The First State Lobbyists: State Offices in Washington During World War II

Journal of Policy History

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 117-149

  Jensen, Jennifer M ^a   Emery, Jenna Kelkres ^a  

^a BINGHAMTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84864782488     PISSN: 08980306     EISSN: 15284190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0898030611000017     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Jeffry H. Birnbaum, “Washington's Power 25,” Fortune 1997
2. Anne Marie Cammisa, Governments as Interest Groups: Intergovernmental Lobbying and the Federal System (Westport, Conn. 1995).
3. The only academic work that specifically and properly dates the origin of New York's office in Washington at is an unpublished master's paper. Jerry G. Udell, “The Governor's Ambassador: A New Concept in the Representation of State Interests at the Federal Level” (Research Paper for 53.750, Seminar in American Government, American University, 1966). A few other works, such as a 1968 CQ Press guide, note that the New York office existed during World War II, indicating that the office was established in 1943 under Governor Dewey rather than Governor Lehman. Congressional Quarterly Service, Legislators and the Lobbyists, CQ Background (Washington, 1968).
4. Richard Norton Smith, Thomas E. Dewey and His Times (New York, 1982).
5. Jacqueline Calmes, “444 North Capitol Street: Where State Lobbyists Are Learning Coalition Politics,” Governing, February 1988, 17.
6. “Connecticut's Washington Office, 92-R-0627,” Connecticut General Assembly: Office of Legislative Research, Connecticut State Library, Hartford.
7. David B. Walker, The Rebirth of Federalism: Slouching Toward Washington (Chatham, N.J. 1995).
8. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, “ACIR Ninth Annual Report” (Washington, D.C. 1968).
9. Jon C. Teaford, The Rise of the States: Evolution of American State Government (Baltimore, 2002).
10. David Koistinen, “Public Policies for Countering Deindustrialization in Postwar Massachusetts,” Journal of Policy History 18, no. 3 (2006): 326.
11. Daniel J. Tichenor and Richard A. Harris, “Organized Interests and American Political Development,” Political Science Quarterly 117, no. 4 (2002-2003): 587-612.
12. Glenn E. Brooks, When Governors Convene: The Governors’ Conference and National Politics (Baltimore, 1961).
13. Buffalo Courier-Express Washington Bureau, “State Office Opens Doors to War Orders in Capital: Volgenau's Staff Guides New Yorkers as Red Tape Baffles Many Contract Seekers,” Buffalo Courier-Express, 10 May 1942.
14. Robert H. Salisbury, “Interest Representation: The Dominance of Institutions,” American Political Science Review 78, no. 1 (1984): 64-76.
15. Kay Lehman Schlozman and John T. Tierney, Organized Interests and American Democracy (New York, 1986).
16. Jack L. Walker, Mobilizing Interest Groups in America: Patrons, Professions, and Social Movements (Ann Arbor, 1991).
17. Frank R. Baumgartner and Beth L. Leech, “Interest Niches and Policy Bandwagons: Patterns of Interest Group Involvement in National Politics,” Journal of Politics 63, no. 4 (2001): 1191-1213.
18. Michael T. Hannan and John Freeman, Organizational Ecology (Cambridge, Mass. 1989)
19. David Lowery and Virginia Gray, “The Population Ecology of Gucci Gulch, or the Natural Regulation of Interest Group Numbers in the American States,” American Journal of Political Science 39, no. 1 (1995): 1-29
20. Virginia Gray and David Lowery, The Population Ecology of Interest Representation: Lobbying Communities in the American States (Ann Arbor, 1996).
21. Beth Leech, Frank Baumgartner, Timothy LaPira, and Nicholas Semanko, “Drawing Lobbyists to Washington: Government Activity and Interest Group Mobilization,” Political Research Quarterly 58, no. 1 (2005): 28-29.
22. Theodore J. Lowi, The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of the United States, 2nd ed. (New York, 1979)
23. William P. Browne, “Organized Interests and Their Issue Niches: A Search for Pluralism in a Policy Domain,” Journal of Politics 52, no. 2 (1990): 477-509
24. Virginia Gray and David Lowery, “A Niche Theory of Interest Representation,” Journal of Politics 58, no. 1 (1996): 91-111.
25. Several scholars have written about these associations. Cammisa, Governments as Interest Groups: Intergovernmental Lobbying and the Federal System
26. Donald H. Haider, When Governments Come to Washington: Governors, Mayors, and Intergovernmental Lobbying (New York, 1974)
27. Suzanne Farkas, Urban Lobbying: Mayors in the Federal Arena (New York, 1971)
28. David S. Arnold and Jeremy F. Plant, Public Official Associations and State and Local Government (Fairfax, Va. 1994).
29. Arnold and Plant, Public Official Associations and State and Local Government, 96.
30. Haider, When Governments Come to Washington, 52-62.
31. Samuel H. Beer, “The Adoption of General Revenue Sharing: A Case Study in Public Sector Politics,” Public Policy 24, no. 2 (1976).
32. For more on the development of professionalized government, see Frederick C. Mosher, Democracy and the Public Service (New York, 1968).
33. David B. Walker, Toward a Functioning Federalism, Winthrop Foundations of Public Management (Cambridge, Mass. 1981), 199.
34. Ann O’M. Bowman, “American Federalism on the Horizon,” Publius 32, no. 2 (2002): 3-22.
35. John Aubrey Douglass, “Earl Warren's “New Deal”: Economic Transition, Postwar Planning, and Higher Education in California,” Journal of Policy History 12, no. 4 (2000): 473-512.
36. Walker, Toward a Functioning Federalism. p.22.
37. Toward a Functioning Federalism 93-94.
38. Robert H. Salisbury, “An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups,” Midwest Journal of Political Science 13 (1969): 1-32.
39. Jack L. Walker, “The Origins and Maintenance of Interest Groups in America,” American Political Science Review 77 (1983): 390-406
40. Walker, Mobilizing Interest Groups in America, 75-85.
41. Salisbury, “Interest Representation,” 68–69.
42. Bowman, “American Federalism on the Horizon,” 3.
43. John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (Boston, 1984)
44. Michael D. Cohen, James G. March, and Johan P. Olsen, “A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice,” Administrative Science Quarterly 17, no. 1 (1972).
45. New York State Executive Department, “New York Produces for Victory: Annual Report of the Division of Commerce, 1943.”
46. New York State Executive Department, “Annual Report of the Division of Commerce, 1941.”
47. “State Office Opens Doors to War Orders in Capital: Volgenau's Staff Guides New Yorkers as Red Tape Baffles Many Contract Seekers,” Washington Bureau, Buffalo Courier-Express.
48. New York State Executive Department, “Annual Report of the Division of Commerce, 1941”
49. New York State Executive Department, “New York at Work for Victory and the Future: Annual Report of the Division of Commerce” (Albany, 1942).
50. New York State Executive Department, “New York at Work for Victory and the Future.”
51. New York State Executive Department, “New York Produces for Victory: Annual Report of the Division of Commerce, 1943.”
52. “How Connecticut Expands Sub-Contracts,” magazine article, date unknown, Connecticut State Archives, Robert A. Hurley Papers, Hartford, Reading Group 005:28, Series 2 Subject Files, Box 437, folder “Defense—Connecticut War Industries Commission” (hereafter cited as Connecticut State Archives, Robert A. Hurley Papers).
53. Connecticut's WIC augmented the state's Defense Council, which the governor had established in June 1940. Hurley spent a total of $50,000 on the WIC in 1942, 80 percent of which came from the governor's contingency fund. Connecticut was not alone in establishing these sorts of organizations; by 15 February 1941, forty-six states had established a state defense agency of some sort. “Aid to Small War Firms Is Curtailed,” Hartford Courant, 16 June 1943.
54. Council of State Governments, The Book of the States 1941–1942, vol. 4 (Chicago, 1941).
55. “The Connecticut War Industries Commission Comprehensive Report April 1st to August 31, 1942,” Connecticut State Archives, Robert A. Hurley Papers.
56. “State Group Gets $1,000,000 Orders for Small Plants,” Hartford Courant, 18 October 1942.
57. “Upman Gets State Job in Washington: Former Highway Deputy Manages War Industries Office, Committee Urges Pay for Him,” Hartford Courant, 1 September 1942.
58. Jennifer M. Jensen, “Filling the Hall of the States: Explaining the Establishment of State Offices in Washington” (Ph.D. diss. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2000).
59. “Funds Given for Office in Washington: Governor's Plan for State Development Headquarters Is Granted Total of $22,500,” Hartford Courant, 2 March 1944, 14.
60. Hartford Courant
61. Hartford Courant
62. Hartford Courant
63. Hartford Courant
64. Hartford Courant
65. Hartford Courant
66. Jensen, “Filling the Hall of the States,” 128–30.
67. New York State Executive Department, “New York at Work for Victory and the Future.”
68. New York State Executive Department, “New York Produces for Victory: Annual Report of the Division of Commerce, 1943.”
69. Writes Glenn Brooks, “The dominant faction within the Governors’ Conference firmly opposed the creation of a strong, activist group of governors. Most of all they were opposed to the suggestion that the governors should strive to influence national policy, either as a formal instrument of government or as an ad hoc pressure group.” Speaking to his colleagues at the January 1910 meeting of the Governors’ Conference, Governor Charles Evans Hughes said, “How the Federal administration shall be conducted is not a matter which concerns State Governors in their official capacity. Whether Congress shall pass a law or not, is for Congress to decide, and with respect to this it is the President's prerogative to make recommendations.” President Taft came as a guest to that meeting, and indicated that he would stay out of conference affairs, and suggested that they meet away from Washington. This sent a message that they would not be interacting much with the federal government. Brooks, When Governors Convene, 14-15.
70. “Governors’ Conferences, Their Scope and Purpose,” speech by Governor Hughes. Charles E. Hughes, “Proceedings of the Second Meeting of the Governors of the States of the Union” (presented at the Governors’ Conference 1910 Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. 18–20 January 1910).
71. James T. Patterson, The New Deal and the States: Federalism in Transition (Princeton, 1969).
72. Walker, The Rebirth of Federalism.
73. John Joseph Wallis, “The Birth of the Old Federalism: Financing the New Deal, 1932–1940,” Journal of Economic History 44, no. 1 (1984).
74. Journal of Economic History
75. John Joseph Wallis and Wallace E. Oates, “The Impact of the New Deal on American Federalism,” in The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century, ed. Michael D. Bordo, Claudia Goldin, and Eugene N. White (Chicago, 1998).
76. Jim F. Couch and William F. Shughart II, “New Deal Spending and the States: The Politics of Public Works,” in Public Choice Interpretations of American Economic History, ed. Jac C. Heckelman, John C. Moorhouse, and Robert M. Whaples (Boston, 2000).
77. U.S. Office of Management and Budget, “Historical Tables, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2009” (Washington, D.C. 2008).
78. Arnold and Plant, Public Official Associations and State and Local Government.
79. Farkas, Urban Lobbying
80. Cammisa, Governments as Interest Groups.
81. Richard M. Flanagan, “Roosevelt, Mayors, and the New Deal Regime: The Origins of Intergovernmental Lobbying and Administration,” Polity 31, no. 3 (1999): 415-50.
82. Gray and Lowery, “A Niche Theory of Interest Representation.”
83. Donald P. Haider-Markel, “Interest Group Survival: Shared Interests Versus Competition for Resources,” Journal of Politics 59, no. 3 (1997)
84. Browne, “Organized Interests and Their Issue Niches.”
85. Salisbury, “An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups.”
86. Coleman B. Ransone Jr. The Office of the Governor in the United States (University, Ala. 1956), 344.
87. Council of State Governments, The Book of the States 1941–1942.
88. Council of State Governments; New York State Red Book (Albany, 1941)
89. New York State Red Book (Albany, 1942).
90. W. Brooke Graves, American State Government, 3rd ed. (Boston, 1946), 271-73.
91. “Connecticut Body Spreads War Work,” New York Times, 19 October 1942.
92. Todd Sandler and Keith Hartley, The Economics of Defense (Cambridge, 1995), 200-220
93. Steve Chan, “Grasping the Peace Dividend: Some Propositions on the Conversion of Swords into Plowshares,” Mershon International Studies Review 39, no. 1 (1995).
94. Richard Franklin Bensel, The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1877–1900 (New York, 2000), 204
95. Mark R. Wilson, The Business of War: Military Mobilization and the State, 1861–1865 (Baltimore, 2006).
96. Ben Baack and Edward Ray, “The Political Economy of the Origins of the Military-Industrial Complex in the United States,” Journal of Economic History 45, no. 2 (1985): 369-75.
97. Peter Trubowitz, Defining the National Interest (Chicago, 1998), 31-95.
98. Benjamin O. Fordham, “Revisionism Reconsidered: Exports and American Intervention in World War I,” International Organization 61, no. 2 (2007)
99. Kathleen Burk, Britain, America, and the Sinews of War, 1914–1918 (Boston, 1985).
100. David M. Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (New York, 1980), 93-143
101. Gregory Hooks, Forging the Military-Industrial Complex: World War II's Battle of the Potomac (Urbana, 1991), 76
102. David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945, ed. C. Vann Woodward, The Oxford History of the United States (New York, 1999), 476-77.
103. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1942. Washington, D.C.
104. Jack Cavanaugh, “State Seeks Ways to Retain Manufacturing Companies,” New York Times, 10 April 1988
105. Matthew Roth, Connecticut: An Inventory of Historic Engineering and Industrial Sites (Washington, D.C. 1981).
106. In addition, other states perceived a “competitive threat” after seeing their counterparts flourish as a result of the war manufacturing boom. Koistinen, “Public Policies for Countering Deindustrialization in Postwar Massachusetts.” The South and the West were the ultimate beneficiaries. Gregory Hooks and Leonard E. Bloomquist, “The Legacy of World War II for Regional Growth and Decline: The Cumulative Effects of Wartime Investments on U.S. Manufacturing, 1947–1972,” Social Forces 71, no. 2 (1992)
107. Gerald D. Nash, The American West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War (Bloomington, 1985).
108. U.S. Department of Commerce, “Census of Manufactures: 1939” (Washington, D.C. 1940).
109. Council of State Governments, The Book of the States 1941–1942.
110. Alan Clive, State of War: Michigan in World War II (Ann Arbor, 1979).
111. Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, U.S. Department of Defense, “Military Prime Contract Awards by State: Fiscal Years 1951 to 1983” (Washington, D.C. 1984).
112. Salisbury, “Interest Representation.”
113. David O. White, “Robert Augustine Hurley: Governor of Connecticut, 1941–1943,” Connecticut State Library, http://www.cslib.org/gov/hurley.htm.
114. Albert E. Van Dusen, Connecticut (New York, 1961), 369.
115. Wilbur L. Cross, Connecticut Yankee: An Autobiography (New Haven, 1943), 369-70.
116. Robert P. Ingalls, Herbert H. Lehman and New York's New Deal (New York, 1975), 71.
117. Herbert H. Lehman and New York's New Deal 54-55.
118. Herbert H. Lehman and New York's New Deal
119. Barry K. Beyer, Thomas E. Dewey, 1937–1947: A Study in Political Leadership (New York, 1979).
120. Smith, Thomas E. Dewey and His Times.
121. Beyer, Thomas E. Dewey.
122. Murray D. Van Wagoner, “Operating the Tool Shop of America,” Vital Speeches of America 8 (1942), 662.
123. Allan Nevins, Herbert H. Lehman and His Era (New York, 1963).
124. Salisbury, “An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups”
125. Salisbury, “Interest Representation.”
126. “White Declares Victory, Says Message Clear,” Arkansas Gazette, 6 November 1980.
127. Robert Jay Dilger, The Sunbelt/Snowbelt Controversy: The War over Federal Funds (New York, 1982)
128. Beer, “The Adoption of General Revenue Sharing”
129. Haider, When Governments Come to Washington.
130. Jensen, “Filling the Hall of the States.”
131. Paul Pierson, Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis (Princeton, 2006), 169.
132. See also John Gerring, “Is There a (Viable) Crucial-Case Method?” Comparative Political Studies 40, no. 3 (2007).