메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 82, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 367-375

Bloodied but Unbowed: Resilience Examined in a South Asian Community

Author keywords

Adults; Meaning making; Resilience; Spirituality; Sri Lanka; Trauma; Tsunami; War; Willpower; Women

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; COMMUNITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; INJURY; MALE; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE;

EID: 84865165133     PISSN: 00029432     EISSN: 19390025     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01163.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (27)

References (80)
  • 2
    • 0033837891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social and ecological resilience: Are they related?
    • Adger, W. N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: Are they related? Progress in Human Geography, 24, 347-364.
    • (2000) Progress in Human Geography , vol.24 , pp. 347-364
    • Adger, W.N.1
  • 3
    • 77952794332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-building before, during, and after times of trauma: The application of the LINK model of community resilience in Kosovo
    • Agani, F., & Landau, J. (2010). Community-building before, during, and after times of trauma: The application of the LINK model of community resilience in Kosovo. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80, 143-149.
    • (2010) American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , vol.80 , pp. 143-149
    • Agani, F.1    Landau, J.2
  • 4
    • 0011196877 scopus 로고
    • How to grow schemata out of interviews
    • J. W. D. Dougherty (Ed.), Urbana: University of Illinois Press
    • Agar, M., & Hobbs, J. (1985). How to grow schemata out of interviews. In J. W. D. Dougherty (Ed.), Directions in cognitive anthropology (pp. 413-431). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
    • (1985) Directions in cognitive anthropology , pp. 413-431
    • Agar, M.1    Hobbs, J.2
  • 6
    • 33847644084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resilience is not the absence of PTSD any more than health is the absence of disease
    • Almedom, A. M., & Glandon, D. (2007). Resilience is not the absence of PTSD any more than health is the absence of disease. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 12, 127-143.
    • (2007) Journal of Loss and Trauma , vol.12 , pp. 127-143
    • Almedom, A.M.1    Glandon, D.2
  • 7
    • 0004235298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Psychiatric Association. (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author
    • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
    • (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
  • 9
    • 0027318893 scopus 로고
    • The structure and properties of the Sense of Coherence scale
    • Antonovsky, A. (1993). The structure and properties of the Sense of Coherence scale. Social Science and Medicine, 36, 725-733.
    • (1993) Social Science and Medicine , vol.36 , pp. 725-733
    • Antonovsky, A.1
  • 10
    • 0034338578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy
    • Bandura, A. (2000). Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(3), 75-78.
    • (2000) Current Directions in Psychological Science , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 75-78
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 11
    • 77953687855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human-initiated disaster, social disorganization and post-traumatic stress disorder above Nigeria's oil basins
    • Beiser, M., Wiwa, O., & Adebajo, S. (2010). Human-initiated disaster, social disorganization and post-traumatic stress disorder above Nigeria's oil basins. Social Science & Medicine, 71, 221-227.
    • (2010) Social Science & Medicine , vol.71 , pp. 221-227
    • Beiser, M.1    Wiwa, O.2    Adebajo, S.3
  • 12
    • 18844411594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ecological community-based approach for dealing with traumatic stress: A case of terror attack on a Kibbutz
    • Berger, R. (2005). An ecological community-based approach for dealing with traumatic stress: A case of terror attack on a Kibbutz. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 10, 513-526.
    • (2005) Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma , vol.10 , pp. 513-526
    • Berger, R.1
  • 13
    • 0030076540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness
    • Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349-361.
    • (1996) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.70 , pp. 349-361
    • Block, J.1    Kremen, A.M.2
  • 14
    • 0039048232 scopus 로고
    • Identification, ego control and adjustment
    • Block, J., & Turula, E. (1963). Identification, ego control and adjustment. Child Development, 34, 945-953.
    • (1963) Child Development , vol.34 , pp. 945-953
    • Block, J.1    Turula, E.2
  • 15
    • 0742286680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?
    • Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20-28.
    • (2004) American Psychologist , vol.59 , pp. 20-28
    • Bonanno, G.A.1
  • 17
    • 33644782617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological resilience after disaster: New York City in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attack
    • Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2006). Psychological resilience after disaster: New York City in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attack. Psychological Science, 17, 181-186.
    • (2006) Psychological Science , vol.17 , pp. 181-186
    • Bonanno, G.A.1    Galea, S.2    Bucciarelli, A.3    Vlahov, D.4
  • 18
    • 22544486558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-enhancement among high-exposure survivors of the September 11th terrorist attack: Resilience or social maladjustment?
    • Bonanno, G., Rennicke, C., & Dekel, S. (2005). Self-enhancement among high-exposure survivors of the September 11th terrorist attack: Resilience or social maladjustment? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 994-998.
    • (2005) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.88 , pp. 994-998
    • Bonanno, G.1    Rennicke, C.2    Dekel, S.3
  • 20
    • 0346676405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The roles of religion in the lives of resilient, urban, African American single mothers
    • Brodsky, A. E. (2000). The roles of religion in the lives of resilient, urban, African American single mothers. Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 199-219.
    • (2000) Journal of Community Psychology , vol.28 , pp. 199-219
    • Brodsky, A.E.1
  • 21
    • 0000591369 scopus 로고
    • Toward an experimental ecology of human development
    • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 52, 513-531.
    • (1977) American Psychologist , vol.52 , pp. 513-531
    • Bronfenbrenner, U.1
  • 22
    • 23844501792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adolescents who witness community violence: Can parent support and prosocial cognitions protect them from committing violence?
    • Brookmeyer, K. A., Henrich, C. C., & Schwab-Stone, M. (2005). Adolescents who witness community violence: Can parent support and prosocial cognitions protect them from committing violence? Child Development, 76, 917-929.
    • (2005) Child Development , vol.76 , pp. 917-929
    • Brookmeyer, K.A.1    Henrich, C.C.2    Schwab-Stone, M.3
  • 23
    • 0027255799 scopus 로고
    • Toward an ecological/transactional model of community violence and child maltreatment: Consequences for children's development
    • Cicchetti, D., & Lynch, M. (1993). Toward an ecological/transactional model of community violence and child maltreatment: Consequences for children's development. Psychiatry, 56, 96-118.
    • (1993) Psychiatry , vol.56 , pp. 96-118
    • Cicchetti, D.1    Lynch, M.2
  • 24
    • 0141731320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)
    • Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76-82.
    • (2003) Depression and Anxiety , vol.18 , pp. 76-82
    • Connor, K.M.1    Davidson, J.R.T.2
  • 25
    • 33644556831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotion regulation, happiness, and the neuroplasticity of the brain
    • Davidson, R. J. (2005). Emotion regulation, happiness, and the neuroplasticity of the brain. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 21(3-4), 25-28.
    • (2005) Advances in Mind-Body Medicine , vol.21 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 25-28
    • Davidson, R.J.1
  • 26
    • 84872596459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka. Number and percentage of population by district and ethnic group. Retrieved from
    • Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka. (2001). Number and percentage of population by district and ethnic group. Retrieved from http://www.statistics.gov.lk.
    • (2001)
  • 27
    • 0004063807 scopus 로고
    • S. H. Voss (Trans.). (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett. (Original work published 1650).
    • Descartes, R. (1989). The passions of the soul. S. H. Voss (Trans.). (pp. 20-29). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett. (Original work published 1650).
    • (1989) The passions of the soul , pp. 20-29
    • Descartes, R.1
  • 28
    • 0034987482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resiliency factors predicting psychological adjustment after political violence among Palestinian children
    • El-Sarraj, E., Punamaki, R.-L., & Qouta, S. (2001). Resiliency factors predicting psychological adjustment after political violence among Palestinian children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 256-267.
    • (2001) International Journal of Behavioral Development , vol.25 , pp. 256-267
    • El-Sarraj, E.1    Punamaki, R.-L.2    Qouta, S.3
  • 29
    • 33749358346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interventions for survivors of the tsunami disaster: Report from Sri Lanka
    • Fernando, G. A. (2005). Interventions for survivors of the tsunami disaster: Report from Sri Lanka. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 267-268.
    • (2005) Journal of Traumatic Stress , vol.17 , pp. 267-268
    • Fernando, G.A.1
  • 30
    • 84865174696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing mental health and psychosocial status in communities exposed to trauma: Sri Lanka as an example
    • Fernando, G. A. (2008). Assessing mental health and psychosocial status in communities exposed to trauma: Sri Lanka as an example. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 109-119.
    • (2008) American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , vol.76 , pp. 109-119
    • Fernando, G.A.1
  • 31
    • 84866863037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The roads less travelled: Mapping some pathways on the global mental health research roadmap
    • Fernando, G. A. (2012). The roads less travelled: Mapping some pathways on the global mental health research roadmap. Transcultural Psychiatry, 49, 1-22.
    • (2012) Transcultural Psychiatry , vol.49 , pp. 1-22
    • Fernando, G.A.1
  • 32
    • 84865169955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between trauma exposure, daily stressors, and functioning in Sri Lankan youth
    • Fernando, G. A., Miller, K. E., & Berger, D. (2010). The relationship between trauma exposure, daily stressors, and functioning in Sri Lankan youth. Child Development, 81, 1191-1209.
    • (2010) Child Development , vol.81 , pp. 1191-1209
    • Fernando, G.A.1    Miller, K.E.2    Berger, D.3
  • 33
    • 0021379982 scopus 로고
    • The study of stress and competence in children: A building block for developmental psychopathology
    • Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: A building block for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 97-111.
    • (1984) Child Development , vol.55 , pp. 97-111
    • Garmezy, N.1    Masten, A.S.2    Tellegen, A.3
  • 36
    • 0041077292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation resources theory
    • Hobfoll, S. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 337-370.
    • (2001) Applied Psychology: An International Review , vol.50 , pp. 337-370
    • Hobfoll, S.1
  • 37
    • 33744480781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and defensive coping among Jews and Arabs in Israel
    • Hobfoll, S. E., Canetti-Nisim, D., & Johnson, R. J. (2006). Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and defensive coping among Jews and Arabs in Israel. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 207-218.
    • (2006) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.74 , pp. 207-218
    • Hobfoll, S.E.1    Canetti-Nisim, D.2    Johnson, R.J.3
  • 41
    • 4043125395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selected references on resilience
    • Johnson, J. L. (2004). Selected references on resilience. Substance Use & Misuse, 39, 811-825.
    • (2004) Substance Use & Misuse , vol.39 , pp. 811-825
    • Johnson, J.L.1
  • 42
    • 3042518882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community resilience and impact of stress: Adult response to Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon
    • Kimhi, S., & Shamai, M. (2004). Community resilience and impact of stress: Adult response to Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 439-451.
    • (2004) Journal of Community Psychology , vol.32 , pp. 439-451
    • Kimhi, S.1    Shamai, M.2
  • 43
    • 0019868537 scopus 로고
    • Personality and constitution as mediators of the stress-illness relationship
    • Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Courington, S. (1981). Personality and constitution as mediators of the stress-illness relationship. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 368-378.
    • (1981) Journal of Health and Social Behavior , vol.22 , pp. 368-378
    • Kobasa, S.C.1    Maddi, S.R.2    Courington, S.3
  • 46
    • 0026179201 scopus 로고
    • Vulnerability and resilience: A study of high-risk adolescents
    • Luthar, S. S. (1991). Vulnerability and resilience: A study of high-risk adolescents. Child Development, 62, 600-616.
    • (1991) Child Development , vol.62 , pp. 600-616
    • Luthar, S.S.1
  • 47
    • 0034180852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work
    • Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543-562.
    • (2000) Child Development , vol.71 , pp. 543-562
    • Luthar, S.S.1    Cicchetti, D.2    Becker, B.3
  • 48
    • 77950159295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The story of hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and practice
    • Maddi, S. R. (2002). The story of hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and practice. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 54, 173-185.
    • (2002) Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research , vol.54 , pp. 173-185
    • Maddi, S.R.1
  • 49
    • 17044390322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On hardiness and other pathways to resilience
    • Maddi, S. R. (2005). On hardiness and other pathways to resilience. American Psychologist, 60, 261-262.
    • (2005) American Psychologist , vol.60 , pp. 261-262
    • Maddi, S.R.1
  • 50
  • 51
    • 84961969789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development
    • Masten, A. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227-238.
    • (2001) American Psychologist , vol.56 , pp. 227-238
    • Masten, A.1
  • 52
    • 84971850939 scopus 로고
    • Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity
    • Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 425-444.
    • (1990) Development and Psychopathology , vol.2 , pp. 425-444
    • Masten, A.S.1    Best, K.M.2    Garmezy, N.3
  • 53
    • 0031991045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments
    • Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments. American Psychologist, 53, 205-220.
    • (1998) American Psychologist , vol.53 , pp. 205-220
    • Masten, A.S.1    Coatsworth, J.D.2
  • 55
    • 84872614565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Producer & Director). Unholy ground [DVD]. Retrieved from
    • Miller, K. E. (Producer & Director). (2010). Unholy ground [DVD]. Retrieved from http://www.kenmiller.org.
    • (2010)
    • Miller, K.E.1
  • 56
    • 84993660799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community resilience impact on child and youth health outcomes: A neighbourhood case study
    • Mykota, D. B., & Muhajarine, N. (2005). Community resilience impact on child and youth health outcomes: A neighbourhood case study. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 20, 5-20.
    • (2005) Canadian Journal of School Psychology , vol.20 , pp. 5-20
    • Mykota, D.B.1    Muhajarine, N.2
  • 58
    • 38149118767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community resilience and the principles of mass trauma intervention
    • Norris, F. H., & Stevens, S. P. (2007). Community resilience and the principles of mass trauma intervention. Psychiatry, 70, 320-328.
    • (2007) Psychiatry , vol.70 , pp. 320-328
    • Norris, F.H.1    Stevens, S.P.2
  • 59
    • 0345604442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urban health in daily practice: Livelihood, vulnerability and resilience in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
    • Obrist, B. (2003). Urban health in daily practice: Livelihood, vulnerability and resilience in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Anthropology & Medicine, 10, 275-290.
    • (2003) Anthropology & Medicine , vol.10 , pp. 275-290
    • Obrist, B.1
  • 60
    • 0001552369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strength in the face of adversity: Individual and social thriving
    • O'Leary, V. E. (1998). Strength in the face of adversity: Individual and social thriving. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 425-446.
    • (1998) Journal of Social Issues , vol.54 , pp. 425-446
    • O'Leary, V.E.1
  • 61
    • 0034035144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hardiness and social support as moderators of stress
    • Pengilly, J. W., & Dowd, E. T. (2000). Hardiness and social support as moderators of stress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 813-820.
    • (2000) Journal of Clinical Psychology , vol.56 , pp. 813-820
    • Pengilly, J.W.1    Dowd, E.T.2
  • 62
    • 0034987482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resiliency factors predicting psychological adjustment after political violence among Palestinian children
    • Punamaki, R. L., Qouta, S., & El-Sarraj, E. (2001). Resiliency factors predicting psychological adjustment after political violence among Palestinian children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 5, 256-267.
    • (2001) International Journal of Behavioral Development , vol.5 , pp. 256-267
    • Punamaki, R.L.1    Qouta, S.2    El-Sarraj, E.3
  • 63
    • 0035256059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental flexibility as resiliency factor among children exposed to political violence
    • Qouta, S., El-Sarraj, E., & Punamaki, R. L. (2001). Mental flexibility as resiliency factor among children exposed to political violence. International Journal of Psychology, 36, 1-7.
    • (2001) International Journal of Psychology , vol.36 , pp. 1-7
    • Qouta, S.1    El-Sarraj, E.2    Punamaki, R.L.3
  • 64
    • 17044404607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conceptual clarifications in the study of resilience
    • Roisman, G. (2005). Conceptual clarifications in the study of resilience. American Psychologist, 60, 264-265.
    • (2005) American Psychologist , vol.60 , pp. 264-265
    • Roisman, G.1
  • 65
    • 0023305178 scopus 로고
    • Sex roles and social support as moderators of life stress adjustment
    • Roos, P. E., & Cohen, L. H. (1987). Sex roles and social support as moderators of life stress adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 576-585.
    • (1987) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 576-585
    • Roos, P.E.1    Cohen, L.H.2
  • 66
    • 0023219004 scopus 로고
    • Psychological resilience and protective mechanisms
    • Rutter, M. (1987). Psychological resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316-331.
    • (1987) American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , vol.57 , pp. 316-331
    • Rutter, M.1
  • 67
    • 0033238694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resilience concept and findings: Implications for family therapy
    • Rutter, M. (1999). Resilience concept and findings: Implications for family therapy. Journal of Family Therapy, 21, 119-144.
    • (1999) Journal of Family Therapy , vol.21 , pp. 119-144
    • Rutter, M.1
  • 68
    • 37849008809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resilience rather than recovery: A contextual framework on adaptation following bereavement
    • Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., & Ayers, T. S. (2008). Resilience rather than recovery: A contextual framework on adaptation following bereavement. Death Studies, 32, 59-73.
    • (2008) Death Studies , vol.32 , pp. 59-73
    • Sandler, I.N.1    Wolchik, S.A.2    Ayers, T.S.3
  • 70
    • 55549125666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the risk and resiliency assessment tool for juveniles in the Los Angeles County probation system
    • Turner, S., & Fain, T. (2006). Validation of the risk and resiliency assessment tool for juveniles in the Los Angeles County probation system. Federal Probation, 70(2), 49-57.
    • (2006) Federal Probation , vol.70 , Issue.2 , pp. 49-57
    • Turner, S.1    Fain, T.2
  • 71
    • 4043121668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of parents and other caregivers to the resilience of high-risk adolescents
    • Ungar, M. (2004). The importance of parents and other caregivers to the resilience of high-risk adolescents. Family Process, 43, 23-41.
    • (2004) Family Process , vol.43 , pp. 23-41
    • Ungar, M.1
  • 73
    • 38649131803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural, sociofamilial, and psychological resources that inhibit psychological distress in African Americans exposed to stressful life events and race-related stress
    • Utsey, S. O., Giesbrecht, N., Hook, J., & Stanard, P. M. (2008). Cultural, sociofamilial, and psychological resources that inhibit psychological distress in African Americans exposed to stressful life events and race-related stress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55, 49-62.
    • (2008) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.55 , pp. 49-62
    • Utsey, S.O.1    Giesbrecht, N.2    Hook, J.3    Stanard, P.M.4
  • 74
    • 43449109768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shame and resilience in adulthood: A grounded theory study
    • van Vliet, K. J. (2008). Shame and resilience in adulthood: A grounded theory study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55, 233-245.
    • (2008) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.55 , pp. 233-245
    • van Vliet, K.J.1
  • 75
    • 0027901204 scopus 로고
    • Development and psychometric properties of the Resilience Scale
    • Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric properties of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing and Measurement, 1, 165-178.
    • (1993) Journal of Nursing and Measurement , vol.1 , pp. 165-178
    • Wagnild, G.M.1    Young, H.M.2
  • 76
    • 0034891592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hardiness: An examination of its relationship with positive and negative long term changes following trauma
    • Waysman, M., Schwarzwald, J., & Solomon, Z. (2001). Hardiness: An examination of its relationship with positive and negative long term changes following trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 531-548.
    • (2001) Journal of Traumatic Stress , vol.14 , pp. 531-548
    • Waysman, M.1    Schwarzwald, J.2    Solomon, Z.3
  • 77
    • 84971957480 scopus 로고
    • Risk, resilience, and recovery: Perspectives from the Kauai Longitudinal Study
    • Werner, E. E. (1993). Risk, resilience, and recovery: Perspectives from the Kauai Longitudinal Study. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 503-515.
    • (1993) Development and Psychopathology , vol.5 , pp. 503-515
    • Werner, E.E.1
  • 80
    • 35348955851 scopus 로고
    • Risk and resilience in early mental development
    • Wilson, R. S. (1985). Risk and resilience in early mental development. Developmental Psychology, 21, 795-805.
    • (1985) Developmental Psychology , vol.21 , pp. 795-805
    • Wilson, R.S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.