Mortality and clinical outcomes in HIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy in Malawi, Lesotho, and Swaziland

Pediatrics

Volumn 130, Issue 3, 2012, Pages

  Kabue, Mark M ^a   Buck, W Chris ^a,b   Wanless, Sebastian R ^b   Cox, Carrie M ^a,b   McCollum, Eric D ^a,b   Caviness, A Chantal ^b   Ahmed, Saeed ^a,b   Kim, Maria H ^a,b   Thahane, Lineo ^c   Devlin, Andrew ^c   Kochelani, Duncan ^c   Kazembe, Peter N ^a   Calles, Nancy R ^b   Mizwa, Michael B ^b   Schutze, Gordon E ^b   Kline, Mark W ^b  

^a Baylor College of Medicine Abbott Fund Children's Clinical Care Centre of Excellence Malawi   (Malawi)

^b TEXAS CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB   (United States)

Author keywords

Africa south of the Sahara; AIDS; Antiretroviral therapy; HIV; Mortality; Pediatric

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; COTRIMOXAZOLE; LAMIVUDINE PLUS NEVIRAPINE PLUS STAVUDINE; LAMIVUDINE PLUS NEVIRAPINE PLUS ZIDOVUDINE;

ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFANT; LESOTHO; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALAWI; MALE; PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SURVIVAL TIME; SWAZILAND; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFANT; LESOTHO; MALAWI; MALE; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; SWAZILAND;

EID: 84865770081     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-1187     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. World Health Organization. Global HIV/AIDS response: epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal access: progress report 2011; Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization HIV/AIDS Department; 2011
2. Violari A, Cotton MF, Gibb DM, et al CHER Study Team. Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(21):2233-2244
3. Wamalwa DC, Farquhar C, Obimbo EM, et al. Early response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected Kenyan children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45(3):311-317
4. O'Brien DPSD, Sauvageot D, Zachariah R, Humblet P; Medecins Sans Frontieres. In resource-limited settings good early outcomes can be achieved in children using adult fixed-dose combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2006;20(15):1955-1960
5. Children and AIDS. Fifth stocktaking report 2010. New York, NY: UNICEF, UNAIDS, WHO, UNFPA, and UNESCO; 2010
6. Brady MT, Oleske JM, Williams PL, et al; Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 219/219C Team. Declines in mortality rates and changes in causes of death in HIV-1-infected children during the HAART era. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;53(1):86-94
7. Fenner L, Brinkhof MW, Keiser O, et al International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS in Southern Africa. Early mortality and loss to follow-up in HIVinfected children starting antiretroviral therapy in Southern Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;54(5):524-532
8. Wamalwa DC, Obimbo EM, Farquhar C, et al. Predictors of mortality in HIV-1 infected children on antiretroviral therapy in Kenya: a prospective cohort. BMC Pediatr. 2010;10(33):33
9. Reddi A, Leeper SC, Grobler AC, et al. Preliminary outcomes of a paediatric highly active antiretroviral therapy cohort from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. BMC Pediatr. 2007;7(13):13
10. Rouet F, Fassinou P, Inwoley A, et al ANRS 1244/1278 Programme Enfants Yopougon. Long-term survival and immuno-virological response of African HIV-1-infected children to highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens. AIDS. 2006;20(18):2315-2319
11. Leyenaar JK, Novosad PM, Ferrer KT, et al. Early clinical outcomes in children enrolled in human immunodeficiency virus infection care and treatment in lesotho. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29(4):340-345
12. de Martino M, Tovo PA, Balducci M, et al Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children and the Italian National AIDS Registry. Reduction in mortality with availability of antiretroviral therapy for children with perinatal HIV-1 infection. JAMA. 2000;284(2):190-197
13. Sutcliffe CG, van Dijk JH, Bolton C, Persaud D, Moss WJ. Effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected children in sub- Saharan Africa. Lancet Infect Dis . 2008; 8(8):477-489
14. Malawi Paediatric Antiretroviral Treatment Group. Antiretroviral therapy for children in the routine setting in Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg . 2007;101(5):511 -516
15. Davies MA, Egger M, Keiser O, Boulle A. Paediatric antiretroviral treatment programmes in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of published clinical studies. Afr J AIDS Res. 2009;8(3):329-338
16. World Health Organization. The 3 by 5 initiative: Treat three million people with HIV/ AIDS by 2005. AIDS Treatment for Children. 2012. Available at: www.who.int/3by5/paediatric/ en. Accessed January 20, 2012
17. World Health Organization. Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in Infants and Children: Towards Universal Access: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach - Revision. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2010
18. Baylor College of Medicine International Pediatric AIDS Initiative. BIPAI Children's Clinical Centres of Excellence Network. Available at http://bayloraids.org/programs. Accessed March 31, 2011
19. Kline MW, Ferris MG, Jones DC, et al. The Pediatric AIDS Corps: responding to the African HIV/AIDS health professional resource crisis. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):134-136
20. BIPAI. BIPAI: Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative at Texas Children's Hospital. Annual Report. Houston, Texas: BIPAI; 2010
21. National Guidelines for HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment. Maseru, Lesotho: Government of Lesotho Ministry of Health and Social Welfare; 2010
22. Treatment of AIDS: Guidelines for the use of Antiretroviral Therapy in Malawi. Lilongwe, Malawi: Malawi Ministry of Health; April 2006
23. Paediatric HIV/AIDS Treatment Guidelines. Mbabane, Swaziland: Government of Swaziland; 2006
24. World Health Organization. Antiretroviral therapy of HIV infection in infants and children in resource - limited settings: towards universal access Recommendations for a public health approach-2006; Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2006
25. Davies MA, Keiser O, Technau K, et al International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS Southern Africa (IeDEA-SA) Collaboration. Outcomes of the South African National Antiretroviral Treatment Programme for children: the IeDEA Southern Africa collaboration. S Afr Med J. 2009;99(10):730- 737
26. Yu JK, Chen SC, Wang KY, et al. True outcomes for patients on antiretroviral therapy who are "lost to follow-up" in Malawi. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85(7):550-554
27. Bong CN, Yu JK, Chiang HC, et al. Risk factors for early mortality in children on adult fixed-dose combination antiretroviral treatment in a central hospital in Malawi. AIDS. 2007;21 (13):1805-1810
28. Ellis J, Molyneux EM. Experience of anti-retroviral treatment for HIV-infected children in Malawi: the 1st 12 months. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2007;27(4):261-267
29. Bolton-Moore C, Mubiana-Mbewe M, Cantrell RA, et al. Clinical outcomes and CD4 cell response in children receiving antiretroviral therapy at primary health care facilities in Zambia. JAMA. 2007;298(16):1888-1899
30. Gupta A, Nadkarni G, Yang WT, et al. Early mortality in adults initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC): a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(12):e28691
31. Marston M, Becquet R, Zaba B, et al. Net survival of perinatally and postnatally HIV-infected children: a pooled analysis of individual data from sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(2):385-396
32. Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV and Paediatric HIV Care Guidelines, 2nd ed. Lilongwe, Malawi: Malawi Ministry of Health, July 2008
33. Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV Guideline 2006. Mbabane, Swaziland: The Kingdom of Swaziland Ministry of Health and Social Welfare; 2006
34. National Guidelines for the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV. Maseru, Lesotho: Government of Lesotho Ministry of Health and Social Welfare; 2010
35. Eshleman SH, Hoover DR, Chen S, et al. Resistance after single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis emerges in a high proportion of Malawian newborns. AIDS. 2005;19(18): 2167-2169
36. Arrivé E, Newell ML, Ekouevi DK, et al; Ghent Group on HIV in Women and Children. Prevalence of resistance to nevirapine in mothers and children after single-dose exposure to prevent vertical transmission of HIV-1: a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36(5):1009 -1021
37. Chaix ML, Ekouevi DK, Peytavin G, et al. Impact of nevirapine (NVP) plasma concentration on selection of resistant virus in mothers who received single-dose NVP to prevent perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission and persistence of resistant virus in their infected children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(3):896-901
38. Davies MA, Moultrie H, Eley B, et al International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS Southern Africa (IeDEA-SA) Collaboration. Virologic failure and second-line antiretroviral therapy in children in South Africa - the IeDEA Southern Africa collaboration. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;56(3):270-278
39. WHO Case Definitions of HIV for Surveillance and Revised Clinical Staging and Immunological Classification of HIV-related Disease in Adults and Children. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2007
40. Battegay M, Nüesch R, Hirschel B, Kaufmann GR. Immunological recovery and antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6(5):280-287