메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 148, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 939-946

Smoking and the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; BASAL CELL CARCINOMA; CASE CONTROL STUDY; COHORT ANALYSIS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DATA BASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; META ANALYSIS; NONMELANOMA; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLICATION; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RATING SCALE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SKIN CANCER; SMOKING; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

EID: 84865701963     PISSN: 0003987X     EISSN: 15383652     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archdermatol.2012.1374     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (101)

References (63)
  • 1
    • 34648834223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in incidence of skin basal cell carcinoma: Additional evidence from a UK primary care database study
    • Bath-Hextall F, Leonardi-Bee J, Smith C, Meal A, Hubbard R. Trends in incidence of skin basal cell carcinoma: additional evidence from a UK primary care database study. Int J Cancer. 2007;121(9):2105-2108.
    • (2007) Int J Cancer , vol.121 , Issue.9 , pp. 2105-2108
    • Bath-Hextall, F.1    Leonardi-Bee, J.2    Smith, C.3    Meal, A.4    Hubbard, R.5
  • 2
    • 33745388628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of melanoma and non melanoma skin cancer in the provinces of Pisa and Massa-Carrara from 1997 to 2002
    • Battistini E, Battistini S, Barachini P. Epidemiology of melanoma and non melanoma skin cancer in the provinces of Pisa and Massa-Carrara from 1997 to 2002. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2005;140(1):33-44.
    • (2005) G Ital Dermatol Venereol , vol.140 , Issue.1 , pp. 33-44
    • Battistini, E.1    Battistini, S.2    Barachini, P.3
  • 3
    • 22144450291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends of non-melanoma skin cancer from 1960 through 2000 in a Canadian population
    • Demers AA, Nugent Z, Mihalcioiu C, Wiseman MC, Kliewer EV. Trends of non-melanoma skin cancer from 1960 through 2000 in a Canadian population. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(2):320-328.
    • (2005) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 320-328
    • Demers, A.A.1    Nugent, Z.2    Mihalcioiu, C.3    Wiseman, M.C.4    Kliewer, E.V.5
  • 4
    • 0034522131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing trends in non-melanoma skin cancer in South Wales, 1988-98
    • Holme SA, Malinovszky K, Roberts DL. Changing trends in non-melanoma skin cancer in South Wales, 1988-98. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143(6):1224-1229.
    • (2000) Br J Dermatol , vol.143 , Issue.6 , pp. 1224-1229
    • Holme, S.A.1    Malinovszky, K.2    Roberts, D.L.3
  • 5
    • 31444431900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-melanoma skin cancer in Australia: The 2002 national survey and trends since 1985
    • Staples MP, Elwood M, Burton RC, Williams JL, Marks R, Giles GG. Non-melanoma skin cancer in Australia: the 2002 national survey and trends since 1985. Med J Aust. 2006;184(1):6-10.
    • (2006) Med J Aust , vol.184 , Issue.1 , pp. 6-10
    • Staples, M.P.1    Elwood, M.2    Burton, R.C.3    Williams, J.L.4    Marks, R.5    Giles, G.G.6
  • 6
    • 0029152140 scopus 로고
    • The significance of mast cells in basal cell carcinoma
    • Cohen MS, Rogers GS. The significance of mast cells in basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;33(3):514-517.
    • (1995) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 514-517
    • Cohen, M.S.1    Rogers, G.S.2
  • 7
    • 0035155501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between smoking and skin cancer
    • Leiden Skin Cancer Study
    • De Hertog SA, Wensveen CA, Bastiaens MT, et al Leiden Skin Cancer Study. Relation between smoking and skin cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(1):231-238.
    • (2001) J Clin Oncol , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 231-238
    • De Hertog, S.A.1    Wensveen, C.A.2    Bastiaens, M.T.3
  • 8
    • 0029062532 scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of incident squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in the Nurses' Health Study
    • Grodstein F, Speizer FE, Hunter DJ. A prospective study of incident squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in the Nurses' Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87(14):1061-1066.
    • (1995) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.87 , Issue.14 , pp. 1061-1066
    • Grodstein, F.1    Speizer, F.E.2    Hunter, D.J.3
  • 9
    • 0027102075 scopus 로고
    • Diet, alcohol, smoking, serum β-carotene,and vitamin A in male nonmelanocytic skin cancer patients and controls
    • Kune GA, Bannerman S, Field B, et al. Diet, alcohol, smoking, serum β-carotene,and vitamin A in male nonmelanocytic skin cancer patients and controls. Nutr Cancer. 1992;18(3):237-244.
    • (1992) Nutr Cancer , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 237-244
    • Kune, G.A.1    Bannerman, S.2    Field, B.3
  • 12
    • 0033283263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between cigarette smoking and basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids in women
    • Wojno TH. The association between cigarette smoking and basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids in women. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;15(6):390-392.
    • (1999) Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg , vol.15 , Issue.6 , pp. 390-392
    • Wojno, T.H.1
  • 14
    • 0036587255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basal cell carcinoma in young women: An evaluation of the association of tanning bed use and smoking
    • Boyd AS, Shyr Y, King LE Jr. Basal cell carcinoma in young women: an evaluation of the association of tanning bed use and smoking. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(5):706-709.
    • (2002) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.46 , Issue.5 , pp. 706-709
    • Boyd, A.S.1    Shyr, Y.2    King Jr., L.E.3
  • 16
    • 34547165439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupation and keratinocyte cancer risk: A population-based case-control study
    • Marehbian J, Colt JS, Baris D, et al. Occupation and keratinocyte cancer risk: a population-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2007;18(8):895-908.
    • (2007) Cancer Causes Control , vol.18 , Issue.8 , pp. 895-908
    • Marehbian, J.1    Colt, J.S.2    Baris, D.3
  • 17
    • 0022006314 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: A case-control study in the Montreal region
    • Aubry F, MacGibbon B. Risk factors of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: a case-control study in the Montreal region. Cancer. 1985;55(4):907-911.
    • (1985) Cancer , vol.55 , Issue.4 , pp. 907-911
    • Aubry, F.1    MacGibbon, B.2
  • 19
    • 0037098199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis
    • Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539-1558.
    • (2002) Stat Med , vol.21 , Issue.11 , pp. 1539-1558
    • Higgins, J.P.1    Thompson, S.G.2
  • 20
    • 0034685429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting
    • Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group
    • Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al; Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. JAMA. 2000;283(15):2008-2012.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.283 , Issue.15 , pp. 2008-2012
    • Stroup, D.F.1    Berlin, J.A.2    Morton, S.C.3
  • 21
    • 0032930490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors of non-melanoma skin cancer in United States veterans patients: A pilot study and review of literature
    • Chuang TY, Brashear R. Risk factors of non-melanoma skin cancer in United States veterans patients: a pilot study and review of literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 1999;12(2):126-132.
    • (1999) J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 126-132
    • Chuang, T.Y.1    Brashear, R.2
  • 22
    • 0034856023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma in a Mediterranean population: Role of recreational sun exposure early in life
    • Corona R, Dogliotti E, D'Errico M, et al. Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma in a Mediterranean population: role of recreational sun exposure early in life. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137(9):1162-1168.
    • (2001) Arch Dermatol , vol.137 , Issue.9 , pp. 1162-1168
    • Corona, R.1    Dogliotti, E.2    D'Errico, M.3
  • 23
    • 0033010244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors that influence the DNA repair capacity of normal and skin cancer-affected individuals
    • D'Errico M, Calcagnile A, Iavarone I, et al. Factors that influence the DNA repair capacity of normal and skin cancer-affected individuals. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8(6):553-559.
    • (1999) Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp. 553-559
    • D'Errico, M.1    Calcagnile, A.2    Iavarone, I.3
  • 26
    • 0030808105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma in the UK: Case-control study in 806 patients
    • Lear JT, Tan BB, Smith AG, et al. Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma in the UK: case-control study in 806 patients. J R Soc Med. 1997;90(7):371-374.
    • (1997) J R Soc Med , vol.90 , Issue.7 , pp. 371-374
    • Lear, J.T.1    Tan, B.B.2    Smith, A.G.3
  • 27
    • 0043136556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifestyle differences in twin pairs discordant for basal cell carcinoma of the skin
    • Milán T, Verkasalo PK, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. Lifestyle differences in twin pairs discordant for basal cell carcinoma of the skin. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149(1):115-123.
    • (2003) Br J Dermatol , vol.149 , Issue.1 , pp. 115-123
    • Milán, T.1    Verkasalo, P.K.2    Kaprio, J.3    Koskenvuo, M.4
  • 28
    • 0033924875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host-related and environmental risk factors for cutaneous basal cell carcinoma: Evidence from an Italian case-control study
    • Naldi L, DiLandro A, D'Avanzo B, Parazzini F. Host-related and environmental risk factors for cutaneous basal cell carcinoma: evidence from an Italian case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(3):446-452.
    • (2000) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.42 , Issue.3 , pp. 446-452
    • Naldi, L.1    DiLandro, A.2    D'Avanzo, B.3    Parazzini, F.4
  • 29
    • 33845587246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The risk for cutaneous malignant melanoma, melanoma in situ and intraocular malignant melanoma in relation to tobacco use and body mass index
    • Odenbro A, Gillgren P, Bellocco R, Boffetta P, Håkansson N, Adami J. The risk for cutaneous malignant melanoma, melanoma in situ and intraocular malignant melanoma in relation to tobacco use and body mass index. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156(1):99-105.
    • (2007) Br J Dermatol , vol.156 , Issue.1 , pp. 99-105
    • Odenbro, A.1    Gillgren, P.2    Bellocco, R.3    Boffetta, P.4    Håkansson, N.5    Adami, J.6
  • 30
    • 0036569531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental arsenic exposure from a coal-burning power plant as a potential risk factor for nonmelanoma skin carcinoma: Results from a case-control study in the district of Prievidza, Slovakia
    • Pesch B, Ranft U, Jakubis P, et al. Environmental arsenic exposure from a coal-burning power plant as a potential risk factor for nonmelanoma skin carcinoma: results from a case-control study in the district of Prievidza, Slovakia. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(9):798-809.
    • (2002) Am J Epidemiol , vol.155 , Issue.9 , pp. 798-809
    • Pesch, B.1    Ranft, U.2    Jakubis, P.3
  • 31
    • 34147093692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tea consumption and basal cell and squamous cell skin cancer: Results of a case-control study
    • Rees JR, Stukel TA, Perry AE, Zens MS, Spencer SK, Karagas MR. Tea consumption and basal cell and squamous cell skin cancer: results of a case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56(5):781-785.
    • (2007) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.56 , Issue.5 , pp. 781-785
    • Rees, J.R.1    Stukel, T.A.2    Perry, A.E.3    Zens, M.S.4    Spencer, S.K.5    Karagas, M.R.6
  • 32
    • 43249106707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of tobacco smoking on cancer and cardiovascular disease in urban black South Africans
    • Stein L, Urban MI, Weber M, et al. Effects of tobacco smoking on cancer and cardiovascular disease in urban black South Africans. Br J Cancer. 2008;98(9):1586-1592.
    • (2008) Br J Cancer , vol.98 , Issue.9 , pp. 1586-1592
    • Stein, L.1    Urban, M.I.2    Weber, M.3
  • 33
    • 0347624701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presence of human papillomavirus DNA in plucked eyebrow hairs is associated with a history of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
    • Struijk L, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Wanningen P, et al. Presence of human papillomavirus DNA in plucked eyebrow hairs is associated with a history of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121(6):1531-1535.
    • (2003) J Invest Dermatol , vol.121 , Issue.6 , pp. 1531-1535
    • Struijk, L.1    Bouwes Bavinck, J.N.2    Wanningen, P.3
  • 34
    • 77950691555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inverse association between serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels and non-melanoma skin cancer in elderly men
    • Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Group
    • Tang JY, Parimi N, Wu A, et al Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Group. Inverse association between serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels and non-melanoma skin cancer in elderly men. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21(3):387-391.
    • (2010) Cancer Causes Control , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 387-391
    • Tang, J.Y.1    Parimi, N.2    Wu, A.3
  • 35
    • 0033199482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma of the skin in men: Results from the health professionals follow-up study
    • van Dam RM, Huang Z, Rimm EB, et al. Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma of the skin in men: results from the health professionals follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150(5):459-468.
    • (1999) Am J Epidemiol , vol.150 , Issue.5 , pp. 459-468
    • Van Dam, R.M.1    Huang, Z.2    Rimm, E.B.3
  • 36
    • 13344278602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lip cancer in Zimbabwe: Report of 14 cases
    • Chidzonga MM. Lip cancer in Zimbabwe: report of 14 cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;34(2):149-151.
    • (2005) Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 149-151
    • Chidzonga, M.M.1
  • 37
    • 0030090296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lower lip: A retrospective study of 58 patients
    • dos Santos LR, Cernea CR, Kowalski LP, et al. Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lower lip: a retrospective study of 58 patients. Sao Paulo Med J. 1996;114 (2):1117-1126.
    • (1996) Sao Paulo Med J , vol.114 , Issue.2 , pp. 1117-1126
    • Dos Santos, L.R.1    Cernea, C.R.2    Kowalski, L.P.3
  • 38
    • 0018586963 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors in lip cancer-an epidemiological study
    • Lindqvist C. Risk factors in lip cancer-an epidemiological study. Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1979;75(suppl 1-2):1-43.
    • (1979) Proc Finn Dent Soc , vol.75 , Issue.SUPPL. 1-2 , pp. 1-43
    • Lindqvist, C.1
  • 39
    • 0025490468 scopus 로고
    • Carcinoma of the lip: A retrospective study of 86 cases
    • Lo Russo D, Agostini V, Frosini P. Carcinoma of the lip: a retrospective study of 86 cases. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 1990;10(5):447-451.
    • (1990) Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital , vol.10 , Issue.5 , pp. 447-451
    • Lo Russo, D.1    Agostini, V.2    Frosini, P.3
  • 40
    • 0038266752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifestyles,environmental and phenotypic factors associated with lip cancer: A case-control study in southern Spain
    • Perea-Milla López E, Miñarro-Del Moral RM, Martínez-García C, et al. Lifestyles,environmental and phenotypic factors associated with lip cancer: a case-control study in southern Spain. Br J Cancer. 2003;88(11):1702-1707.
    • (2003) Br J Cancer , vol.88 , Issue.11 , pp. 1702-1707
    • Perea-Milla López, E.1    Miñarro-Del Moral, R.M.2    Martínez-García, C.3
  • 41
    • 0021133406 scopus 로고
    • Precancerous conditions and carcinomas of the lower lip: Coincidence with leukoplakia and carcinomas of the oral cavity and larynx
    • Röth GJ, Schirner E, Hornstein OP, Simon M Jr. Precancerous conditions and carcinomas of the lower lip: coincidence with leukoplakia and carcinomas of the oral cavity and larynx. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1984;109(33):1229-1231.
    • (1984) Dtsch Med Wochenschr , vol.109 , Issue.33 , pp. 1229-1231
    • Röth, G.J.1    Schirner, E.2    Hornstein, O.P.3    Simon Jr., M.4
  • 42
    • 0029955325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar radiation, lip protection, and lip cancer risk in Los Angeles County women (California, United States)
    • Pogoda JM, Preston-Martin S. Solar radiation, lip protection, and lip cancer risk in Los Angeles County women (California, United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1996;7(4):458-463.
    • (1996) Cancer Causes Control , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 458-463
    • Pogoda, J.M.1    Preston-Martin, S.2
  • 45
    • 0029690487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between basal cell carcinoma and cigarette smoking
    • letter
    • Griego RD, Nikolaidis G, Orengo IF, Oram Y. The relationship between basal cell carcinoma and cigarette smoking [letter]. Dermatol Surg. 1996;22(1):96-97.
    • (1996) Dermatol Surg , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 96-97
    • Griego, R.D.1    Nikolaidis, G.2    Orengo, I.F.3    Oram, Y.4
  • 48
    • 0033971527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet and basal cell carcinoma of the skin in a prospective cohort of men
    • van Dam RM, Huang Z, Giovannucci E, et al. Diet and basal cell carcinoma of the skin in a prospective cohort of men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(1):135-141.
    • (2000) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.71 , Issue.1 , pp. 135-141
    • Van Dam, R.M.1    Huang, Z.2    Giovannucci, E.3
  • 51
    • 0027930414 scopus 로고
    • What causes basal cell carcinoma to be the commonest cancer?
    • Gilbody JS, Aitken J, Green A. What causes basal cell carcinoma to be the commonest cancer? Aust J Public Health. 1994;18(2):218-221.
    • (1994) Aust J Public Health , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 218-221
    • Gilbody, J.S.1    Aitken, J.2    Green, A.3
  • 52
    • 33847150477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthropometric measures in relation to basal cell carcinoma: A longitudinal study
    • Olsen CM, Hughes MC, Pandeya N, Green AC. Anthropometric measures in relation to basal cell carcinoma: a longitudinal study. BMC Cancer. 2006;6(82):82.
    • (2006) BMC Cancer , vol.6 , Issue.82 , pp. 82
    • Olsen, C.M.1    Hughes, M.C.2    Pandeya, N.3    Green, A.C.4
  • 53
    • 40949156742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anthropometric measures, medical history and risk of basal cell carcinoma in an Italian case-control study
    • Oncology Study Group of Italian Group for Epidemiologic Research in Dermatology
    • Pelucchi C, Naldi L, Di Landro A, La Vecchia C; Oncology Study Group of Italian Group for Epidemiologic Research in Dermatology. Anthropometric measures, medical history and risk of basal cell carcinoma in an Italian case-control study. Dermatology. 2008;216(3):271-276.
    • (2008) Dermatology , vol.216 , Issue.3 , pp. 271-276
    • Pelucchi, C.1    Naldi, L.2    Di Landro, A.3    La Vecchia, C.4
  • 54
    • 0033735673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin disorders in relation to oral contraception and other factors, including age, social class, smoking and body mass index: Findings in a large cohort study
    • Vessey MP, Painter R, Powell J. Skin disorders in relation to oral contraception and other factors, including age, social class, smoking and body mass index: findings in a large cohort study. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143(4):815-820.
    • (2000) Br J Dermatol , vol.143 , Issue.4 , pp. 815-820
    • Vessey, M.P.1    Painter, R.2    Powell, J.3
  • 56
    • 23844535093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical activity in leisure-time and risk of cancer: 14-Year follow-up of 28,000 Danish men and women
    • Schnohr P, Grønbaek M, Petersen L, Hein HO, Sørensen TI. Physical activity in leisure-time and risk of cancer: 14-year follow-up of 28,000 Danish men and women. Scand J Public Health. 2005;33(4):244-249.
    • (2005) Scand J Public Health , vol.33 , Issue.4 , pp. 244-249
    • Schnohr, P.1    Grønbaek, M.2    Petersen, L.3    Hein, H.O.4    Sørensen, T.I.5
  • 57
    • 0021191925 scopus 로고
    • Cancer mortality among woodworkers
    • Stellman SD, Garfinkel L. Cancer mortality among woodworkers. Am J Ind Med. 1984;5(5):343-357.
    • (1984) Am J Ind Med , vol.5 , Issue.5 , pp. 343-357
    • Stellman, S.D.1    Garfinkel, L.2
  • 59
    • 0035220591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Giant basal cell carcinoma and cigarette smoking
    • Smith JB, Randle HW. Giant basal cell carcinoma and cigarette smoking. Cutis. 2001;67(1):73-76.
    • (2001) Cutis , vol.67 , Issue.1 , pp. 73-76
    • Smith, J.B.1    Randle, H.W.2
  • 60
    • 38549091720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic reviews: Grading recommendations and evidence quality
    • Robinson JK, Dellavalle RP, Bigby M, Callen JP. Systematic reviews: grading recommendations and evidence quality. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144(1):97-99.
    • (2008) Arch Dermatol , vol.144 , Issue.1 , pp. 97-99
    • Robinson, J.K.1    Dellavalle, R.P.2    Bigby, M.3    Callen, J.P.4
  • 61
    • 31844443695 scopus 로고
    • The environment and disease: Association or causation?
    • Hill BA. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med. 1965;58:295-300.
    • (1965) Proc R Soc Med , vol.58 , pp. 295-300
    • Hill, B.A.1
  • 62
    • 0016743022 scopus 로고
    • In vitro lymphocyte reactivity and T-cell levels in chronic cigarette smokers
    • Silverman NA, Potvin C, Alexander JC Jr, Chretien PB. In vitro lymphocyte reactivity and T-cell levels in chronic cigarette smokers. Clin Exp Immunol. 1975;22(2):285-292.
    • (1975) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 285-292
    • Silverman, N.A.1    Potvin, C.2    Alexander Jr., J.C.3    Chretien, P.B.4
  • 63
    • 0020638482 scopus 로고
    • Suppression of mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation in cigarette smokers
    • Petersen BH, Steimel LF, Callaghan JT. Suppression of mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation in cigarette smokers. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1983;27(1):135-140.
    • (1983) Clin Immunol Immunopathol , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 135-140
    • Petersen, B.H.1    Steimel, L.F.2    Callaghan, J.T.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.