Drug induced interstitial lung disease

Open Respiratory Medicine Journal

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 63-74

  Schwaiblmair, Martin ^a   Behr, Werner ^a   Haeckel, Thomas ^a   Märkl, Bruno ^a   Foerg, Wolfgang ^a   Berghaus, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adverse drug reaction; Diagnosis; Drug induced lung disease; Lung; Mechanism of pulmonary toxicity; Review; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMIODARONE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT; BLEOMYCIN; BORTEZOMIB; BROMOCRIPTINE; BUSULFAN; CABERGOLINE; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT; CARMUSTINE; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; ETANERCEPT; GEFITINIB; GEMCITABINE; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LEFLUNOMIDE; METHOTREXATE; NITROFURANTOIN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OXYGEN; TACROLIMUS; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR INHIBITOR; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ABNORMAL RESPIRATORY SOUND; ACUTE DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR DAMAGE; ACUTE LUNG INJURY; ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ALLERGIC PNEUMONITIS; ANEMIA; ARTICLE; BIOTRANSFORMATION; BRONCHIECTASIS; BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA; BRONCHOSCOPY; CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE; CLUBBING FINGERS; COMORBIDITY; DRUG EXPOSURE; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSPNEA; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; FEVER; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GRANULOMATOUS PNEUMONITIS; HEMOPTYSIS; HIGH RESOLUTION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONIA; HYPOXEMIA; INFECTION; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE; INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA; JAPANESE; LATENT TUBERCULOSIS; LEG EDEMA; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LIPIDOSIS; LOEFFLER PNEUMONIA; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG FIBROSIS; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; LUNG GRANULOMA; LUNG GRANULOMATOSIS; LUNG LAVAGE; LUNG NODULE; LUNG TOXICITY; MEDICAL HISTORY; MORTALITY; ORGANIZING DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR DAMAGE; ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA; OXIDATIVE STRESS; OXYGEN THERAPY; OXYGEN TOXICITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PLEURA DISEASE; PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RADIATION INJURY; RELAPSE; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; VACCINATION; VEIN DILATATION; WHEEZING;

EID: 84865131043     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18743064     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1874306401206010063     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Camus P, Rosenow E. Latrogenic lung disease. Clin Chest Med 2004; 25: xiii-xix.
2. Flieder D, Travis W. Pathologic characteristics of drug-induced lung disease. Clin Chest Med 2004; 25: 37-45.
3. Nemery B, Bast A, Behr J, et al. Interstitial lung disease induced by exogenous agents: factors governing susceptibility. Eur Respir J 2001; 18: 30S-42S.
4. Spear B, Heath-Chiozzi M, Huff J. Clinical application of pharmacogenetics. Trends Mol Med 2002; 7: 201-4.
5. Lazarou J, Pomeranz B, Corey P. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA 1998; 279: 1200-5.
6. Beijer H, de Blaey C. Hospitalisations caused by adverse drug reactions (ADR): a meta-analysis of observational studies. Pharm World Sci 2002; 24: 46-54.
7. Hitchen L. Adverse drug reactions result in 250 000 UK admissions a year. BMJ 2006; 332: 1109.
8. Wester K, Jonnson A, Sigset O, et al. Incidence of fatal adverse drug reactions: a population based study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 65: 573-9.
9. Davies E, Green C, Talor S, et al. Adverse drug reactions in hospital in-patients. A prospective analysis of 3695 patientepisodes. PLoS One 2009; 4: e4439.
10. Wu T, Jen M, Bottle A, et al. Ten-year trends in hospital admissions for adverse drug reactions in England 1999-2009. J R Soc Med 2010; 103: 239-50.
11. Limper A, Rosenow E. Drug-induced interstitial lung disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1996; 2: 396-404.
12. Coultas D, Zumwalt R, Black W, et al. The epidemiology of interstitial lung diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 967-72.
13. Thomeer M, Costabel U, Rizzato G, et al. Comparison of registries of interstitial lung diseases in three European countries. Eur Respir J 2001; 18: 114s-8s.
14. Pneumotox online: the drug-induced lung diseases. Available from: www.pneumotox.com [Accessed February 2012].
15. Simpson A, Paul J, Graham J, Kaye S. Fatal bleomycin pulmonary toxicity in the west of Scotland 1991-95: a review of patients with germ cell tumours. Br J Cancer 1998; 78: 1061-6.
16. Mendez J, Nardous H, Hartman T, et al. Chronic nitrofurantoininduced lung disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80: 1298-302.
17. Kudoh S, Kato H, Nishiwaki Y, et al. Japan Thoracic Radiology Group Interstitial lung disease in Japanese patients with lung cancer: a cohort and nested case-control study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177: 1348-57.
18. Miyakoshi S, Kami M, Yuji K, et al. Severe pulmonary complications in Japanese patients after bortezomib treatment for refractory multiple myeloma. Blood 2006; 107: 3492-4.
19. Ohri A, Arena F. Severe pulmonary complications in African-American patient after bortezomib therapy. Am J Ther 2006; 13: 553-5.
20. Suissa S, Hudson M, Ernst P. Leflunomide use and the risk of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 1435-9.
21. Miwa Y, Isozaki T, Wakabayashi K, et al. Tacrolimus-induced lung injury in a rheumatoid arthritis patient with interstitial pneumonitis. Mod Rheumatol 2008; 18: 208-11.
22. Empey P. Genetic predisposition to adverse drug reactions in the intensice care unit. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: S106-16.
23. Ingelman-Sundberg M, Sim S, Gomez A, et al. Influence of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms on drug therapies: pharmacogenetic, pharmacoepigenetic and clinical aspects. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 116: 496-526.
24. Wijnen P, Drent M, Nelemans P, et al. Role of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms in the development of pulmonary drug toxicity: a case-control study in the Netherlands. Drug Saf 2008; 31: 1125-34.
25. Cavallari L, Limdi N. Warfarin pharmacogenomics. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2009; 11: 243-51.
26. Limdi N, McGwin G, Goldstein J, et al. Influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 1173C/T genotype on the risk of hemorrhagic complications in African-American and European-American patients on warfarin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008; 83: 312-21.
27. Vorperian V, Havighurst T, Millrer S, January C. Adverse effects of low dose amiodarone: A meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 791-8.
28. Yamada Y, Shiga T, Matsuda N, et al. Incidence and predictors of pulmonary toxicity in Japanese patients receiving low-dose amiodarone. Circ J 2007; 71: 1610-6.
29. Aronin P, Mahaley M, Rudnick S, et al. Prediction of BCNU pulmonary toxicity in patients with malignant gliomas: an assessment of risk factors. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 183-8.
30. Stemmer S, Cagnoni P, Shpall E, et al. High-dose paclitaxel, cyclophosphamide, and cisplastin with autologous hematopoietic progenitor-cell support: a phase I trial. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 1463-72.
31. Parish J, Muhm J, Leslie K. Upper lobe pulmonary fibrosis associated with high-dose chemotherapy containing BCNU for bone marrow transplantation. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78: 630-4.
32. Bast A, Weseler A, Haenen G, den Hartog G. Oxidative stress and antioxidants in interstitial lung disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2010, 16: 516-20.
33. Crimi E, Sica V, Williams-Ignarro S, et al. The role of oxidative stress in adult critical care. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40: 398-406.
34. Denman J, Gilbar P, Abdi E. Hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) to docetaxel after a previous HSR to paclitaxel. J Oncol 2002; 20: 2760-1.
35. Oya N, Sasai K, Tachiiri S, et al. Influence of radiation dose rate and lung dose on interstitial pneumonitis after fractionated total body irradiation: acute parotitis may predict interstitial pneumonitis. Int J Hematol 2006; 83: 86-91.
36. Barrera P, Laan R, van Riel P, et al. Methotrexate-related pulmonary complications in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1994; 53: 434-9.
37. Alarcón G, Kremer J, Macaluso M, et al. Risk factors for methotrexate-induced lung injury in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127: 356-64.
38. Keysser G. Methotrexate toxicity: Myths and facts. Z Rheumatol 2011; 70: 108-13.
39. Sathi N, Chikura B, Kaushik V, et al. How common is methotrexate pneumonitis? A large prospective study investigates. Clin Rheumatol 2012; 31: 79-83.
40. Ju J, Kim S, Lee J, et al. Risk of interstitial lung disease associated with leflunomide treatment in Korean patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 2094-6.
41. Koike T, Harigai M, Inokuma S, et al. Postmarketing surveillance of the safety and effectiveness of etanercept in Japan. J Rheumatol 2009; 36: 898-906.
42. Sawada T, Inokuma S, Sato T, et al. Leflunomide-induced interstitial lung disease: prevalence and risk factors in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2009; 48: 1069-72.
43. Danson S, Blackhall F, Hulse P, Ranson M. Interstitial lung disease in lung cancer: separating disease progression from treatment effects. Drug Saf 2005; 28: 103-13.
44. Copper J. Drug-induced pulmonary disease. Adv Intern Med 1997; 42: 231-68.
45. Ohnishi K, Sakai F, Kudoh S, Ohno R. Twenty-seven cases of drug-induced interstitial lung disease associated with imatinib mesylate. Leukemia 2006; 20: 1162-4.
46. Roig J, Domingo C, Gea E. Pulmonary Toxicity Caused by Cytotoxic Drugs. Clin Pulm Med 2006; 13: 53-62.
47. Jules-Elysee K, White D. Bleomycin induced pulmonary toxicity. Clin Chest Med 1990; 11: 1-20.
48. Aronchik J, Gefter W. Drug-induced pulmonary disorders. Semin Roentgenol 1995; 30: 18-34.
49. Schwaiblmair M, Berghaus T, Haeckel T, et al. Amiodaroneinduced pulmonary toxicity: an underrecognized and severe adverse effect? Clin Res Cardiol 2010; 99: 693-700.
50. Fernández A, Karas R, Alsheikh-Ali A, Thompson P. Statins and interstitial lung disease: a systematic review of the literature and of food and drug administration adverse event reports. Chest 2008; 134: 824-30.
51. Zitnik R, Cooper J. Pulmonary disease due to antirheumatic agents. Clin Chest Med 1990; 11: 139-50.
52. Sharma A, Provenzale D, McKusick A, et al. Interstitial pneumonitis after low-dose methotrexate therapy in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 266-70.
53. Ramos-Casals M, Perez-Alvarez R, Perez-de-lis M, et al. Pulmonary disorders induced by monoclonal antibodies in patients with rheumatologic autoimmune diseases. Am J Med 2011; 124: 386-94.
54. Bhullar S, Lele S, Kraman. Severe nitrofurantoin lung disease resolving without the use of steroids. J Postgrad Med 2007; 53: 111-3.
55. Giezen T, Mantel-Teeuwisse A, Straus S, et al. Safety-related regulatory actions for biologicals approved in the United States and the European Union. JAMA 2008; 300: 1887-96.
56. Walsh G. Biopharmaceutical benchmarks 2006. Nat Biotechnol 2006; 24: 769-76.
57. Peerzada M, Spiro T, Daw H. Pulmonary toxicities of biologics: a review. Anti-Cancer Drugs 2010; 21: 131-9.
58. Zayen A, Rais H, Ouarda M, et al. Rituximab-Induced Interstitial Lung Disease: Case Report and Literature Review. Pharmacology 2011; 87: 318-20.
59. Domingo C, Roig J. Neglected Respiratory Toxicity Caused by Cancer Therapy. Open Respir Med J 2007; 1: 1-6.
60. Özkan M, Dweik R, Ahmad M. D. Drug induced lung disease. Cleve Clin J Med 2001; 68: 782-95.
61. Belmonte Y, de Fàbregues O, Martin M, Domingo C. Pleuropulmonary Toxicity of Another Anti-Parkinson's Drug: Cabergoline. Open Resp Med J 2009; 3: 90-3.
62. Shimabukuro D, Sawa T, Gropper M. Injury and repair in lung and airways. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: S524-S31.
63. Delaunois L. Mechanisms in pulmonary toxicology. Clin Chest Med 2004; 1-14.
64. Foucher P, Biour M, Blayac J, et al. Drugs that may injure the respiratory system. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 265-79.
65. Weinshilboum R. Inheritance and drug response. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 529-37.
66. Higenbottam T, Kuwano K, Nemery B, et al. Understanding the mechanism of drug-associated interstitial lung disease. Br J Cancer 2004; 91: S31-7.
67. Ryrfeldt A. Drug-induced inflammatory responses to the lung. Toxicol Lett 2000; 112-113: 171-6.
68. Mishra A, Doyle N, Martin W. Bleomycin-mediated pulmonary toxicity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22: 543-9.
69. Azambuja E, Fleck J, Batista R, Barreto M. Bleomycin lung toxicity: who are the patients with increased risk? Pulmo Pharmacol Ther 2005; 18: 363-6.
70. Uhal B. Apoptosis in lung fibrosis and repair. Chest 2002; 122: 293S-8S.
71. Lock B, Eggert M, Cooper J. Infiltrative lung disease due to noncytotoxic agents. Clin Chest Med 2004; 25: 47-52.
72. Katzenstein A, Fiorelli R. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis. Histologic features and clinical significance. Am J Surg Pathol 1994; 18: 136-47.
73. Fukuoka J, Leslie K. Chronic diffuse lung diseases. In: Leslie K and Wick M, Ed. Practical Pulmonary Pathology. Philadelphia: Churchill-Livingstone 2005; pp 181-258.
74. th ed. Chapt 44. New York: Goodman and Gilman's, 2001; p. 1185.
75. Kaarteenaho R, Kinnula V. Diffuse alveolar damage: A common phenomenon in progressive interstitial lung disorders. Pulm Med 2011; 2011; 531302.
76. Ostoer A, Chilvers E, Somerville M, et al. Pulmonary complications of infliximab therapy with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2006; 33: 622-8.
77. Huggett M, Armstrong R. Adalimumab-associated pulmonary fibrosis. Rheumatology 2006; 45: 1312-3.
78. Takeuchi T, Tatsuki Y, Nogami Y, et al. Postmarketing surveillance of the safety profile of infliximab in 5000 Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67: 189-94.
79. Pietra G. Pathologic mechanisms of drug-induced lung disorders. J Thorac Imaging 1991; 6: 1-7.
80. Lioté H, Lioté F, Séroussi B, et al. Rituximab-induced lung disease: a systematic literature review. Respir J 2010; 35: 681-7.
81. Epler G. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), 25 years: a variety of causes, but what are the treatment options? Expert Rev Respir Med 2011; 5: 353-61.
82. Kornacker M, Kraemer A, Leo E, Ho A. Occurrence of sarcoidosis subsequent to chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: report of two cases. Ann Hematol 2002; 81: 103-5.
83. th ed. London: BC Decker 2003; pp. 485-534.
84. Camus P, Bonniaud P, Fanton A, et al. Drug-induced and iatrogenic infiltrative lung disease. Clin Chest Med 2004; 25: 479-519.
85. Bradley B, Branley HM, Egan JJ, et al. Interstitial lung disease guideline: the British Thoracic Society in collaboration with the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Irish Thoracic Society. Thorax 2008; 63: v1-v58.
86. Agbabiaka T, Savovic J, Ernst E. Methods for causality assessment of adverse drug reactions. Drug Safety 2008; 31: 21-37.
87. Meyboum R, Hekster Y, Egberts A, et al. Causal or casual? the role of causality assessment in pharmacovigilance. Drug Saf 1997; 17: 374-89.
88. Ganguli A, Pirmohamed M. Management of drug-induced interstitial lung disease. Prescriber 2006; 5: 41-6.
89. Choi H, Merkel P, Walker A, Niles J. Drug-associated antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody-positive vasculitis: prevalence among patients with high titers of antimyeloperoxidase antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 405-13.
90. Elliot T, Lynch D, Newell J, et al. High-resolution computed tomography features of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2005; 29: 339-45.
91. Hunninghake G, Lynch D, Galvin J, et al. Radiologic findings are strongly associated with a pathologic diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonia. Chest 2003; 124: 1215-23.
92. Morikawa M, Demura Y, Mizuno S, et al. FDG positron emission tomography imaging of drug-induced pneumonitis. Ann Nucl Med 2008; 22: 335-8.
93. Cleverley J, Screaton N, Hiorns M, et al. Flint J, Müller N. Druginduced lung disease: high-resolution CT and histological findings. Clin Radiol 2002; 57: 292-9.
94. Erasmus J, McAdams H, Rossi S, et al. High-resolution CT of drug-induced lung disease. Radiol Clin North Am 2002; 40: 61-72.
95. Ellis S, Cleverly J, Müller N. Drug-induced lung disease: highresolution CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000; 175: 1019-24.
96. Padley S, Adler B, Hansell D, Müller N. High-resolution computed tomography of drug-induced lung disease. Clin Radiol 1992; 46: 232-6.
97. Rossi S, Erasmus J, McAdams H, et al. Pulmonary drug toxicity: radiologic and pathologic manifestations. Radiographics 2000; 20: 1245-59.
98. Akira M, Ishikawa H, Yamamoto S. Drug-induced pneumonitis: Thin-section CT findings in 60 patients. Radiology 2002; 224: 852-60.
99. Lindell R, Hartman T. Chest imaging in iatrogenic respiratory disease. Clin Chest Med 2004; 25: 15-24.
100. Nishiyama O, Kondoh Y, Taniguchi H, et al. Serial high resolution CT findings in nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2000; 24: 41-6.
101. Camus P, Fanton A, Bonniaud P, et al. Interstitial lung disease induced by drugs and radiation. Respiration 2004; 71: 301-26.
102. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 277-304.
103. Cleverley J, Screaton N, Hiorns M, et al. Drug-induced lung disease: high-resolution CT and histological findings. Clin Radiol 2002; 57: 292-9.
104. Chetta A, Marangio E, Olivieri D. Pulmonary function testing in interstitial lung diseases. Respiration 2004; 71: 209-13.
105. Meyer K. The role of bronchoalveolar lavage in interstitial lung disease. Clin Chest Med 2004; 25: 637-49.
106. Costabel U, Uzaslan E, Guzman J. Bronchoalveolar lavage in druginduced lung disease. Clin Chest Med 2004; 25: 25-35.
107. Domingo C, Roig J, Klamburg P, et al. Lavado broncoalveolar en Medicina intensiva. Medicina Intensiva 1988; 12: 159-66.
108. Janz D, O'Neil H, Ely E. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia: a case report and review of the literature. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 1470-4.
109. Camus P, Costabel U. Drug-induced respiratory disease in patients with haematological diseases. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 26: 458-81.
110. Cho I, Mori S, Imamura F, et al. Methotrexate pneumonia lacking dyspnea and radiographic interstitial patterns during treatment for early rheumatoid arthritis: bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial lung biopsy in a differential diagnosis. Mod Rheumatol 2007; 17: 256-61.
111. Romagnoli M, Bigliazzi C, Casoni G, et al. The role of transbronchial lung biopsy for the diagnosis of diffuse druginduced lung disease: a case series of 44 patients. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2008; 25: 36-45.
112. Cockerill F, Wilson W, Carpenter H, et al. Open lung biopsy in immunocompromised patients. Arch Intern Med 1985; 145: 1398-404.
113. Tubach F, Salmon D, Ravaud P, et al. Risk of tuberculosis is higher with anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody therapy than with soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor therapy: the three-year prospective French Research Axed on Tolerance of Biotherapies registry. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60: 1884-94.
114. John H, Buckley C, Koh L, et al. Regional survey of tuberculosis risk assessment in rheumatology outpatients commencing anti-TNF-alpha treatment in relation to British Thoracic Society. Clin Med 2009; 9: 225-30.
115. Chabot F, Aymard B, Lesur O, et al. Drug-induced pulmonary diseases: diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic aspects. Apropos of 10 personal case reports. Rev Mal Resp 1992; 9: 593-601.
116. Kremer J, Alarcon G, Weinblatt M, et al. Clinical, laboratory, and histopathologic features of methotrexate-associated lung injury in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multicenter study with literature review. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40: 1829-37.
117. Pumphrey R. Lessons from management of anaphylaxis from a study of fatal reactions. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: 1144-50.
118. Kharabsheh S, Abendroth C, Kozak M. Fatal pulmonary toxicity occurring within two weeks of initiation of amiodarone. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 896-8.
119. Kuehm S, Doyle M. Medication errors: 1977 to 1988. Experience in medical malpractice claims. N J Med 1990; 87: 27-34.
120. Cottin V, Tébib J, Massonnet B, Souquet P, Bernard J. Pulmonary function in patients receiving longterm low-dose methotrexate. Chest 1996; 109: 933-8.
121. Verweij J, van Zanten T, Souren T, Golding R, Pinedo H. Prospective study on the dose relationship of mitomycin C-induced interstitial pneumonitis. Cancer 1987; 60: 756-61.