, Nies DH (1999) Energetics and topology of CzcA, a cation/proton antiporter of the resistance-nodulation-cell division protein family. J Biol Chem 274: 26065-26070.
47. Gotoh N, Nishino T (1990) Decreases of the susceptibility to low molecular weight beta-lactam antibiotics in imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants: role of outer membrane protein D2 in their diffusion. J Antimicrob Chemother 25: 191-198.
48. Hall RM, Stokes HW (1993) Integrons: novel DNA elements which capture genes by site-specific recombination. Genetica 90: 115-132.
49. Helling RB, Janes BK, Kimball H, Tran T, Bundesmann M, Check P, Phelan D, Miller C (2002) Toxic waste disposal in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 184: 3699-3703.
50. Higgins CF (2007) Multiple molecular mechanisms for multidrug resistance transporters. Nature 446: 749-757.
51. Hooff GP, van Kampen JJ, Meesters RJ, van Belkum A, Goessens WH, Luider TM (2012) Characterization of β-lactamase enzyme activity in bacterial lysates using MALDI-mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 11: 79-84.
52. Hu P, Yang M, Zhang A, Wu J, Chen B, Hua Y, Yu J, Chen H, Xiao J, Jin M (2011) Comparative genomics study of multi-drug-resistance mechanisms in the antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus suis R61 strain. PLoS ONE 6: e24988.
53. Ishii N, Nakahigashi K, Baba T, Robert M, Soga T, Kanai A, Hirasawa T, Naba M, Hirai K, Hoque A, Ho PY, Kakazu Y, Sugawara K, Igarashi S, Harada S, Masuda T, Sugiyama N, Togashi T, Hasegawa M, Takai Y, Yugi K, Arakawa K, Iwata N, Toya Y, Nakayama Y, Nishioka T, Shimizu K, Mori H, Tomita M (2007) Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations. Science 316: 593-597.
54. Izumiya H, Sekizuka T, Nakaya H, Taguchi M, Oguchi A, Ichikawa N, Nishiko R, Yamazaki S, Fujita N, Watanabe H, Ohnishi M, Kuroda M (2011) Whole-genome analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium T000240 reveals the acquisition of a genomic island involved in multidrug resistance via IS1 derivatives on the chromosome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55: 623-630.
55. Jack DL, Yang NM, Saier MH Jr (2001) The drug/metabolite transporter superfamily. Eur J Biochem 268: 3620-3639.
56. Jacobson RK, Minenza N, Nicol M, Bamford C (2012) VIM-2 metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing an outbreak in South Africa. J Antimicrob Chemother 67: 1797-1798.
57. Jariyawat S, Sekine T, Takeda M, Apiwattanakul N, Kanai Y, Sophasan S, Endou H (1999) The interaction and transport of beta-lactam antibiotics with the cloned rat renal organic anion transporter 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 290: 672-677.
58. Kenna DT, Doherty CJ, Foweraker J, Macaskill L, Barcus VA, Govan JR (2007) Hypermutability in environmental Pseudomonas aeruginosa and in populations causing pulmonary infection in individuals with cystic fibrosis. Microbiology 153: 1852-1859.
59. Kiffer CR, Pignatari AC (2011) Pharmacodynamic evaluation of commonly prescribed oral antibiotics against respiratory bacterial pathogens. BMC Infect Dis 11: 286.
60. Kim J, Bae IK, Jeong SH, Chang CL, Lee CH, Lee K (2011) Characterization of IncF plasmids carrying the blaCTX-M-14 gene in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from Korea. J Antimicrob Chemother 66: 1263-1268.
61. Kumar R, Patel DD, Bansal DD, Mishra S, Mohammed A, Arora R, Sharma A, Sharma RK (2010) Extremophiles: sustainable resource of natural compound-extremolytes. In: Singh OV, Harvey SP (eds) Sustainable biotechnology: sources of renewable energy. Spring Press, UK, pp 279-294.
62. Kumar V, Sun P, Vamathevan J, Li Y, Ingraham K, Palmer L, Huang J, Brown JR (2011) Comparative genomics of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains with different antibiotic resistance profiles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55: 4267-4276.
63. Kummerer K (2009) Antibiotics in the aquatic environment-a review-part I. Chemosphere 75: 417-434.
64. Kuroda T, Tsuchiya T (2009) Multidrug efflux transporters in the MATE family. Biochim Biophys Acta 1794: 763-768.
65. Larsson DG, de Pedro C, Paxeus N (2007) Effluent from drug manufactures contains extremely high levels of pharmaceuticals. J Hazard Mater 148: 751-755.
66. Lewis K (2005) Persister cells and the riddle of biofilm survival. Biochemistry (Mosc) 70: 267-274.
67. Li XZ, Nikaido H (2004) Efflux-mediated drug resistance in bacteria. Drugs 64: 159-204.
68. Liang R, Fei YJ, Prasad PD, Ramamoorthy S, Han H, Yang-Feng TL, Hediger MA, Ganapathy V, Leibach FH (1995) Human intestinal H+/peptide cotransporter. Cloning, functional expression, and chromosomal localization. J Biol Chem 270: 6456-6463.
69. Liebert CA, Hall RM, Summers AO (1999) Transposon Tn21, flagship of the floating genome. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63: 507-522.
70. Livermore DM (2001) Of Pseudomonas, porins, pumps and carbapenems. J Antimicrob Chemother 47: 247-250.
71. Lomovskaya O, Lewis K (1992) Emr, an Escherichia coli locus for multidrug resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 8938-8942.
72. Marger MD, Saier MH Jr (1993) A major superfamily of transmembrane facilitators that catalyse uniport, symport and antiport. Trends Biochem Sci 18: 13-20.
73. Marrer E, Satoh AT, Johnson MM, Piddock LJ, Page MG (2006) Global transcriptome analysis of the responses of a fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae mutant and its parent to ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50: 269-278.
74. Masaoka Y, Ueno Y, Morita Y, Kuroda T, Mizushima T, Tsuchiya T (2000) A two-component multidrug efflux pump, EbrAB, in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 182: 2307-2310.
75. Masuda N, Sakagawa E, Ohya S, Gotoh N, Tsujimoto H, Nishino T (2000) Contribution of the MexX-MexY-oprM efflux system to intrinsic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44: 2242-2246.
76. Mazzariol A, Tokue Y, Kanegawa TM, Cornaglia G, Nikaido H (2000) High-level fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli overproduce multidrug efflux protein AcrA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44: 3441-3443.
77. Mesbah NM, Wiegel J (2008) Life at extreme limits: the anaerobic halophilic alkalithermophiles. Ann NY Acad Sci 1125: 44-57.
78. Minato Y, Shahcheraghi F, Ogawa W, Kuroda T, Tsuchiya T (2008) Functional gene cloning and characterization of the SsmE multidrug efflux pump from Serratia marcescens. Biol Pharm Bull 31: 516-519.
79. Moker N, Dean CR, Tao J (2010) Pseudomonas aeruginosa increases formation of multidrug-tolerant persister cells in response to quorum-sensing signaling molecules. J Bacteriol 192: 1946-1955.
80. Monteiro R, Vitorino R, Domingues P, Radhouani H, Carvalho C, Poeta P, Torres C, Igrejas G (2012) Proteome of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain of sequence type ST398. J Proteomics 75: 2892-28915.
81. Morita Y, Tomida J, Kawamura Y (2012) Primary mechanisms mediating aminoglycoside resistance in the multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate PA7. Microbiology 158: 1071-1083.
82. Mulcahy LR, Burns JL, Lory S, Lewis K (2010) Emergence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains producing high levels of persister cells in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Bacteriol 192: 6191-6199.
83. Nagaraj NS, Singh OV (2010) Using genomics to develop novel antibacterial therapeutics. Crit Rev Microbiol 36: 340-348.
84. Neyfakh AA (1997) Natural functions of bacterial multidrug transporters. Trends Microbiol 5: 309-313.
85. Neyfakh AA, Borsch CM, Kaatz GW (1993) Fluoroquinolone resistance protein NorA of Staphylococcus aureus is a multidrug efflux transporter. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37: 128-129.
86. Nikaido H (2009) Multidrug resistance in bacteria. Annu Rev Biochem 78: 119-146.
87. Nikaido H, Basina M, Nguyen V, Rosenberg EY (1998) Multidrug efflux pump AcrAB of Salmonella typhimurium excretes only those beta-lactam antibiotics containing lipophilic side chains. J Bacteriol 180: 4686-4692.
88. Normark S, Edlund T, Grundstrom T, Bergstrom S, Wolf-Watz H (1977) Escherichia coli K-12 mutants hyperproducing chromosomal beta-lactamase by gene repetitions. J Bacteriol 132: 912-922.
89. Obeng AS, Rickard H, Sexton M, Pang Y, Peng H, Barton M (2012) Antimicrobial susceptibilities and resistant genes in Campylobacter strains isolated from poultry and pigs in Australia. J Appl Microbiol. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1365-2672. 2012. 05354. x.
90. Okesola AO (2011) Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-a review of literature. Afr J Med Med Sci 40: 97-107.
91. Opazo A, Sonnevend A, Lopes B, Hamouda A, Ghazawi A, Pal T, Amyes SG (2012) Plasmid-encoded PER-7 beta-lactamase responsible for ceftazidime resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii isolated in the United Arab Emirates. J Antimicrob Chemother 67: 1619-1622.
92. Ozer B, Duran N, Onlen Y, Savas L (2012) Efflux pump genes and antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from lower respiratory tract infections acquired in an intensive care unit. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 65: 9-13.
93. Pao SS, Paulsen IT, Saier MH Jr (1998) Major facilitator superfamily. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62: 1-34.
94. Paterson DL, Bonomo RA (2005) Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a clinical update. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 657-686.
95. Paulsen IT, Skurray RA, Tam R, Saier MH Jr, Turner RJ, Weiner JH, Goldberg EB, Grinius LL (1996) The SMR family: a novel family of multidrug efflux proteins involved with the efflux of lipophilic drugs. Mol Microbiol 19: 1167-1175.
96. Paulsen IT, Park JH, Choi PS, Saier MH Jr (1997) A family of gram-negative bacterial outer membrane factors that function in the export of proteins, carbohydrates, drugs and heavy metals from gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 156: 1-8.
97. Perlman D, Stickgold R (1977) Selective amplification of genes on the R plasmid, NR1, in Proteus mirabilis: an example of the induction of selective gene amplification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 2518-2522.
98. Pinyon JL, Hall RM (2011) Evolution of IncP-1alpha plasmids by acquisition of antibiotic and mercuric ion resistance transposons. Microb Drug Resist 17: 339-343.
99. Piras C, Soggiu A, Bonizzi L, Gaviraghi A, Deriu F, De Martino L, Iovane G, Amoresano A, Roncada P (2012) Comparative proteomics to evaluate multi drug resistance in Escherichia coli. Mol BioSyst 8: 1060-1067.
100. Pluss-Suard C, Pannatier A, Kronenberg A, Muhlemann K, Zanetti G (2011) Hospital antibiotic consumption in Switzerland: comparison of a multicultural country with Europe. J Hosp Infect 79: 166-171.
101. Poirel L, Bonnin RA, Nordmann P (2012) Genetic support and diversity of acquired extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Gram-negative rods. Infect Genet Evol 12: 883-893.
102. Poole K (2005a) Aminoglycoside resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 479-487.
103. Poole K (2005b) Efflux-mediated antimicrobial resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 56: 20-51.
104. Porrero MC, Wassenaar TM, Gomez-Barrero S, Garcia M, Barcena C, Alvarez J, Saez-Llorente JL, Fernandez-Garayzabal JF, Moreno MA, Dominguez L (2012) Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Iberian pigs. Lett Appl Microbiol 54: 280-285.
105. Poudel A, Nakajima C, Fukushima Y, Suzuki H, Pandey BD, Maharjan B, Suzuki Y (2012) Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated in Nepal. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56: 2831-2836.
106. Qu Y, Daley AJ, Istivan TS, Rouch DA, Deighton MA (2010) Densely adherent growth mode, rather than extracellular polymer substance matrix build-up ability, contributes to high resistance of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms to antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 65: 1405-1411.
107. Radhouani H, Pinto L, Coelho C, Sargo R, Araujo C, Lopez M, Torres C, Igrejas G, Poeta P (2010a) MLST and a genetic study of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in vanA-containing Enterococcus from buzzards (Buteo buteo). Lett Appl Microbiol 50: 537-541.
108. Radhouani H, Poeta P, Pinto L, Miranda J, Coelho C, Carvalho C, Rodrigues J, Lopez M, Torres C, Vitorino R, Domingues P, Igrejas G (2010b) Proteomic characterization of vanA-containing Enterococcus recovered from Seagulls at the Berlengas Natural Reserve, W Portugal. Proteome Sci 8: 48.
109. Rahmati S, Yang S, Davidson AL, Zechiedrich EL (2002) Control of the AcrAB multidrug efflux pump by quorum-sensing regulator SdiA. Mol Microbiol 43: 677-685.
110. Rajamohan G, Srinivasan VB, Gebreyes WA (2010) Molecular and functional characterization of a novel efflux pump, AmvA, mediating antimicrobial and disinfectant resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 65: 1919-1925.
111. Ribera A, Ruiz J, Jiminez de Anta MT, Vila J (2002) Effect of an efflux pump inhibitor on the MIC of nalidixic acid for Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 49: 697-698.
112. Rice LB (2012) Mechanisms of resistance and clinical relevance of resistance to β-lactams, glycopeptides, and fluoroquinolones. Mayo Clin Proc 87: 198-208.
113. Rossolini GM, Thaller MC (2010) Coping with antibiotic resistance: contributions from genomics. Genome Med 2: 15.
114. Sahl JW, Johnson JK, Harris AD, Phillippy AM, Hsiao WW, Thom KA, Rasko DA (2011) Genomic comparison of multi-drug resistant invasive and colonizing Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from diverse human body sites reveals genomic plasticity. BMC Genomics 12: 291.
115. Saier MH Jr, Tam R, Reizer A, Reizer J (1994) Two novel families of bacterial membrane proteins concerned with nodulation, cell division and transport. Mol Microbiol 11: 841-847.
116. Sandalakis V, Psaroulaki A, De Bock PJ, Christidou A, Gevaert K, Tsiotis G, Tselentis Y (2012) Investigation of rifampicin resistance mechanisms in Brucella abortus using MS-driven comparative proteomics. J Proteome Res 11: 2374-2385.
117. Sandegren L, Andersson DI (2009) Bacterial gene amplification: implications for the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 7: 578-588.
118. Santimaleeworagun W, Wongpoowarak P, Chayakul P, Pattharachayakul S, Tansakul P, Garey KW (2011) In vitro activity of colistin or sulbactam in combination with fosfomycin or imipenem against clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii producing OXA-23 carbapenemases. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 42: 890-900.
119. Schuldiner S (2007) When biochemistry meets structural biology: the cautionary tale of EmrE. Trends Biochem Sci 32: 252-258.
120. Sherman DH (2005) The Lego-ization of polyketide biosynthesis. Nat Biotechnol 23: 1083-1084.
121. Singh OV, Gabani P (2011) Extremophiles: radiation resistance microbial reserves and therapeutic implications. J Appl Microbiol 110: 851-861.
122. Singh OV, Nagaraj NS, Gabani P (2011) Systems biology: integrating '-omics' oriented approaches to determine foodborne microbial toxins. In: Sahu SC, Casciano DA (eds) Handbook of systems toxicology: from omcis technology to nanotechnology. Wiley, West Sussex.
123. Smith KP, Kumar S, Varela MF (2009) Identification, cloning, and functional characterization of EmrD-3, a putative multidrug efflux pump of the major facilitator superfamily from Vibrio cholerae O395. Arch Microbiol 191: 903-911.
124. Sobel ML, McKay GA, Poole K (2003) Contribution of the MexXY multidrug transporter to aminoglycoside resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47: 3202-3207.
125. Soualhine H, Brochu V, Menard F, Papadopoulou B, Weiss K, Bergeron MG, Legare D, Drummelsmith J, Ouellette M (2005) A proteomic analysis of penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae reveals a novel role for PstS, a subunit of the phosphate ABC transporter. Mol Microbiol 58: 1430-1440.
126. Srinivasan VB, Rajamohan G, Gebreyes WA (2009) Role of AbeS, a novel efflux pump of the SMR family of transporters, in resistance to antimicrobial agents in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53: 5312-5316.
127. Sun H, Xu Y, Sitkiewicz I, Ma Y, Wang X, Yestrepsky BD, Huang Y, Lapadatescu MC, Larsen MJ, Larsen SD, Musser JM, Ginsburg D (2012) Inhibitor of streptokinase gene expression improves survival after group A Streptococcus infection in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: 3469-3474.
128. Taccone FS, Cotton F, Roisin S, Vincent JL, Jacobs F (2012) Optimal meropenem concentrations to treat multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa septic shock. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56: 2129-2131.
129. Toleman MA, Bennett PM, Walsh TR (2006) ISCR elements: novel gene-capturing systems of the 21st century? Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 70: 296-316.
130. Tomberg J, Temple B, Fedarovich A, Davies C, Nicholas RA (2012) A highly conserved interaction involving the middle residue of the SXN active-site motif is crucial for function of class B penicillin-binding proteins: mutational and computational analysis of PBP 2 from N. gonorrhoeae. Biochemistry 51: 2775-2784.
131. Tseng TT, Gratwick KS, Kollman J, Park D, Nies DH, Goffeau A, Saier MH Jr (1999) The RND permease superfamily: an ancient, ubiquitous and diverse family that includes human disease and development proteins. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 1: 107-125.
132. van Veen HW, Konings WN (1998) The ABC family of multidrug transporters in microorganisms. Biochim Biophys Acta 1365: 31-36.
133. Vaziri F, Peerayeh SN, Nejad QB, Farhadian A (2011) The prevalence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme genes (aac (6′)-I, aac (6′)-II, ant (2″)-I, aph (3′)-VI) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 66: 1519-1522.
134. Versporten A, Coenen S, Adriaenssens N, Muller A, Minalu G, Faes C, Vankerckhoven V, Aerts M, Hens N, Molenberghs G, Goossens H (2011) European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC): outpatient cephalosporin use in Europe (1997-2009). J Antimicrob Chemother 66(Suppl 6): vi25-vi35.
135. Vitkauskiene A, Skrodeniene E, Dambrauskiene A, Baksyte G, Macas A, Sakalauskas R (2011) Characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care units. Medicina (Kaunas) 47: 652-656.
136. Woodford N, Livermore DM (2009) Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria: a review of the global challenge. J Infect 59(Suppl 1): S4-S16.
137. Xiao Y, Hu Y (2012) The major aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme AAC(3)-II found in Escherichia coli determines a significant disparity in its resistance to gentamicin and amikacin in China. Microb Drug Resist 18: 42-46.
138. Zgurskaya HI, Nikaido H (1999) Bypassing the periplasm: reconstitution of the AcrAB multidrug efflux pump of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 7190-7195.