New evidence on the Neogene uplift of South Tianshan: Constraints from the (U-Th)/He and AFT ages of borehole samples of the Tarim basin and implications for hydrocarbon generation

International Journal of Earth Sciences

Volumn 101, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1625-1643

  Qiu, Nansheng ^a   Chang, Jian ^a   Li, Jiawei ^a   Li, Wenzheng ^a   Yun, Lu ^b   Li, Huili ^b  

^a CHINA UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM   (China)

^b SINOPEC   (China)

Author keywords

(U Th) He; Apatite fission track (AFT); South Tianshan; Tarim basin; Uplift

Indexed keywords

AGE DETERMINATION; DENUDATION; DEPOSITION; FISSION TRACK DATING; GEOACCUMULATION; HYDROCARBON GENERATION; NEOGENE; RECONSTRUCTION; SOURCE ROCK; SUBSIDENCE; THERMOCHRONOLOGY; UPLIFT;

CHINA; KUQA DEPRESSION; TARIM BASIN; TIEN SHAN; XINJIANG UYGUR;

EID: 84865677890     PISSN: 14373254     EISSN: 14373262     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00531-011-0745-0     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Allen MB, Şengör AMC, Natal'in BA (1995) Junggar, Turfan and Alakol basins as Late Permian to? Early Triassic extensional structures in a sinistral shear zone in the Altaid orogenic collage, Central Asia. J Geol Soc Lond 152: 327-338.
2. Bushy CJ, Ingerso IIRV (1995) Tectonics of sedimentary basins. Blackwell Science Inc, Cambridge 578.
3. Buslov MM, Fujiwara Y, Iwata K, Semakov NN (2004) Late Paleozoic early Mesozoic geodynamics of Central Asia. Gond Res 7: 791-808.
4. Buslov MM, Grave JD, Bataleva EAV, Batalev VY (2007) Cenozoic tectonic and geodynamic evolution of the Kyrgyz Tianshan Mountains: a review of geological, thermochronological and geophysical data. J Asian Earth Sci 29: 205-214.
5. Cai LG (2000) The transfer zone within intra-continent subduction orogenic belt in the Tianshan, northwest China. Exp Petrol Geol 22: 206-209 (in Chinese with English abstract).
6. Charreau J, Chen Y, Gilder S, Dominguez S, Avouac JP, Sen S, Sun DJ, Li YG, Wang WM (2005) Magnetostratigraphy and rock magnetism of the Neogene Kuitun He section (northwest China): implications for Late Cenozoic uplift of the Tianshan mountains. Earth Planet Sci Lett 230: 177-192.
7. Charreau J, Gilder S, Chen Y, Dominguez S, Avouac JP, Sen S, Jolivet M, Li YG, Wang WM (2006) Magnetostratigraphy of the Yaha section, Tarim Basin (China): 11 Ma acceleration in erosion and uplift of the TianShan mountains. Geology 34: 181-184.
8. Charvet J, Shu LS, Laurent-Charvet S, Wang B, Faure M, Cluzel D, Chen Y, de Jong K (2011) Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the Tianshan belt, NW China. Sci China (Earth Sciences) 54(2): 166-184.
9. Chen J, Burbank DW, Scharer KM, Sobel E, Yin JH, Rubin C, Zhao RB (2002) Magnetochronology of the Upper Cenozoic strata in the Southwestern Chinese Tian Shan: rates of Pleistocene folding and thrusting. Earth Planet Sci Lett 195: 113-130.
10. Chen ZL, Wan JL, Liu J, Li SX, Zheng EM, Han XZ, Li XG, Gong HL (2006) Multi-stage uplift and exhumation of the west Tianshan Mountain: evidence from the apatite fission-track dating. Acta Geoscientica Sinica 27: 96-106 (in Chinese with English abstract).
11. Chen ZL, Li L, Liu J, Gong HL, Jiang RB, Li SX, Zheng EM, Han XZ, Li ZG, Wang C, Wang GR, Wang G, Lu KG (2008) Preliminary study on the uplifting-exhumation process of the western Tianshan range, northwestern China. Acta Petrologia Sinica 24: 625-636 (in Chinese with English abstract).
12. Cheng HY, Li JH, Zhao X (2009) The structural styles of different structural layers in the western part of North Tarim Uplift and their genetic mechanism. Geol J China Univ 15: 529-536 (in Chinese with English abstract).
13. Cocks LRM, Torsvik TH (2007) Siberia, the wandering northern terrane, and its changing geography through the Palaeozoic. Earth Sci Rev 82: 29-74.
14. Corrigan J (1991) Inversion of apatite fission track data for thermal history information. J Geophys Res 96: 10347-10360.
15. Crowhurst PV, Green PF, Kamp PJJ (2002) Appraisal of (U-Th)/He apatite thermochronology as a thermal history tool for hydrocarbon exploration: an example from the Taranaki basin, New Zealand. AAPG Bull 86: 1801-1819.
16. Crowley KD (1991) Thermal history of Michigan basin and Southern Canadian Shield from apatite fission track analysis. J Geophysical Res 96: 697-711.
17. Cui ZH, Wang ZX, Tang LJ (2005) Characteristics of overlapped faults in the Tabei uplift and analysis of their genetic setting. Chin Geol 32: 378-385 (in Chinese with English abstract).
18. De Jong K, Kurimoto C, Ruffet G (2009a) Triassic 40Ar/39Ar ages from the Sakaigawa unit, Kii Peninsula, Japan: implications for possible merger of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt with large-scale tectonic systems of the East Asian margin. Int J Earth Sci 98: 1529-1556.
19. De Jong K, Wang B, Faure M, Shu LS, Cluzel D, Charvet J, Ruffet G, Chen Y (2009b) New 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the Late Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the western Tianshan (Xinjiang, northwestern China), with emphasis on late Permian fluid ingress. Int J Earth Sci 98(6): 1239-1258.
20. Dickinson WR (1993) Basin geodynamics. Basin Res 5: 195-196.
21. Donelick RA, O'Sullivan PB, Ketcham RA (2005) Apatite fission track analysis. Rev Mineral Geochem 58: 49-94.
22. Du ZL, Wang QC (2006) Mesozoic and Cenozoic uplifting history of the Tianshan region: insight from apatite fission track. Acta Geol Sinica 81(8): 1081-1101.
23. Du ZL, Wang QC, Zhou XH (2007) Mesozoic and Cenozoic uplifting history of the Kuqa-South Tianshan basin-Mountain system from the evidence of apatite fission track analysis. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 26: 399-408 (in Chinese with English abstract).
24. Duddy IR, Green PF, Lastett GM (1988) Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite: 3. Variable temperature behaviour. Chem Geol 73: 25-38.
25. Dumitru TA, Zhou A, Chang EZ, Graham SA, Hendrix MS, Sobel ER, Carroll AR (2001) Uplifting, exhumation, and deformation in the Chinese Tian shan. In: Hendrix MS, Davis GA (eds) Paleozoic and Mesozoic tectonic evolution of central Asia: from continental assembly to intracontinental deformation. Boulder, Colorado. Geol Soc Am Memoir 194: 71-99.
26. Ehlers TA, Farley KA, Rusmore ME, Woodsworth GJ (2006) Apatite (U-Th)/He signal of large magnitude and accelerated glacial erosion: southwest British Columbia. Geology 34: 765-768.
27. Fang SH, Guo ZJ, Zhang ZC, Wu CD (2004) Discussion on Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of Tianshan and its adjacent basins. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis 40: 886-896.
28. Farley KA (2000) Helium diffusion from apatite: general behavior as illustrated by Durango fluorapatite. J Geophys Res 105: 2909-2914.
29. Farley KA, Wolf RA, Silver LT (1996) The effects of long alpha-stopping distances on (U-Th)/He ages. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60: 4223-4229.
30. Flowers RM, Ketcham RA, Shuster DL, Farley KA (2009) Apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry using a radiation damage accumulation and annealing model. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 73: 2347-2365.
31. Fu BH, Lin AM, Kano KI, Maruyama T, Guo JM (2003) Quaternary folding of the eastern Tian Shan, northwest China. Tectonophysics 369: 79-101.
32. Gao J, Long LL, Klemd R et al (2009) Tectonic evolution of the South Tianshan orogen and adjacent regions, NW China: geochemical and age constraints of granitoid rocks. Int J Earth Sci 98: 1221-1238.
33. Green PF, Duddy IR (2006) Interpretation of apatite (U-Th)/He ages and fission track ages from cratons. Earth Planet Sci Lett 244: 541-547.
34. Green PF, Duddy IR, Gleadow AJW, Tingate PR, Laslett GM (1986) Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite, 1. A qualitative description. Chem Geol 59: 237-253.
35. Green PF, Duddy IR, Lastett GM (1989) Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite, 4. quantitative modelling techniques and extension to geological timescales. Chem Geol 79: 155-182.
36. Gu JY (1996) The sedimentary sequence characteristics and evolution of Tarim basin. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing.
37. Guan SW, Li BL, He DF, Wang X, Suppe J, Lei GL (2007) Late Cenozoic active fold-and-thrust belts in the Southern and Northern Flanks of Tianshan. Acta Geol Sinica 81: 725-743 (in Chinese with English abstract).
38. Guo ZJ, Zhang ZC, Liao GH, Fang SH (2002) Uplifting process of eastern Tianshan mountains: evidence from fission-track age its tectonic significance. Xinjiang Geol 20: 331-334 (in Chinese).
39. Guo ZJ, Zhang ZC, Wu CD, Fang SH, Zhang R (2006) The Mesozoic and Cenozoic exhumation history of Tianshan and comparative studies to the Junggar and Altai Mountains. Acta Geol Sinica 80: 1-15 (in Chinese).
40. Hansen K, Reiners PW (2006) Low temperature thermochronology of the southern East Greenland continental margin: evidence from apatite (U-Th)/He and fission track analysis and implications for intermethod calibration. Lithos 92: 117-136.
41. Haughton PDW, Todd SP, Morton AC (1991) Sedimentary provenance studies. Geol Soc Lond, Special Publications 57: 1-11.
42. He DF, Jia CZ, Li DS, Zhang CJ, Meng QR, Shi X (2005) Formation and evolution of Polycyclic superimposed Tarim basin. Oil Gas Geol 26: 64-77 (in Chinese with English abstract).
43. Hendrix MS (2000) Evolution of Mesozoic sandstone compositions, southern Junggar, northern Tarim, and western Turpan basins, northwest China: a detrital record of the ancestral Tian Shan. J Sediment Res 70: 520-532.
44. Hendrix MS, Dumitru TA, Graham SA (1994) Late oligocene-early Miocene unroofing in the Chinese Tianshan: an early effect of the India-Asia collision. Geology 22: 487-490.
45. House MA, Farley KA, Kohn BP (1999) An empirical test of helium diffusion in apatite: borehole data from the Otway basin, Australia. Earth Planet Sci Lett 170: 463-474.
46. House MA, Farley KA, Stockli D (2000) Helium chronometry of apatite and titanite using Nd-YAG laser heating. Earth Planet Sci Lett 183: 365-368.
47. House MA, Kohn BP, Farley KA, Raza A (2002) Evaluating thermal history models for the Otway basin, southeastern Australia, using (U-Th)/He and fission track data from borehole apatites. Tectonophysics 349: 277-295.
48. Huang BC, Piper JDA, Peng ST, Liu T, Li Z, Wang QC, Zhu RX (2006) Magnetostratigraphic study of the Kuche Depression, Tarim basin, and Cenozoic uplift of the Tian Shan range, Western China. Earth Planet Sci Lett 251: 346-364.
49. Jia CZ, Li QM (2008) Petroleum geology of Kela-2, the most productive gas field in China. Marine Petrol Geol 25: 335-343.
50. Jia CZ, Wei GQ, Yao HJ, Li LC (1995) Tectonic evolution and regional structural geology of Tarim basin. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing.
51. Jia CZ, Zhang SB, Wu SZ (2004) Stratigraphy of the Tarim basin and the adjacent areas. Science Press, Beijing.
52. Kröner A, Windley BF, Badarch G, Tomurtogoo O, Hegner E, Jahn BM et al (2007) Accretionary growth and crust formation in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and comparison with the Arabian-Nubian shield. In: Hatcher RD, Carlson MP, McBride JH, Marti{dotless}nez Catalan JR (eds) 4-D Framework of continental crust. Geol Soc Am Mem 200: 181-209.
53. Laslett GM, Kendall WS, Gleadow AJW (1982) Bias in measurement of fission track length distribution. Nucl Tracks 6: 79-85.
54. Laslett GM, Green PF, Duddy IR, Gleadow AJW (1987) Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite, 2. A quantitative analysis. Chem Geol 65: 1-13.
55. Laurent-Charvet S, Charvet J, Monié P, Shu LS (2003) Late Paleozoic strike-slip shear zones in eastern Central Asia (NW China): new structural and geochronological data. Tectonics 22: 1099-1101.
56. Li YJ, Song WJ, Mai GR, Zhou LX, Hu JF, Shang XL (2001) Characteristics of Kuqa and Northern Tarim foreland basins and their coupling relation to south Tianshan orogen. Xinjiang Petrol Geol 22: 376-383 (in Chinese with English abstract).
57. Li Z, Wang QC, Wang DX, Lin W (2003) Depositional record constraints on Late Cenozoic Uplift of Tianshan and Tectonic transformation in Kuqa Depression, West China. Acta Sedimentol Sin 21: 38-45 (in Chinese with English abstract).
58. Li Z, Song WJ, Peng ST, Wang DX, Zhang ZP (2004) Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic relationships between the Kuqa subbasin and Tian Shan, northwest China: constraints from depositional records. Sediment Geol 172: 223-249.
59. Li JY, Wang KZ, Li YP, Sun GH, Chu CH, Li LQ, Zhu ZX (2006a) Geomorphological features, crustal composition and geological evolution of the Tianshan Mountains. Geol Bull China 25: 895-909 (in Chinese).
60. Li SJ, Shi YH, Wang QC (2006b) The analysis of detrital heavy minerals in Cretaceous- Tertiary sandstones, Kuqa Depression and their implications for Provenance. Acta Sedimentol Sin 24: 28-35 (in Chinese with English abstract).
61. Li QG, Liu SW, Wang ZQ, Yan QR, Guo ZJ, Zhang ZH, Zheng HF, Jiang CF, Wang T, Chu ZY (2007a) Geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of the Proterozoic granitoid gneisses from the eastern segment of the Central Tianshan tectonic zone, northwestern China. Geol Mag 144: 305-317.
62. Li SJ, Shi YH, Wang QC, Li Z (2007b) Changes of detrital heavy minerals' composition in the Kuqa depression from Cretaceous. Chin J Geol 42: 709-721 (in Chinese with English abstract).
63. Li YJ, Yang HJ, Zhao Y, Luo JC, Zheng DM, Liu YL (2009) Tectonic framework and evolution of south Tianshan, NW China. Geotectonica et Metallogenia 33: 94-104 (in Chinese with English abstract).
64. Li MJ, Wang TG, Chen JF, He FQ, Yun L, Akbar S, Zhang WB (2010) Paleo-heat flow evolution of the Tabei Uplift in Tarim basin, northwest China. J Asian Earth Sci 37: 52-66.
65. Lin W, Faure M, Shi YH, Wang QC, Li Z (2009) Palaeozoic tectonics of the south-western Chinese Tianshan: new insights from a structural study of the high-pressure/low-temperature metamorphic belt. Int J Earth Sci 98: 1259-1274.
66. Link PK, Mahoney JB, Fanning CM (2005) Isotopic determination of sediment provenance: Techniques and applications. Sed Geol 182: 1-2.
67. Lippolt HJ, Leitz M, Wernicke RS, Hagedorn B (1994) (U + Th)/He dating of apatite: experience with samples from different geochemical environments. Chem Geol 112: 179-191.
68. Liu XF, Peng DT, Liu SP, Zhong GF, Wan LG, Shi WD (1996) Structural framework and origin of the Northern Tarim uplift. J Jianghan Petrol Inst 18: 26-30 (in Chinese).
69. Liu YQ, Wang ZX, Jin XC, Li T, Li Y (2004) Evolution, chronology and depositional effect of uplifting in the eastern sector of the Tianshan Mountains. Acta Geol Sinica 78: 319-330.
70. Lorencak M, Kohn BP, Osadetz KG, Gleadow AJW (2004) Combined apatite fission track and (U-Th)/He thermochronometry in a slowly cooled terrane: results from a 3440 m deep drill hole in the southern Canadian Shield. Earth Planet Sci Lett 227: 87-104.
71. Lu HF, Wang SL, Jia CZ (2007) The Mechanism of the southern Junggar Cenozoic thrusts. Earth Sci Front 14: 168-174 (in Chinese with English abstract).
72. Ma Q, Shu LS, Zhu WB (2006) Mesozoic-Cenozoic burial, uplift and exhumation: a profile along the Urumqi-Korla highway in the Tianshan Mountains. Xinjiang Geol 24: 99-104 (in Chinese).
73. Mao QG, Xiao WJ, Han CM, Sun M, Yuan C, Yan Z, Li JL, Yong Y, Zhang JE (2006) Zircon U-Pb age and the geochemistry of the Baishiquan mafic-ultramafic complex in the Eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang province; constraints on the closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. Acta Petrologica Sinica 22(1): 153-162.
74. Molnar P, Tapponnier P (1975) Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: effects of a continental collision. Science 189: 419-426.
75. Qiu NS, Reiners PW, Mei QH, Jiang G, Nicolescu S, Tao C (2009) Application of the (U-Th)/He thermochronometry to the tectono-thermal evolution of sedimentary basin-A case history of Well KQ1 in the Tarim basin. Chin J Geophys 52: 1825-1835.
76. Qiu NS, Wang JY, Mei QH, Jiang G, Tao C (2010) Constraints of (U-Th)/He ages on early Palaeozoic tectonothermal evolution of the Tarim basin. China Sci China (D) 53: 964-976.
77. Rahl JM, Ehlers TA, Vander PBA (2007) Quantifying transient erosion of orogens with detrital thermochronology from syntectonic basin deposits. Earth Planet Sci Lett 256: 147-161.
78. Reiners PW (2005) Zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronometry. Rev Mineral Geochem 58: 151-179.
79. Reiners PW, Farley KA (1999) Helium diffusion and (U-Th)/He thermochronometry of titanite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63: 2859-3845.
80. Reiners PW, Farley KA, Hickes HJ (2002) He diffusion and (U-Th)/He thermochronometry of zircon: initial results from fish Canyon Tuff and Gold Butte. Tectonophysics 349: 297-308.
81. Reiners PW, Zhou ZY, Ehlers TA, Xu CH, Brandon MT, Donelick RA, Nicolescu S (2003) Post-orogenic evolution of the Dabie Shan, Eastern China, from (U Th)/He and fission track thermochronology. Am J Sci 303: 489-518.
82. Reiners PW, Campbell IH, Nicolescu S, Allen CM, Hourigan JK, Garver JI, Mattinson JM, Cowan DS (2005) (U-Th)/(He-Pb) double dating of detrital zircons. Am J Sci 305: 259-311.
83. Ren ZL, Wang QC (2007) Mesozoic and Cenozoic uplifting history of the Tianshan region: insight from apatite fission track. Acta Geol Sinica 81: 1081-1101 (in Chinese with English abstract).
84. Ren ZL, Xiao H, Han W, Liang Y, Qing Y, Teng ZH, Shi Z (2009) Research on basin-mountain tectonic-thermal history of Kongquehe slope and Kuruketag uplift. J Northwest Univ (Natural Science Edition) 39: 510-516 (in Chinese with English abstract).
85. Sclater JG, Christie PAF (1980) Continental stretching: an explanation of the post-mid-cretaceous subsidence of the central North Sea basin. J Geophys Res 85: 3711-3739.
86. Shuster DL, Farley KA (2009) The influence of artificial radiation damage and thermal annealing on helium diffusion kinetics in apatite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 73: 183-196.
87. Shuster DL, Flowers RM, Farley KA (2006) The influence of natural radiation damage on helium diffusion kinetics in apatite. Earth Planet Sci Lett 249: 148-161.
88. Sobel ER, Dumitru TA (1997) Thrusting and exhumation around the margins of the western Tarim basin during the India-Asia collision. J Geophys Res 102: 5043-5063.
89. Sobel ER, Chen J, Heermance RV (2006) Late oligocene-early Miocene initiation of shortening in the southwestern Chinese Tianshan: implications for Neogene shortening rate variations. Earth Planet Sci Lett 247: 70-81.
90. Stock GM, Ehlers TA, Farley KA (2006) Where does sediment come from? Quantifying catchment erosion with detrital apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry. Geology 34: 725-728.
91. Sun JM, Zhang ZQ (2009) Syntectonic growth strata and implications for late Cenozoic tectonic uplift in the northern Tian Shan, China. Tectonophysics 463: 60-68.
92. Sun JM, Zhu RX, Bowler J (2004) Timing of the Tianshan Mountains uplift constrained by magnetostratigraphic analysis of molasse deposits. Earth Planet Sci Lett 219: 239-253.
93. Takahiro T, O'Sullivan PB (2005) Fundamentals of fission-track thermochronology. Rev Mineral Geochem 58: 19-47.
94. Tian ZJ (2006) Coupling relation between Tabei Foreland basin and Nantianshan Orogenic Belt and their oil-gas distribution feature. China Petrol Explor 4: 16-20 (in Chinese).
95. Wang QC, Li Z (2007) The Kuqa-South Tianshan basin-Mountain system and its hydrocarbon. Science Press (in Chinese).
96. Wang YB, Wang Y, Liu X, Fu DR, Wang J, Wang SC (2001) Apatite fission-track records of Mesozoic and Cenozoic episodic reactivation of the Tianshan and West Kunlun Mountains. Reg Geol China 20: 94-99 (in Chinese with English abstract).
97. Wang LS, Li C, Liu SW, Li H, Xu MJ, Wang Q, Ge R, Jia CZ, Wei GQ (2003) Geotemperature gradient distribution of Kuqa foreland basin, north of Tarim, China. Chin J Geophys 46: 403-407.
98. Wang QC, Zhang ZP, Lin W (2004) Late Tertiary faults and their paleostress along the boundary between the Kuqa Basin and the Tianshan Mountains. Chin Sci Bull 49: 374-381.
99. Wang ZX, Li T, Zhang J, Liu YQ, Ma ZJ (2008) The uplifting process of the Bogda Mountain during the Cenozoic and its tectonic implication. Science in China Series D Earth Sci 51: 579-593.
100. Wang B, Cluzel D, Shu LS, Faure M, Charvet J, Chen Y, Meffre S, de Jong K (2009a) Evolution of calc-alkaline to alkaline magmatism through Carboniferous convergence to Permian transcurrent tectonics, western Chinese Tianshan. Int J Earth Sci 98: 1275-1298.
101. Wang QC, Li SJ, Du ZL (2009b) Differential uplift of the Chinese Tianshan since the Cretaceous: constraints from sedimentary petrography and apatite fission-track dating. Int J Earth Sci 98: 1341-1363.
102. Wang B, Faure M, Shu LS, de Jong K, Charvet J, Cluzel D, Jahn BM, Chen Y, Ruffet G (2010) Structural and geochronological study of high-pressure metamorphic rocks in the Kekesu section (Northwestern China): implications for the late Palaeozoic tectonics of the Southern Tianshan. J Geol 118(1): 59-77.
103. Warnock AC, Zeitler PK, Wolf RA, Bergman SC (1997) An evaluation of low-temperature apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61: 5371-5377.
104. Windley BF, Allen MB, Zhang C, Zhao ZY, Wang GR (1990) Palaeozoic accretion and Cenozoic redeformation of the Chinese Tien Shan range, Central Asia. Geology 18: 128-131.
105. Windley BF, Alexeiev D, Xiao WJ, Kröner A, Badarch G (2007) Tectonic models for accretion of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. J Geol Soc Lond 164: 31-47.
106. Wolf RA, Farley KA, Silver LT (1996) Helium diffusion and low-temperature thermochronometry of apatite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60: 4231-4240.
107. Wolf RA, Farley KA, Kass DM (1998) Modeling of the temperature sensitivity of the apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometer. Chem Geol 148: 105-114.
108. Wu SM, Lu HF, Ma RS, Jia D, Cai DS (1995) Classification of tectonic facies and their evolutionary features in the west Tianshan Mountains. Reg Geol China 2: 149-156 (in Chinese).
109. Wu CD, Lin CS, Shen YP, Feng X (2005) Composition of sandstone and heavy minerals implies the provenance of Kuqa Depression in Jurassic, Tarim basin, China. Prog Nat Sci 15: 633-640.
110. Xiao WJ, Zhang LC, Qin KZ, Sun S, Li JL (2004) Paleozoic accretionary and collisional tectonics of the Eastern Tianshan (China): Implications for the continental growth of Central Asia. Am J Sci 304(4): 370-395.
111. Xiao H, Ren ZL, Cui JP, Liao Y, Han W (2008) Relations between geothermal history and hydrocarbon generation in Kongquehe Area. J Northwest Univ 38: 631-636 (in Chinese).
112. Xiao WJ, Kröner A, Windley BF (2009a) Geodynamic evolution of Central Asia in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. Int J Earth Sci 98: 1185-1188.
113. Xiao WJ, Windley BF, Huang BC et al (2009b) End-Permian to mid-Triassic termination of the accretionary processes of the southern Altaids: implications for the geodynamic evolution, Phanerozoic continental growth, and metallogeny of Central Asia. Int J Earth Sci 98: 1189-1217.
114. Yang G, Qian XL (1995) Mesozoic-Cenozoic uplift of Tianshan intraplate orogenic belt: evidence from zircon and apatite fission track dating. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium 31(4): 473-478.
115. Yang SH, Zhou MF (2009) Geochemistry of the ~430 Ma Jingbulake mafic-ultramafic intrusion in Western Xinjiang, NW China: Implications for subduction related magmatism in the South Tianshan orogenic belt. Lithos 113: 259-273.
116. Yang SF, Chen HL, Cheng XG, Xiao AC, Zhou YZ, Lu HF, Jia CZ, Wei GQ (2003) Cenozoic Uplifting and Unroofing of Southern Tianshan, China. J Nanjing Univ (Natural Sciences) 39: 1-8 (in Chinese with English abstract).
117. Yao ZG, Zhou LF, Gao P, Gao S, She G (2010) Meso-Cenozoic uplift and exhumation history in the North Tianshan Mountains. J China Univ Min Technol 39: 121-126 (in Chinese with English abstract).
118. Zeitler PK, Herczeg AL, McDougall I, Honda M (1987) U-Th-He dating of apatite: a potential thermochronometer. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 51: 2865-2868.
119. Zhang PZ, Deng QD, Yang XP, Peng SZ, Xu XW (1996) Late Cenozoic tectonic deformation and mechanism along Tianshan Mountain, Northwestern China. Earthq Res China 12: 127-140 (in Chinese).
120. Zhang C, Zheng DM, Li JH (2001a) Attribute of Paleozoic structures and its evolution characteristics in Kalpin fault-uplift. Oil Gas Geol 22: 314-318 (in Chinese with English abstract).
121. Zhang SC, Zhang BM, Wang FY, Liang DG, He ZH, Zhao MJ, Bian LZ (2001b) The two sets of marine source rocks in Tarim basin: their characteristics of organic matter, depositional environment and controlling factors (in Chinese). Nat Sci Prog 11: 261-268.
122. Zhang GY, Zhao WZ, Wang HJ, Li HH, Liu L (2007) Multicycle tectonic evolution and composite petroleum systems in the Tarim basin. Oil Gas Geol 28: 653-663 (in Chinese with English abstract).
123. Zhang ZY, Zhu WB, Shu LS, Wan JL, Yang W, Su JB, Zheng BH (2009) Apatite fission track thermochronology of the Precambrian Aksu blueschist, NW China: Implications for thermo-tectonic evolution of the north Tarim basement. Gondwana Res 16: 182-188.
124. Zhang ZY, Zhu WB, Shu LS, Wan JL, Yang W, Zheng BH, Su JB (2011) Multi-stage exhumation of the NE Tarim Precambrian bedrock, NW China: constraints from apatite fission track thermochronology in the Kuluketage area. Terra Nova 23: 324-332.
125. Zhu WB, Wan JL, Shu LS, Sun Y, Wang F (2005) Mesozoic-Cenozoic thermal history of Turpan-Hami basin: apatite fission track constrains. Prog Nat Sci 15: 331-336.
126. Zhu WB, Shu LS, Wan JL, Sun Y, Wang F, Zhao ZY (2006) Fission-track evidence for the exhumation history of Bogda-Harlik Mountains, Xinjiang since the Cretaceous. Acta Geol Sinica 80: 16-22.
127. Zhu WB, Zhang ZY, Shu LS, Wan JL, Lu HF, Wang SL, Yang W, Su JB (2010) Thermotectonic evolution of Precambrian basement rocks of the Kuruktag uplift, NE Tarim craton, China: evidence from apatite fission-track data. Int Geol Rev 52: 941-954.