메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 179-185

Predators usurp prey defenses? Toxicokinetics of tetrodotoxin in common garter snakes after consumption of rough-skinned newts

Author keywords

Coevolution; Sequester; Taricha granulosa; Tetrodotoxin; Thamnophis sirtalis; TTX

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBIA; SALAMANDRIDAE; SERPENTES; TARICHA; TARICHA GRANULOSA; THAMNOPHIS SIRTALIS;

EID: 84865526923     PISSN: 09377409     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00049-011-0093-3     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (17)

References (79)
  • 1
    • 0002787615 scopus 로고
    • Foraging theory and prey-size-predator-size relations in snakes
    • R. A. Seigal and J. T. Collins (Eds.), USA: McGraw-Hill, Inc
    • Arnold SJ (1993) Foraging theory and prey-size-predator-size relations in snakes. In: Seigal RA, Collins JT (eds) Snakes: ecology and behavior. McGraw-Hill, Inc., USA, pp 87-115.
    • (1993) Snakes: Ecology and Behavior , pp. 87-115
    • Arnold, S.J.1
  • 2
    • 0029505109 scopus 로고
    • Natural products of opisthobranch molluscs: a biological review
    • Avila C (1995) Natural products of opisthobranch molluscs: a biological review. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 33: 487-559.
    • (1995) Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev , vol.33 , pp. 487-559
    • Avila, C.1
  • 3
    • 0001556296 scopus 로고
    • Investigations on the skin toxin of the adult rough-skinned newt, Taricha granulosa
    • Brodie ED Jr (1968) Investigations on the skin toxin of the adult rough-skinned newt, Taricha granulosa. Copeia 1968: 307-313.
    • (1968) Copeia , vol.1968 , pp. 307-313
    • Brodie Jr., E.D.1
  • 4
    • 0025595532 scopus 로고
    • Tetrodotoxin resistance in garter snakes: an evolutionary response of predators to dangerous prey
    • Brodie ED III, Brodie ED Jr (1990) Tetrodotoxin resistance in garter snakes: an evolutionary response of predators to dangerous prey. Evolution 44: 651-659.
    • (1990) Evolution , vol.44 , pp. 651-659
    • Brodie III, E.D.1    Brodie Jr., E.D.2
  • 5
    • 0002361263 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary response of predators to dangerous prey-reduction of toxicity of newts and resistance of garter snakes in island populations
    • Brodie ED III, Brodie ED Jr (1991) Evolutionary response of predators to dangerous prey-reduction of toxicity of newts and resistance of garter snakes in island populations. Evolution 45: 221-224.
    • (1991) Evolution , vol.45 , pp. 221-224
    • Brodie III, E.D.1    Brodie Jr., E.D.2
  • 7
    • 0033005785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cost of exploiting poisonous prey: evolutionary tradeoffs in a predator-prey arms race
    • Brodie ED III, Brodie ED Jr (1999b) The cost of exploiting poisonous prey: evolutionary tradeoffs in a predator-prey arms race. Evolution 53: 626-631.
    • (1999) Evolution , vol.53 , pp. 626-631
    • Brodie III, E.D.1    Brodie Jr., E.D.2
  • 8
    • 0026286490 scopus 로고
    • Antipredator skin secretions of some tropical salamanders (Bolitoglossa) are toxic to snake predators
    • Brodie ED Jr, Ducey PK (1991) Antipredator skin secretions of some tropical salamanders (Bolitoglossa) are toxic to snake predators. Biotropica 23: 58-62.
    • (1991) Biotropica , vol.23 , pp. 58-62
    • Brodie Jr., E.D.1    Ducey, P.K.2
  • 9
    • 0036209050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) from the effects of tetrodotoxin
    • Brodie ED III, Brodie ED Jr, Motychak JE (2002a) Recovery of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) from the effects of tetrodotoxin. J Herpetol 36: 95-98.
    • (2002) J Herpetol , vol.36 , pp. 95-98
    • Brodie III, E.D.1    Brodie Jr., E.D.2    Motychak, J.E.3
  • 10
    • 0036807181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolutionary response of predators to dangerous prey: hotspots and coldspots in the geographic mosaic of coevolution between garter snakes and newts
    • Brodie ED Jr, Ridenhour BJ, Brodie ED III (2002b) The evolutionary response of predators to dangerous prey: hotspots and coldspots in the geographic mosaic of coevolution between garter snakes and newts. Evolution 56: 2067-2082.
    • (2002) Evolution , vol.56 , pp. 2067-2082
    • Brodie Jr., E.D.1    Ridenhour, B.J.2    Brodie III, E.D.3
  • 11
    • 18044383170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary response of predators to dangerous prey: parallel arms races between garter snakes and newts involving tetrodotoxin as the phenotypic interface of coevolution
    • Brodie ED III, Feldman CR, Hanifin CT, Motychak JE, Mulcahy DG, Williams BL, Brodie ED Jr (2005) Evolutionary response of predators to dangerous prey: parallel arms races between garter snakes and newts involving tetrodotoxin as the phenotypic interface of coevolution. J Chem Ecol 31: 343-355.
    • (2005) J Chem Ecol , vol.31 , pp. 343-355
    • Brodie III, E.D.1    Feldman, C.R.2    Hanifin, C.T.3    Motychak, J.E.4    Mulcahy, D.G.5    Williams, B.L.6    Brodie Jr., E.D.7
  • 13
    • 0032815048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine opisthobranch molluscs: chemistry and ecology in sacoglossans and dorids
    • Cimino G, Fontana A, Gavagnin M (1999) Marine opisthobranch molluscs: chemistry and ecology in sacoglossans and dorids. Curr Org Chem 3: 327-372.
    • (1999) Curr Org Chem , vol.3 , pp. 327-372
    • Cimino, G.1    Fontana, A.2    Gavagnin, M.3
  • 15
    • 0023612372 scopus 로고
    • Further classification of skin alkaloids from neotropical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), with a general survey of toxic, noxious substances in the amphibia
    • Daly JW, Myers CW, Whittaker N (1987) Further classification of skin alkaloids from neotropical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), with a general survey of toxic, noxious substances in the amphibia. Toxicon 25: 1021-1095.
    • (1987) Toxicon , vol.25 , pp. 1021-1095
    • Daly, J.W.1    Myers, C.W.2    Whittaker, N.3
  • 17
    • 37549006803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escape by inking and secreting: marine molluscs avoid predators through a rich array of chemicals and mechanisms
    • Derby CD (2007) Escape by inking and secreting: marine molluscs avoid predators through a rich array of chemicals and mechanisms. Biol Bull 213: 274-289.
    • (2007) Biol Bull , vol.213 , pp. 274-289
    • Derby, C.D.1
  • 18
    • 8644276301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melyrid beetles (Choresine): a putative source for the batrachotoxin alkaloids found in poison-dart frogs and toxic passerine birds
    • Dumbacher JP, Wako A, Derrickson SR, Samuelson A, Spande TF, Daly JW (2004) Melyrid beetles (Choresine): a putative source for the batrachotoxin alkaloids found in poison-dart frogs and toxic passerine birds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 15857-15860.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.101 , pp. 15857-15860
    • Dumbacher, J.P.1    Wako, A.2    Derrickson, S.R.3    Samuelson, A.4    Spande, T.F.5    Daly, J.W.6
  • 20
    • 69449100456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolutionary origins of beneficial alleles during the repeated adaptation of garter snakes to deadly prey
    • Feldman CR, Brodie ED Jr, Brodie ED III, Pfrender ME (2009) The evolutionary origins of beneficial alleles during the repeated adaptation of garter snakes to deadly prey. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 13415-13420.
    • (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.106 , pp. 13415-13420
    • Feldman, C.R.1    Brodie Jr., E.D.2    Brodie III, E.D.3    Pfrender, M.E.4
  • 21
    • 0001462263 scopus 로고
    • An ecological study of the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis
    • Fitch HS (1965) An ecological study of the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis. Univ Kansas Publ Mus Nat Hist 15: 493-564.
    • (1965) Univ Kansas Publ Mus Nat Hist , vol.15 , pp. 493-564
    • Fitch, H.S.1
  • 22
    • 84865461426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tetrodotoxin binding site
    • (submitted)
    • Fozzard HA, Lipkind GM (2010) The tetrodotoxin binding site. Mar Drugs (submitted).
    • (2010) Mar Drugs
    • Fozzard, H.A.1    Lipkind, G.M.2
  • 23
    • 0038193806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrast versus colour in aposematic signals
    • Gamberale-Stille G, Guilford T (2003) Contrast versus colour in aposematic signals. Anim Behav 65: 1021-1026.
    • (2003) Anim Behav , vol.65 , pp. 1021-1026
    • Gamberale-Stille, G.1    Guilford, T.2
  • 24
    • 0037162803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of adaptation in a predator-prey arms race: TTX-resistant sodium channels
    • Geffeney S, Ruben PC, Brodie ED Jr, Brodie ED III (2002) Mechanisms of adaptation in a predator-prey arms race: TTX-resistant sodium channels. Science 297: 1336-1339.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 1336-1339
    • Geffeney, S.1    Ruben, P.C.2    Brodie Jr., E.D.3    Brodie III, E.D.4
  • 25
    • 17144385848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary diversification of TTX-resistant sodium channels in a predator-prey interaction
    • Geffeney SL, Fujimoto E, Brodie ED III, Brodie ED Jr, Ruben PC (2005) Evolutionary diversification of TTX-resistant sodium channels in a predator-prey interaction. Nature 434: 759-763.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.434 , pp. 759-763
    • Geffeney, S.L.1    Fujimoto, E.2    Brodie III, E.D.3    Brodie Jr., E.D.4    Ruben, P.C.5
  • 26
    • 84865491723 scopus 로고
    • Feeding behavior of the western shovel-nosed snake, Chionactis occipitalis klauberi, with special reference to scorpions
    • Glass JK (1972) Feeding behavior of the western shovel-nosed snake, Chionactis occipitalis klauberi, with special reference to scorpions. Southwest Nat 16: 445-447.
    • (1972) Southwest Nat , vol.16 , pp. 445-447
    • Glass, J.K.1
  • 27
    • 69449094851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thamnophis atratus atratus diet
    • Greene RR, Feldman CR (2009) Thamnophis atratus atratus diet. Herpetol Rev 40: 103-104.
    • (2009) Herpetol Rev , vol.40 , pp. 103-104
    • Greene, R.R.1    Feldman, C.R.2
  • 28
    • 0026005427 scopus 로고
    • Predation on fish and intersite variation in the diet of common garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis, on Vancouver Island
    • Gregory PT, Nelson KJ (1991) Predation on fish and intersite variation in the diet of common garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis, on Vancouver Island. Can J Zool 69: 988-994.
    • (1991) Can J Zool , vol.69 , pp. 988-994
    • Gregory, P.T.1    Nelson, K.J.2
  • 29
    • 0032883332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicity of dangerous prey: variation of tetrodotoxin levels within and among populations of the newt Taricha granulosa
    • Hanifin CT, Yotsu-Yamashita M, Yasumoto T, Brodie ED III, Brodie ED Jr (1999) Toxicity of dangerous prey: variation of tetrodotoxin levels within and among populations of the newt Taricha granulosa. J Chem Ecol 25: 2161-2175.
    • (1999) J Chem Ecol , vol.25 , pp. 2161-2175
    • Hanifin, C.T.1    Yotsu-Yamashita, M.2    Yasumoto, T.3    Brodie III, E.D.4    Brodie Jr., E.D.5
  • 31
    • 78751478790 scopus 로고
    • Defensive behavior and effects of toxins in Bufo alvarius
    • Hanson JA, Vial JL (1956) Defensive behavior and effects of toxins in Bufo alvarius. Herpetologica 12: 141-149.
    • (1956) Herpetologica , vol.12 , pp. 141-149
    • Hanson, J.A.1    Vial, J.L.2
  • 34
    • 49949111575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal provisioning of sequestered defensive steroids by the Asian snake Rhabdophis tigrinus
    • Hutchinson DA, Savitzky AH, Mori A, Meinwald J, Schroeder FC (2008) Maternal provisioning of sequestered defensive steroids by the Asian snake Rhabdophis tigrinus. Chemoecology 18: 181-190.
    • (2008) Chemoecology , vol.18 , pp. 181-190
    • Hutchinson, D.A.1    Savitzky, A.H.2    Mori, A.3    Meinwald, J.4    Schroeder, F.C.5
  • 35
    • 84865499391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical investigations of defensive steroid sequestration by the Asian snake Rhabdophis tigrinus
    • doi: 10. 1007/s00049-011-0078-2
    • Hutchinson DA, Savitzky AH, Mori A, Burghardt GM, Meinwald J, Schroeder FC (2011) Chemical investigations of defensive steroid sequestration by the Asian snake Rhabdophis tigrinus. Chemoecology. doi: 10. 1007/s00049-011-0078-2.
    • (2011) Chemoecology
    • Hutchinson, D.A.1    Savitzky, A.H.2    Mori, A.3    Burghardt, G.M.4    Meinwald, J.5    Schroeder, F.C.6
  • 36
    • 44649109665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin-resistant sodium channels: parallel adaptive evolution across a complete gene family
    • Jost MC, Hillis DM, Lu Y, Kyle JW, Fozzard HA, Zakon HH (2008) Toxin-resistant sodium channels: parallel adaptive evolution across a complete gene family. Mol Biol Evol 25: 1016-1024.
    • (2008) Mol Biol Evol , vol.25 , pp. 1016-1024
    • Jost, M.C.1    Hillis, D.M.2    Lu, Y.3    Kyle, J.W.4    Fozzard, H.A.5    Zakon, H.H.6
  • 37
    • 0013921003 scopus 로고
    • Tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin, and their significance in the study of excitation phenomena
    • Kao CY (1966) Tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin, and their significance in the study of excitation phenomena. Pharmacol Rev 18: 997-1049.
    • (1966) Pharmacol Rev , vol.18 , pp. 997-1049
    • Kao, C.Y.1
  • 39
    • 77952478753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biophysical costs associated with tetrodotoxin resistance in the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis
    • (submitted)
    • Lee P, Ruben PC (2010) The biophysical costs associated with tetrodotoxin resistance in the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. Mar Drugs (submitted).
    • (2010) Mar Drugs
    • Lee, P.1    Ruben, P.C.2
  • 40
    • 0038729118 scopus 로고
    • Depradacion por la nutria (Lutra lutra) del sapo de la Sierra Gredos (Bufo bufo gredosicola)
    • Lizana M, Mellado VP (1990) Depradacion por la nutria (Lutra lutra) del sapo de la Sierra Gredos (Bufo bufo gredosicola). Doñana, Acta Vertebr 17: 109-112.
    • (1990) Doñana, Acta Vertebr , vol.17 , pp. 109-112
    • Lizana, M.1    Mellado, V.P.2
  • 41
    • 62749124819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sublethal costs associated with the consumption of toxic prey by snakes
    • Llewelyn JS, Phillips BL, Shine R (2009) Sublethal costs associated with the consumption of toxic prey by snakes. Austral Ecol 34: 179-184.
    • (2009) Austral Ecol , vol.34 , pp. 179-184
    • Llewelyn, J.S.1    Phillips, B.L.2    Shine, R.3
  • 42
    • 39149133187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two critical residues in p-loop regions of puffer fish Na+ channels on TTX sensitivity
    • Maruta S, Yamaoka K, Yotsu-Yamashita M (2008) Two critical residues in p-loop regions of puffer fish Na+ channels on TTX sensitivity. Toxicon 51: 381-387.
    • (2008) Toxicon , vol.51 , pp. 381-387
    • Maruta, S.1    Yamaoka, K.2    Yotsu-Yamashita, M.3
  • 43
    • 0033990648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Purification and some properties of a tetrodotoxin binding protein from the blood plasma of kusafugu, Takifugu niphobles
    • Matsui T, Yamamori K, Furukawa K, Kono M (2000) Purification and some properties of a tetrodotoxin binding protein from the blood plasma of kusafugu, Takifugu niphobles. Toxicon 38: 463-468.
    • (2000) Toxicon , vol.38 , pp. 463-468
    • Matsui, T.1    Yamamori, K.2    Furukawa, K.3    Kono, M.4
  • 44
    • 33645164764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Difference between tetrodotoxin and saxitoxins in accumulation in puffer fish Takifugu rubripes liver tissue slices
    • Matsumoto T, Nagashima Y, Takayama K, Shimakura K, Shiomi K (2005) Difference between tetrodotoxin and saxitoxins in accumulation in puffer fish Takifugu rubripes liver tissue slices. Fish Physiol Biochem 31: 95-100.
    • (2005) Fish Physiol Biochem , vol.31 , pp. 95-100
    • Matsumoto, T.1    Nagashima, Y.2    Takayama, K.3    Shimakura, K.4    Shiomi, K.5
  • 45
    • 34447284216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of carrier-mediated transport system in uptake of tetrodotoxin into liver tissue slices of puffer fish Takifugu rubripes
    • Matsumoto T, Nagashima Y, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y, Ishizaki S, Shimakura K, Shiomi K (2007) Involvement of carrier-mediated transport system in uptake of tetrodotoxin into liver tissue slices of puffer fish Takifugu rubripes. Toxicon 50: 173-179.
    • (2007) Toxicon , vol.50 , pp. 173-179
    • Matsumoto, T.1    Nagashima, Y.2    Kusuhara, H.3    Sugiyama, Y.4    Ishizaki, S.5    Shimakura, K.6    Shiomi, K.7
  • 49
    • 0034486755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Great horned owl death from predation of a toxic California newt
    • Mobley JA, Stidham TA (2000) Great horned owl death from predation of a toxic California newt. Wilson Bull 112: 563-564.
    • (2000) Wilson Bull , vol.112 , pp. 563-564
    • Mobley, J.A.1    Stidham, T.A.2
  • 50
    • 67649856879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A parallel geographical mosaic of morphological and behavioural aposematic traits of the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster (Urodela: Salamandridae)
    • Mochida K (2009) A parallel geographical mosaic of morphological and behavioural aposematic traits of the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster (Urodela: Salamandridae). Biol J Linn Soc 97: 613-622.
    • (2009) Biol J Linn Soc , vol.97 , pp. 613-622
    • Mochida, K.1
  • 51
    • 63149140420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Counter-defense technique to mitigate prey toxicity in raccoons (Procyon lotor)
    • Mochida K, Matsui K (2007) Counter-defense technique to mitigate prey toxicity in raccoons (Procyon lotor). Mamm Study 32: 135-138.
    • (2007) Mamm Study , vol.32 , pp. 135-138
    • Mochida, K.1    Matsui, K.2
  • 52
    • 37549002570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative experimental tests of natricine antipredator displays, with special reference to the apparently unique displays in the Asian genus, Rhabdophis
    • Mori A, Burghardt GM (2008) Comparative experimental tests of natricine antipredator displays, with special reference to the apparently unique displays in the Asian genus, Rhabdophis. J Ethol 26: 61-68.
    • (2008) J Ethol , vol.26 , pp. 61-68
    • Mori, A.1    Burghardt, G.M.2
  • 53
    • 0002200651 scopus 로고
    • Food habits of snakes in Japan: a critical review
    • Mori A, Moriguchi H (1988) Food habits of snakes in Japan: a critical review. Snake 20: 98-113.
    • (1988) Snake , vol.20 , pp. 98-113
    • Mori, A.1    Moriguchi, H.2
  • 56
    • 0001012851 scopus 로고
    • A dangerously toxic new frog (Phyllobates) used by Ember′a Indians of western Columbia, with discussion of blowgun fabrication and dart poisoning
    • Myers CW, Daly JW, Malkin B (1978) A dangerously toxic new frog (Phyllobates) used by Ember′a Indians of western Columbia, with discussion of blowgun fabrication and dart poisoning. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 161: 307-365.
    • (1978) Bull Am Mus Nat Hist , vol.161 , pp. 307-365
    • Myers, C.W.1    Daly, J.W.2    Malkin, B.3
  • 57
    • 0037401661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro accumulation of tetrodotoxin in puffer liver tissue slices
    • Nagashima Y, Toyoda M, Hasobe M, Shimakura K, Shiomi K (2003) In vitro accumulation of tetrodotoxin in puffer liver tissue slices. Toxicon 41: 569-574.
    • (2003) Toxicon , vol.41 , pp. 569-574
    • Nagashima, Y.1    Toyoda, M.2    Hasobe, M.3    Shimakura, K.4    Shiomi, K.5
  • 58
    • 0003320133 scopus 로고
    • On a new integumental poison gland found in the nuchal region of a snake, Natrix tigrina
    • Nakamura K (1935) On a new integumental poison gland found in the nuchal region of a snake, Natrix tigrina. Mem Coll Sci Kyoto Imp Univ 10B: 229-240.
    • (1935) Mem Coll Sci Kyoto Imp Univ , vol.10 B , pp. 229-240
    • Nakamura, K.1
  • 59
    • 0005640466 scopus 로고
    • The burrowing of the western shovel-nosed snake, Chionactis occipitalis, and the undersand environment
    • Norris KS, Kavanau JL (1966) The burrowing of the western shovel-nosed snake, Chionactis occipitalis, and the undersand environment. Copeia 4: 650-664.
    • (1966) Copeia , vol.4 , pp. 650-664
    • Norris, K.S.1    Kavanau, J.L.2
  • 60
    • 0008691094 scopus 로고
    • Some recent problems on fugu-toxin, particularly on crystalline tetrodotoxin
    • Ogura Y (1958) Some recent problems on fugu-toxin, particularly on crystalline tetrodotoxin. Seitai No Kagaku 9: 281-287.
    • (1958) Seitai No Kagaku , vol.9 , pp. 281-287
    • Ogura, Y.1
  • 61
    • 70350167877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant chemistry and insect sequestration
    • Opitz SEW, Müller C (2009) Plant chemistry and insect sequestration. Chemoecology 19: 117-154.
    • (2009) Chemoecology , vol.19 , pp. 117-154
    • Opitz, S.E.W.1    Müller, C.2
  • 62
    • 36749092333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When dinner is dangerous: toxic frogs elicit species-specific responses from a generalist snake predator
    • Phillips B, Shine R (2007) When dinner is dangerous: toxic frogs elicit species-specific responses from a generalist snake predator. Am Nat 170: 936-942.
    • (2007) Am Nat , vol.170 , pp. 936-942
    • Phillips, B.1    Shine, R.2
  • 63
    • 0025628752 scopus 로고
    • Responses of domestic chicks to artificially coloured insect prey: effects of previous experience and background colour
    • Roper TJ (1990) Responses of domestic chicks to artificially coloured insect prey: effects of previous experience and background colour. Anim Behav 39: 466-473.
    • (1990) Anim Behav , vol.39 , pp. 466-473
    • Roper, T.J.1
  • 64
    • 67650252773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arthropod alkaloids in poison frogs: a review of the 'dietary hypothesis
    • Saporito RA, Spande TF, Garraffo HM, Donnelly MA (2009) Arthropod alkaloids in poison frogs: a review of the 'dietary hypothesis'. Heterocycles 79(1): 277-297.
    • (2009) Heterocycles , vol.79 , Issue.1 , pp. 277-297
    • Saporito, R.A.1    Spande, T.F.2    Garraffo, H.M.3    Donnelly, M.A.4
  • 66
    • 0000735635 scopus 로고
    • Raccoon predation on the American Toad, Bufo americanus
    • Schaaf RT, Garton JS (1970) Raccoon predation on the American Toad, Bufo americanus. Herpetologica 26: 334-335.
    • (1970) Herpetologica , vol.26 , pp. 334-335
    • Schaaf, R.T.1    Garton, J.S.2
  • 67
    • 0034037844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of sex, body size, temperature, and location on the antipredator tactics of free-ranging gartersnakes (Thamnophis sirtalis, Colubridae)
    • Shine R, Olsson MM, Lemaster MP, Moore IT, Mason RT (2000) Effects of sex, body size, temperature, and location on the antipredator tactics of free-ranging gartersnakes (Thamnophis sirtalis, Colubridae). Behav Ecol 11: 239-245.
    • (2000) Behav Ecol , vol.11 , pp. 239-245
    • Shine, R.1    Olsson, M.M.2    Lemaster, M.P.3    Moore, I.T.4    Mason, R.T.5
  • 68
    • 0012670552 scopus 로고
    • Predation on aposematic efts of Notophthalmus viridescens
    • Shure DJ, Wilson LA, Hochwender C (1989) Predation on aposematic efts of Notophthalmus viridescens. J Herpetol 23: 437-439.
    • (1989) J Herpetol , vol.23 , pp. 437-439
    • Shure, D.J.1    Wilson, L.A.2    Hochwender, C.3
  • 69
    • 0010765771 scopus 로고
    • Adrenal enlargement and its significance in the hognose snakes (Heterodon)
    • Smith HM, White FN (1955) Adrenal enlargement and its significance in the hognose snakes (Heterodon). Herpetologica 11: 137-144.
    • (1955) Herpetologica , vol.11 , pp. 137-144
    • Smith, H.M.1    White, F.N.2
  • 70
    • 0028958975 scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous granular glands and amphibian venoms
    • Toledo RC, Jared C (1995) Cutaneous granular glands and amphibian venoms. Comp Biochem Physiol 111A: 1-29.
    • (1995) Comp Biochem Physiol , vol.111 A , pp. 1-29
    • Toledo, R.C.1    Jared, C.2
  • 71
    • 84865520414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Startle patterns versus aposematism: A study of color pattern variation in garter snakes, genus Thamnophis
    • In: Westphal MF, Dissertation, Oregon State University
    • Westphal MF, O'Donnell RP (2007) Startle patterns versus aposematism: a study of color pattern variation in garter snakes, genus Thamnophis. In: Westphal MF (ed) On the evolution of correlated color traits in garter snakes. Dissertation, Oregon State University.
    • (2007) On the Evolution of Correlated Color Traits In Garter Snakes
    • Westphal, M.F.1    O'Donnell, R.P.2
  • 72
    • 0036203497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparisons between toxic effects of tetrodotoxin administered orally and by intraperitoneal injection to the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis
    • Williams BL, Brodie ED Jr, Brodie ED III (2002) Comparisons between toxic effects of tetrodotoxin administered orally and by intraperitoneal injection to the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis. J Herpetol 36: 112-115.
    • (2002) J Herpetol , vol.36 , pp. 112-115
    • Williams, B.L.1    Brodie Jr., E.D.2    Brodie III, E.D.3
  • 73
    • 0038782005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coevolution of deadly toxins and predator resistance: self-assessment of resistance by garter snakes leads to behavioral rejection of toxic newt prey
    • Williams BL, Brodie ED Jr, Brodie ED III (2003) Coevolution of deadly toxins and predator resistance: self-assessment of resistance by garter snakes leads to behavioral rejection of toxic newt prey. Herpetologica 59: 155-163.
    • (2003) Herpetologica , vol.59 , pp. 155-163
    • Williams, B.L.1    Brodie Jr., E.D.2    Brodie III, E.D.3
  • 74
    • 21644483471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A resistant predator and its toxic prey: persistence of newt toxin leads to poisonous (not venomous) snakes
    • Williams BL, Brodie ED Jr, Brodie ED III (2004) A resistant predator and its toxic prey: persistence of newt toxin leads to poisonous (not venomous) snakes. J Chem Ecol 30: 1901-1919.
    • (2004) J Chem Ecol , vol.30 , pp. 1901-1919
    • Williams, B.L.1    Brodie Jr., E.D.2    Brodie III, E.D.3
  • 75
    • 77957935669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thamnophis couchii (Sierra garter snake): predator-prey interaction
    • Wiseman KD, Pool AC (2007) Thamnophis couchii (Sierra garter snake): predator-prey interaction. Herpetol Rev 38: 344.
    • (2007) Herpetol Rev , vol.38 , pp. 344
    • Wiseman, K.D.1    Pool, A.C.2
  • 76
    • 3342901553 scopus 로고
    • Predation on the Colorado river toad, Bufo alvarius
    • Wright JW (1966) Predation on the Colorado river toad, Bufo alvarius. Herpetologica 22: 127-128.
    • (1966) Herpetologica , vol.22 , pp. 127-128
    • Wright, J.W.1
  • 77
    • 0028588924 scopus 로고
    • Tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels
    • Yoshida S (1994) Tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels. Cell Mol Neurobiol 14: 227-243.
    • (1994) Cell Mol Neurobiol , vol.14 , pp. 227-243
    • Yoshida, S.1
  • 78
  • 79
    • 0025317364 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of tetrodotoxin, 6-epitetrodotoxin, and 11-deoxytetrodotoxin in newts
    • Yotsu M, Iorizzi M, Yasumoto T (1990) Distribution of tetrodotoxin, 6-epitetrodotoxin, and 11-deoxytetrodotoxin in newts. Toxicon 28: 238-241.
    • (1990) Toxicon , vol.28 , pp. 238-241
    • Yotsu, M.1    Iorizzi, M.2    Yasumoto, T.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.