Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the Tianshan belt, NW China

Science China Earth Sciences

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 166-184

  Charvet, Jacques ^a   Shu, LiangShu ^b   Laurent Charvet, Sébastien ^c   Wang, Bo ^b   Faure, Michel ^a   Cluzel, Dominique ^d   Chen, Yan ^a   de Jong, Koen ^e  

^a UNIVERSITÉ D'ORLÉANS   (France)

^b NANJING UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c INSTITUT POLYTECHNIQUE LASALLE BEAUVAIS   (France)

^d UNIVERSITÉ DE LA NOUVELLE CALÉDONIE   (New Caledonia)

^e Seoul National University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

NW China; Paleozoic accretion; tectonics; Tianshan

Indexed keywords

ACTIVE MARGINS; BACK-ARC BASIN; CENTRAL ASIA; CENTRAL ASIAN OROGENIC BELT; DEVONIANS; KAZAKHSTAN; KYRGYZSTAN; LATE DEVONIAN; NW CHINA; ORDOVICIAN; OROGENIC BELTS; PALAEOZOIC; PALEOZOIC; PERMIAN; SHEAR ZONE; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; TIANSHAN; TWO STAGE;

METALS; METAMORPHIC ROCKS;

TECTONICS;

ACCRETION; BACKARC BASIN; BASIN EVOLUTION; CONTINENTAL COLLISION; EMPLACEMENT; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; METAMORPHIC ROCK; OPHIOLITE; OROGENIC BELT; PALEOZOIC; PLATE CONVERGENCE; SHEAR ZONE; SUBDUCTION ZONE; SUTURE ZONE; TECTONIC EVOLUTION;

CENTRAL ASIA; TIEN SHAN;

EID: 79551699995     PISSN: 16747313     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11430-010-4138-1     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Sengör A M C, Natal'in B A, Burtman V S. Evolution of the Altaid tectonic collage and Paleozoic crust growth in Eurasia. Nature, 1993, 364: 299-307.
2. Natal'in B A, Sengör A M C. Late Palaeozoic to Triassic evolution of the Turan and Scythian platforms: The pre-history of the Palaeo-Tethyan closure. Tectonophysics, 2004, 404: 175-202.
3. Xiao W J, Windley B F, Bardach G, et al. Palaezoic accretionary and convergent tectonics of the southern Altaids: Implications for the growth of Central Asia. J Geol Soc London, 2004, 161: 339-342.
4. Windley B F, Alexeiev D, Xiao W J, et al. Tectonic models for accretion of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. J Geol Soc London, 2007, 164: 31-47.
5. Coleman R G. Continental growth of northwest China. Tectonics, 1989, 8: 621-635.
6. Windley B F, Allen M B, Zhang C, et al. Paleozoic accretion and Cenozoic redeformation of the Chinese Tien Shan range, Central Asia. Geology, 1990, 18: 128-131.
7. Allen M B, Windley B F, Zhang C. Paleozoic collisional tectonics and magmatism of the Chinese Tien Shan, Central Asia. Tectonophysics, 1992, 220: 89-115.
8. Berzin N, Coleman R G, Dobretsov N L, et al. Geodynamic map of the western part of the Paleoasian ocean. Russian Geol Geophys, 1994, 35: 5-22.
9. Shu L S, Charvet J, Guo L Z, et al. A large-scale Palaeozoic dextral ductile strike-slip zone: The Aqqikkudug-Weiya zone along the northern margin of the Central Tianshan belt, Xinjiang, NW China. Acta Geol Sin, 1999, 73: 148-162.
10. Shu L S, Charvet J, Lu H F, et al. Paleozoic accretion-collision events and kinematics of ductile deformation in the central-southern Tianshan Belt, China. Acta Geol Sin, 2002, 76: 308-323.
11. Laurent-Charvet S. Accrétions continentales en Asie centro-orientale: évolution géodynamique et structurale du Tianshan et du Junggar oriental (nord-ouest Chine) au Paléozoïque, Ph. D Dissertation, University of Orléans, Orléans, France, 2001. 1-312.
12. Laurent-Charvet S, Charvet J, Shu L S, et al. Palaeozoic late collisional strike-slip deformations in Tianshan and Altay, eastern Xinjiang, NW China. Terra Nova, 2002, 14: 249-256.
13. Laurent-Charvet S, Charvet J, Shu L S. Middle and Late Palaezoic northward deformations in Tianshan (NW China): New structural insights along field cross-sections in South, Central and North Tianshan units. IGCP 480 Meeting, Irkutsk, 25-27 July, 2005. 234-239.
14. Charvet J, Laurent-Charvet S, Shu L S, et al. Paleozoic continental accretions in Central Asia around Junggar Block: New structural and geochronological data. Gondwana Res, 2001, 4: 590-592.
15. Charvet J, Laurent-Charvet S, Shu L S, et al. Paleozoic geodynamic evolution of Tianshan orogenic belt (NW China): Welding of Tarim and Junggar continental blocks. In: Symposium G05-09 Tethys Reconstruction, Abstract, 2004. 155.
16. Charvet J, Shu L S, Laurent-Charvet S. Paleozoic structural and geodynamic evolution of eastern Tianshan (NW China): Welding of the Tarim and Junggar plates. Episodes, 2007, 30: 162-186.
17. Molnar P, Tapponnier P. Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: Effects of a continental collision. Science, 1975, 189: 419-426.
18. Ren J S, Jiang C F, Zhang Z K, et al. Geotectonic evolution of China. Beijing, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg: Science Press, 1987. 1-203.
19. Avouac J P, Tapponnier P. Kinematic model of active deformation in Central Asia. Geophys Res Lett, 1993, 20: 895-898.
20. Hendrix M S, Dumitru T A, Graham S A. Late Oligocene-Early Miocene unroofing in the Chinese Tian Shan: An early effect of the India-Asia collision. Geology, 1994, 22: 487-490.
21. Lu H F, Howell D G, Jia D, et al. Kalpin transpression tectonics, Northwestern Tarim Basin, Western China. Int Geol Rev, 1994, 36: 975-981.
22. Allen M B, Vincent S J, Wheeler P J. Late Cenozoic tectonics of the Kepingtage thrust zone: Interactions of the Tien Shan and Tarim Basin, northwest China. Tectonics, 1999, 18: 639-654.
23. Burchfiel B C, Brown E T, Deng Q D, et al. Crustal shortening on the Margins of the Tien Shan, Xinjiang, China. Int Geol Rev, 1999, 41: 665-700.
24. Poupinet G, Avouac J P, Jiang M, et al. Intracontinental subduction and Palaeozoic inheritance of the lithosphere suggested by a teleseismic experiment across the Chinese Tien Shan. Terra Nova, 2002, 14: 18-24.
25. Wang C Y, Yang Z E, Luo H, et al. Crustal structure of the northern margin of the eastern Tien Shan, China, and its tectonic implications for the 1906 ~M7. 7 Manas earthquake. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2004, 223: 187-202.
26. Wang B. Evolution géodynamique du Bloc de Yili (nord-ouest Chine) au Paléozoïque. PhD Dissertation. Universities of Nanjing and Orléans, 2006. 1-231.
27. Wang B, Faure M, Cluzel D, et al. Late Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the northern West Chinese Tianshan Belt. Geodin Acta, 2006, 19: 237-247.
28. Wang B, Shu L S, Faure M, et al. Geochemical constraints on Carboniferous volcanic rocks of Yili Block (Xinjiang, NW China): Implications on tectonic evolution of Western Tianshan. J Asian Earth Sci, 2007, 29: 148-159.
29. Wang B, Shu L S, Faure M, et al. Paleozoic tectonism and magmatism of Kekesu-Qionkushitai section in southwestern Chinese Tianshan and their constraints on the age of the orogeny. Acta Petrol Sin, 2007, 23: 1354-1368.
30. Wang B, Shu L S, Cluzel D, et al. Geochronological and geochemical studies on the Borohoro plutons, north of Yili, NW Tianshan and their tectonic implication. Acta Petrol Sin, 2007, 23: 1885-1900.
31. Wang B, Faure M, Shu L S, et al. Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Yili Block, Western Chinese, Tianshan. Bull Soc Géol France, 2008, 179: 483-490.
32. 39Ar age constraints on Late Palaezoic tectonic evolution of the western Tianshan (Xinjiang, northwestern China), with emphasis on Permian fluid ingress. Int J Earth Sci, 2008, doi: 10. 1007/s00531-008-0338-8.
33. Lin W, Faure M, Shi Y H, et al. Palaeozoic tectonics of the south-western Chinese Tianshan: New insights from a structural study of the high-pressure/low temperature metamorphic belt. Int J Earth Sci, 2008, doi: 10. 1007/s00531-008-0371-7.
34. Gao J, Long L L, Klemd R, et al. Tectonic evolution of the South Tianshan orogen and adjacent regions, NW China: Geochemical and age constraints of granitoid rocks. Int J Earth Sci, 2009, 98: 1221-1238.
35. Laurent-Charvet S, Charvet J, Monié P, et al. Late Paleozoic strike-slip shear zones in eastern Central Asia (NW China): New structural and geochronological data. Tectonics, 2003, 22: 1099-1101.
36. Gao J, Li M S, Xiao X C, et al. Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Tianshan orogen, northwestern China. Tectonophysics, 1998, 287: 213-231.
37. Xiao W J, Zhang L C, Qin K Z, et al. Paleozoic accretionary and collisional tectonics of the eastern Tianshan (China): Implications for the continental growth of Central Asia. Am J Sci, 2004, 304: 370-395.
38. Zhang L F, Ai Y L, Li X P, et al. Triassic collision of western Tian-shan orogenic belt, China: Evidence from SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircon from HP/UHP eclogitic rocks. Lithos, 2007, 96: 266-280.
39. Zhu Y F, Zhang L F, Gu L B, et al. The zircon SHRIMP chronology and trace element geochemistry of the Carboniferous volcanic rocks in western Tianshan Mountains. Chin Sci Bull, 2005, 50: 2201-2212.
40. Zhai W, Sun X M, Gao J, et al. SHRIMP dating of zircons from volcanic host rocks of Dahalajunshan Formation in Axi gold deposit, Xinjiang, China, and its geological implications (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrol Sin, 2006, 22: 1399-1404.
41. Xinjiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources. Regional Geology of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (in Chinese with English abstract). Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1993. 1-841.
42. Chen C M, Lu H F, Jia D, et al. Closing history of the southern Tianshan oceanic basin, western China: An oblique collisional orogeny. Tectonophysics, 1999, 302: 23-40.
43. Carroll A R. Late Palaeozoic tectonics, sedimentation, petroleum potential of the Junggar and Tarim Basins, Northwest China. PhD Dissertation. Stanford: Stanford University, 1991. 1-405.
44. Xiao X C, Tang Y Q, Feng Y M, et al. Tectonic Evolution of the Northern Xinjiang and Its Adjacent Regions. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1992. 1-190.
45. Xu X Y, Ma Z P, Xia L Q, et al. SHRIMP dating of plagiogranite from Bayingou ophiolite in the northern Tianshan Mountains (in Chinese with English abstract). Geol Rev, 2005, 51: 523-527.
46. Xu X Y, Li X M, Ma Z P, et al. LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb dating of gabbro from the Bayingou Ophiolite in the northern Tianshan Mountains (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Geol Sin, 2006, 80: 1168-1176.
47. Xia L Q, Xu X Y, Xia Z C, et al. Petrogenesis of Carboniferous rift-related volcanic rocks in the Tianshan, northwestern China. Geol Soc Am Bull, 2004, 116: 419-433.
48. Shu L S, Chen Y T, Lu H F, et al. Paleozoic accretionary terranes in Northern Tianshan, NW China. Chin J Geochem, 2000, 19: 193-202.
49. Wartes M A, Carroll A R, Greene T J. Permian sedimentary record of the Turpan-Hami basin and adjacent regions, Northwest China: Constraints on postamalgamation tectonic evolution. Geol Soc Am Bull, 2002, 114: 131-152.
50. Hu A Q, Zhang G X, Zhang Q F, et al. Constraints on the age of basement and crustal growth in Tianshan orogen by Nd isotope composition. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 1998, 41: 648-657.
51. Hu A Q, Jahn B M, Zhang G X, et al. Crustal evolution and Phanerozoic crustal growth in northern Xinjiang: Nd isotopic evidence. Part I. Isotopic characterization of basement rocks. Tectonophysics, 2000, 328: 15-51.
52. Liu S W, Guo Z J, Zhang Z C, et al. Nature of the Precambrian metamorphic blocks in the eastern segment of Central Tianshan: Constraints from geochronology and Nd isotopic geochemistry. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 2004, 47: 1085-1094.
53. Zhu Y F, Song B. Petrology and SHRIMP chronology of mylonitized Tianger granite, Xinjiang: Also about the dating on hydrothermal zircon rim in granite (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrol Sin, 2006, 22: 135-144.
54. Li Q G, Liu S W, Wang Z Q, et al. Geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of the Proterozoic granitoid gneisses from the eastern segment of the Central Tianshan tectonic zone, northwestern China. Geol Mag, 2007, 144: 305-317.
55. 39Ar geochronology. J Str Geol, 2007, 29: 1605-1621.
56. Li Q G, Liu S W, Wang Z Q, et al. Electron microprobe monazite geochronological constraints on the Late Palaeozoic tectonothermal evolution in the Chinese Tianshan. J Geol Soc, 2008, 165: 511-522.
57. Xu X Y, Ma Z P, Xia Z C, et al. TIMS U-Pb isotopic dating and geochemical characteristics of Paleozoic granitic rocks from the middle-western section of Tianshan, Northwestern China (in Chinese with English abstract). Geology, 2006, 39: 50-75.
58. Yang T N, Li J Y, Sun G H, et al. Earlier Devonian active continental arc in Central Tianshan: Evidence of geochemical analyses and zircon SHRIMP dating on mylonitized granitic rocks (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrol Sin, 2006, 22: 41-48.
59. Shi Y R, Liu D Y, Zhang Q, et al. SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of the Gangou granitoids, Central Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China and tectonic significances. Chin Sci Bull, 2007, 52: 1507-1516.
60. Carroll A R, Graham S A, Hendrix M S, et al. Late Paleozoic tectonic amalgamation of NW China: Sedimentary records of the north northern Tarim, northwestern Turpan, and southern Junggar basins. Geol Soc Am Bull, 1995, 107: 571-594.
61. Che Z C, Jiang K Y, Liu H F, et al. The establishment and geological significance of the Mid-Tianshan tectogenesis (in Chinese with English abstract). Geosci Xinjiang, 1993, 4: 51-58.
62. Guo J, Shu L S, Charvet J, et al. Geochemical features of the two Early Paleozoic ophiolitic zones and volcanic rocks in the Central-Southern Tianshan Region, Xinjiang. Chin J Geochem, 2002, 21: 308-321.
63. Shu L S, Yu J H, Charvet J, et al. Geological, geochronological and geochemical features of granulites in the Eastern Tianshan, NW China. J Asian Earth Sci, 2004, 24: 25-41.
64. Ma R S, Wang C Y, Ye S F. Tectonic Framework and Crustal Evolution of Eastern Tianshan Mountains (in Chinese). Nanjing: Publishing House of Nanjing University, 1993. 1-225.
65. Gao J, He G Q, Li M S, et al. The mineralogy, petrology, metamorphic PTDt trajectory and exhumation mechanism of blueschists, south Tianshan, northwestern China. Tectonophysics, 1995, 250: 151-168.
66. 39Ar age record of formation and uplift of the blueschists eclogites in the western Tianshan Mountains. Chin Sci Bull, 2000, 45: 1047-1051.
67. Gao J, Klemd R. Formation of HP-LT rocks and their tectonic implications in the western Tianshan Orogen, NW China: Geochemical and age constraints. Lithos, 2003, 66: 1-22.
68. Klemd R, Bröcker M, Hacker B R, et al. New age constraints on the metamorphic evolution of the highpressure/low-temperature belt in the western Tianshan mountains, NW China. J Geol, 2005. 113: 157-168.
69. Zhu B Q, Feng Y M, Yang J L, et al. Discovery of ophiolitic mélange and Silurian foreland basin at Gangou of Tokxun, Xinjiang and their tectonic significance (in Chinese with English abstract). Xinjiang Geol, 2002, 20: 326-330.
70. Wang B Y, Lang Z, Li X, et al. Comprehensive survey of geological sections in the west Tianshan of Xinjiang, China. Beijing: Science Press, 1994. 1-202.
71. Liu B, Qian Y. The geological characteristics and fluid evolution in the three high-pressure metamorphic belts of eastern Tianshan (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Geol Petrol, 2003, 19: 283-296.
72. Wang J L, Wang R S, Zhou D W, et al. Variscan terrane of deep-crustal granulite facies in Yushugou area, southern Tianshan. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 1999, 42: 482-490.
73. Liu Y, Hao S G. Evolutionary significance of Pylentonemid Radiolarians and their Late Devonian species from southwestern Tianshan, China. Acta Geol Sin, 2006, 80: 647-655.
74. Shu L S, Wang B, Zhu W B. Age and tectonic significance of radiolarian fossils from the Heiyingshan ophiolitic melange, southern Tianshan belt, NW China (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Geol Sin, 2007, 81: 1-8.
75. Zhou D W, Su L, Jian P, et al. Zircon U-Pb SHRIMP ages of Yushugou ophiolitic terrane in Southern Tianshan and their tectonic implications. Chin Sci Bull, 2004, 49: 1415-1419.
76. Dong Y P, Zhou D W, Zhang C L, et al. Tectonic setting of the Wuwamen ophiolite at the southern margin of Middle Tianshan Belt (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrol Sin, 2005, 21: 37-44.
77. Jiang C Y, Mu Y M, Zhao X N, et al. Petrology and geochemistry of the intrusion belt along the northern active margin of the Tarim Plate (in Chinese with English abstract). Reg Geol China, 2001, 20: 158-163.
78. Zhu Z X. The geological components and tectonic evolution of South Tianshan, Xinjiang. PhD Dissertation. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 2007. 1-210.
79. Hu A Q, Zhang G X, Zhang Q F. The basement age of Tianshan belt and the Nd isotopic constraining on crustal accretion. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 1999, 20: 104-112.
80. Han B F, He G Q, Li H M. Zircon U-Pb dating and geochemical features of Early Paleozoic granites from Tianshan, Xinjiang: Implications for tectonic evolution (in Chinese with English abstract). Xinjiang Geol, 2004, 22: 4-11.
81. Rong J Y, Chen X, Su Y Z, et al. Silurian paleogeography of China. New York State Museum Bull, 2003, 493: 243-298.
82. Chen Y B, Hu A Q, Zhang G X, et al. Precambrian basement age and characteristics of Southwestern Tianshan: Zircon U-Pb geochronology and Nd-Sr isotopic composition (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrol Sin, 2000, 16: 91-98.
83. Chen Y B, Hu A Q, Zhang G X, et al. Zircon U-Pb age of granitic gneiss in Duku highway in western Tianshan of China and its geologic implications. Chin Sci Bull, 2000, 45: 649-653.
84. Long L L, Gao J, Xiong X M, et al. The geochemical characteristics and the age of the Kule lake ophiolite in the southern Tianshan. Acta Petrol Sin, 2006, 22: 65-73.
85. 2O system. J Metamorph Geol, 2003, 21: 163-179.
86. Simonov V A, Sakiev K S, Volkova N I, et al. Conditions of formation of the Atbashi Ridge eclogites. Russian Geol Geophys, 2008, 49: 803-815.
87. Shu L S, Zhu W B, Wang B, et al. The postcollision intracontinental rifting and olistostrome on the southern slope of Bogda Mountains, Xinjiang (in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Petrol Sin, 2005, 21: 25-36.
88. Ji J S, Li H Q, Zhang L C. Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopic ages of magnetite-chlorite formation gold deposit in the volcanic rock area of Late Paleozoic Era, East Tianshan. Chin Sci Bull, 1999, 44: 1801-1804.
89. Zhou J Y, Cui B F, Xiao H L, et al. The Kangguertag-Huangshan collision zone of bilateral subduction and its metallogenic model and prognosis in Xinjiang, China (in Chinese with English abstract). Volcanol Min Resour, 2001, 22: 252-263.
90. Gu L X, Zhu J L, Guo J C, et al. Geology and Genesis of the Mafic-Ultramafic complexes in the Huangshan-Jingerquan (HJ) Belt, East Xinjiang. Chin J Geochem, 1995, 14: 97-116.
91. Qin K Z, Sun S, Li J L, et al. Paleozoic epithermal Au and Cu deposits in North Xinjiang, China: Epochs, features, tectonic linkage and exploration significance. Resour Geol, 2002, 52: 291-300.
92. Li J Y, Xiao W J, Wang K Z, et al. Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic tectonostratigraphic framework of Eastern Xinjiang, NW China. In: Mao J W, Goldfarb R, Seltmann R, et al, eds. Tectonic Evolution and Metallogeny of the Chinese Altay and Tianshan. London: Natural History Museum, 2003. 31-74.
93. Wang B, Cluzel D, Shu L S, et al. Evolution of calc-alkaline to alkaline magmatism through Carboniferous convergence to Permian transcurrent tectonics, western Chinese Tianshan. Int J Earth Sci, 2009, 98: 1275-1298.
94. Qian Q, Gao J, Klemd R, et al. Early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Chinese South Tianshan orogen: Constraints from SHRIMP zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of basaltic and dioritic rocks from Xiate, NW China. Int J Earth Sci, 2009, 98: 551-569.
95. Konopelko D, Biske G, Seltmann R, et al. Deciphering Caledonian events: Timing and geochemistry of the Caledonian magmatic arc in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan. J Asian Earth Sci, 2008, 32: 131-141.
96. Mikolaichuk A V, Kotov V V, Kuzikov S I. Structural position of the Malyi Naryn metamorphic complex as related to the problem of the boundary between the North and Median Tien Shan. Geotectonics, 1995, 29: 157-166.
97. Wang B, Chen Y, Zhan S, et al. Primary Carboniferous and Permian paleomagnetic results from the Yili Block (NW China) and their geodynamic implications on the evolution of Chinese Tianshan Belt. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2007, 263: 288-308.
98. Levashova N M, Degtyarev K Y, Bazhenov M L, et al. Middle Paleozoic paleomagnetism or east Kazakhstan: Post-Middle Devonian rotations in a large-scale orocline in the Central Ural-Mongol belt. Tectonophysics, 2003, 377: 249-268.
99. Carroll A R, Liang Y H, Graham S A, et al. Junggar Basin, NW China: trapped Late Paleozoic ocean. Tectonophysics, 1990, 181: 1-14.
100. Zheng J, Sun M, Zhao G C, et al. Elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic geochemistry of Late Paleozoic volcanic rocks beneath the Junggar basin, NW China: Implications for the formation and evolution of the basin basement. J Asian Earth Sci, 2006, 29: 778-794.
101. Zhao J M, Liu G D, Lu Z X, et al. Lithospheric structure and dynamic processes of the Tianshan orogenic belt and the Junggar Basin. Tectonophysics, 2003, 376: 199-239.
102. Teng J W, Zeng R S, Yan Y F, et al. Depth distribution of Moho and tectonic framework in eastern Asian continent and its adjacent ocean areas. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 2003, 46: 428-446.
103. Davies J H, von Blanckenburg F. Slab breakoff: A model of lithosphere detachment and its test in the magmatism and deformation of collisional orogens. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 1995, 129: 85-102.
104. Regard V, Facenna C, Bellier O, et al. Laboratory experiments of slab break-off and dip reversal: Insight into the Alpine Oligocene reorganization. Terra Nova, 2008, 20: 267-273.
105. Feng Y, Coleman, R G, Tilton G, et al. Tectonic evolution of the west Junggar region, Xinjiang, China. Tectonics, 1989, 8: 729-752.
106. van der Voo R, Levashova N M, Skrinnik L I, et al. Late orogenic, large-scale rotations in the Tien Shan and adjacent mobile belts in Kyrgystan and Kazakhstan. Tectonophysics, 2006, 426: 335-360.
107. Abrajevitch A, van der Voo R, Bazhenov M L, et al. The role of the Kazakhstant orocline in the late Paleozoic amalgamation of Eurasia. Tectonophysics, 2008, 455: 61-76.
108. Cocks L R M, Torsvik T H. Siberia, the wandering northern terrane, and its changing geography through the Palaezoic. Earth Sci Rev, 2007, 82: 29-74.
109. Rong J Y, Zhang Z X. A southward extension of the Silurian Tuvaella brachiopod fauna. Lethaia, 1982, 15: 133-147.
110. Li Y J, Sun L D, Wu H R, et al. Permo-Carboniferous radiolaria from the Wupatarkan Group, west terminal of Chinese South Tianshan (in Chinese with English abstract). Chin J Geol, 2005, 40: 220-226.
111. Lomize M G, Demina L I, Zarshchikov A A. The Kyrgyz-Terskei Paleoceanic Basin, Tien Shan. Geodynamics, 1997, 6: 35-55.
112. Zonenshain L P, Kuzmin M I, Natapov L A. Geology of the USSR: A plate-tectonic synthesis. Amer Geophys Union Geody Ser, 1990, 21: 242.
113. Chiaradia M, Konopelko D, Setmann R, et al. Lead isotope variations across terrane boundaries of the Tien Shan and Chinese Altay. Miner Deposita, 2006, 41: 411-728.
114. Mao J W, Konopelko D, Seltmann R, et al. Postcollisional age of the Kumtor gold deposit and timing of Hercynian events in the Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan. Econ Geol, 2004, 99: 1771-1780.
115. Solomovich L I, Trifonov B A. Postcollisional granites in the South Tien Shan Variscan Collisional Belt, Kyrgystan. J Asian Earth Sci, 2002, 21: 7-21.
116. Solomovich L I. Postcollisional magmatism in the South Tien Shan Variscan Orogenic Belt, Kyrgystan: Evidence for high-temperature and high-pressure collision. J Asian Earth Sci, 2007, 30: 142-153.
117. Burtman V S. Structural geology of Variscan Tien Shan, USSR. Amer J Sci, 1975, 275A: 157-186.
118. Filippova I B, Bush V A, Didenko A N. Middle Paleozoic subduction belts: The leading factor in the formation of the Central Asian fold-and-thrust belt. Russian J Earth Sci, 2001, 3: 405-426.
119. Alekseev D V, Aristov V A, Degtyarev K E. The age and tectonic setting of volcanic and cherty sequences in the ophiolite complex of the Atbashe Ridge (Southern Tien Shan). Doklady Earth Sci, 2007, 413: 380-383.
120. Konopelko D, Seltmann R, Biske G, et al. Possible source dichotomy of contemporaneous post-collisional barren I-type versus tinbearing A-type granites, lying on opposite sides of the South Tien Shan suture. Ore Geol Rev, 2009, 35: 206-216.