Earl Warren's New Deal: Economic Transition, Postwar Planning, and Higher Education in California

Journal of Policy History

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 473-512

  Douglass, John Aubrey ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85012472397     PISSN: 08980306     EISSN: 15284190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jph.2000.0029     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Cited in Postwar California, Monthly Digest of Information Published in Cooperation with the California Reconstruction and Reemployment Commission and the Bureau of Public Administration, University of California, 1:1 (March 1944): 2.
2. Warren, speech before the first meeting of the California State Reconstruction and Reemployment Commission, 22 March, cited in Postwar California 1:2 (April 1944): 2.
3. See Dorothy C. Tompkins, “Recent Trends in State Planning and Development,” Bureau of Public Administration-University of California, Berkeley, 25 April 1949.
4. On the California Progressive movement, see George E. Mowry, The California Progressives (Berkeley, 1951)
5. Spencer C. Olin Jr. California's Prodigal Sons: Hiram Johnson and the Progressives, 1911-1917 (Berkeley, 1968), and
6. California Politics, 1846-1820: The Emerging Corporate State (San Francisco, 1981)
7. J. Gregg Lane, “The Lincoln-Roosevelt League: Its Origin and Accomplishments,” Quarterly of the Historical Society of Southern California 25 (September 1943)
8. Kevin Starr, Material Dreams: Southern California through the 1920s (New York, 1990); and
9. Inventing the Dream: California Through the Progressive Era (New York, 1985)
10. Tom Sitton, John Randolph Haynes: California Progressive (Stanford, 1992)
11. on the issue of water as a major political and economic issue in California, see Donald Pisani, From the Family Farm to Agribusiness: The Irrigation Crusade in California and the West, 1850-1931 (Berkeley, 1984).
12. As cited in Richard Harvey, Earl Warren: Governor of California (New York, 1969), 164-66
13. “California Speeds Postwar Planning,” New York Times, 23 March 1944
14. “Coast Ready with Program for War's End,” Oklahoma City Times, 30 June 1944. The national effort to guide the postwar economy has received little scholarly attention, and the exploits of California and Earl Warren are no different. There are a number of interesting biographies on Warren, but they are largely journalistic in approach and neglect any analysis of the circumstance and products of the Warren administration beyond the battles with the California Medical Association and one or two bills. Little attention is given to the policy framework of postwar planning. They instead focus an examination of Warren's personality and interpersonal and political relations, or on his years as Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.
15. These studies include Irving Stone's promotional biography for the 1948 presidential campaign, Earl Warren (New York, 1948)
16. the most recent biography by Ed Cray, Chief Justice: A Biography of Earl Warren (New York, 1997)
17. see also Bernard Schwartz, Super Chief: Earl Warren and His Supreme Court (New York, 1983)
18. Edward G. White, Earl Warren: A Public Life (New York, 1982)
19. Harvey, Earl Warren (New York, 1969)
20. Bill Severn, Mr. Chief Justice: Earl Warren (New York, 1968)
21. Leo Katcher, Earl Warren: A Political Biography (New York, 1967)
22. John D. Weaver, Warren: The Man, The Court, The Era (Boston, 1967)
23. Richard Harvey, “The Political Approach of Earl Warren, Governor of California” (Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA, 1959)
24. Roger W. Lotchin, Fortress California 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare (New York, 1992), xv, 171
25. see also “California Cities and the Hurricane of Change: World War II in the San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego Metropolitan Areas,” Pacific Historical Review 62:3 (August 1994): 393-420.
26. Paul Rhode, “The Nash Thesis Revisited: An Economic Historian's View,” Pacific Historical Review 62:3 (August 1994): 363-92.
27. California State Chamber of Commerce, Economic Survey of California and Its Counties (California State Chamber of Commerce, 1948), 823.
28. M. I. Gershenson, Division of Labor Statistics and Law Enforcement, State Department of Industrial Relations, presentation to the Citizens Tax Committee, San Francisco, 5 February 1943.
29. Carey McWilliams, California: The Great Exception (Santa Barbara, 1979), 233, 342.
30. See Mark S. Foster, Henry J. Kaiser: Builder in the Modern American West (Austin, 1989)
31. Stephen B. Adams, Mr. Kaiser Goes to Washington: The Rise of a Government Entrepreneur (Chapel Hill, 1997).
32. Robert Glass Cleland, From Wilderness to Empire: A History of California (New York, 1959), 411.
33. Robert K. Arnold et al. The California Economy, 1947-1960 (Menlo Park, Calif. 1960), 247-60
34. Southern California Associates of the Committee for Economic Development, National Defense and Southern California, 1961-1970, Los Angeles, December 1961.
35. Robert Glass Cleland, California in Our Time (New York, 1947), 318.
36. Kiplinger Magazine, February 1948
37. cited in McWilliams, California: The Great Exception, 233.
38. Gerald D. Nash, The American West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War (Bloomington, 1985), 17-19
39. see also Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, Neb. 1990)
40. Marilyn Johnson, The Second Gold Rush (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993)
41. William Bullough and Richard Orsi, The Elusive Eden: A New History of California (New York, 1988), 442-58.
42. See Earl Warren, “My Plan for Health Insurance,” Look Magazine, 22 June 1948
43. As cited in Richard Harvey, Earl Warren: Governor of California, 164–66.
44. “Earl Warren, The Memoirs of Earl Warren (Chicago, 1977), 232.
45. Mervyn Rathborne (Congress of Industrial Organizations Secretary in California) to Governor Earl Warren, 20 October 1944, Warren Papers, Reconstruction and Reemployment Commission Files, California State Archives (henceforth Warren Papers).
46. Warren, speech before the first meeting of the California State Reconstruction and Re-Employment Commission, 22 March cited in Postwar California 1:2 (April 1944): 2.
47. Office of the Director of Planning and Research, California Reports on Planning (Sacramento, February 1948).
48. The National Resources Planning Board published a series of pamphlets intended to address postwar planning, including: “After Defense—What?” (August 1941)
49. “After the War— Full Employment” (January 1942)
50. “Better Cities” (April 1942)
51. “Postwar Planning” (September 1942), and
52. “Demobilization and Readjustment” (June 1943)
53. Herman Miles Somers, Presidential Agency: OWMR, Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion (Cambridge, Mass. 1950)
54. Council of State Governments, Interstate Committee on Postwar Reconstruction and Development, Wartime and Postwar Problems and Policies of the States (Chicago, May 1944).
55. “Three States Parley on Postwar Program,” Portland Journal, 15 May 1944.
56. “Report of the Citizen's Tax Committee to the California Legislature,” in California Assembly Journal (15 March 1943): 851.
57. See California Statistical Abstract, 1961 (Sacramento, 1961), 61.
58. See Dorothy C. Tompkins, “The General Fund Surplus Problem in California,” Bureau of Public Administration, University of CaliforniaDBerkeley, March 1943.
59. Earl Warren, California Assembly Journal (15 March 1943), 847.
60. Interview with A. Alan Post (former legislative analyst to the California legislature and the Joint-Committee on Finance), Berkeley, 21 May 1990.
61. Earl Warren, 1943 Inaugural Address, pp. 11–12.
62. See also John Sexson, “Postwar Problems of Education,” California Journal of Secondary Education 19:3 (April 1944): 163-66
63. John L. Lounsbury, “Postwar Planning for the Junior Colleges,” California Journal of Secondary Education 19:3 (April 1944): 188-90
64. John L. Lounsbury, “Some Problems in Postwar Planning,” Junior College Journal 14:8 (April 1944): 360-66
65. “Preliminary Report of the Armed Forces Committee on Postwar Educational Opportunities for Service Personnel,” Washington, D.C. 27 October 1943, submittal to Congress.
66. Warren, Memoirs, 226.
67. “Crowded California,” Newsweek, 11 October 1948, 36.
68. Warren, Memoirs, 215–17
69. George A. Pettitt, Twenty-Eight Years in the Life of a University President (Berkeley, 1966), 34.
70. San Diego Union, 25 October 1943.
71. “California Has Been Thrust by the War into Its Industrial Future,” Oakland Post- Enquirer, 29 May 1944.
72. Warren speech before the Association of General Contractors, Palace Hotel, San Francisco, 11 December 1942, Warren Papers.
73. “Leaders See 1944 as Year of Hope and War Victories,” LA Times, 3 June 1944.
74. “House Resolution No. 186,” California Assembly Journal (15 May 1941): 3109.
75. “Report of the Subcommittee on Postwar Planning,” 30 December 1942, California Assembly Journal (3 May 1943): 3162
76. see also “House Resolution No. 78, pursuant to HR 186,” 30 January 1943
77. Charles W. Weber, California Assembly Journal (3 May 1943): 3167.
78. Tompkins, “Recent Trends in State Planning and Development.”
79. “Report of the Committee on Legislative Organization: The Procedure of Planning in State Government,” California Assembly Journal (3 May 1943): 3167-72.
80. California Assembly Journal, 3169.
81. “House Resolution No. 186,” California Assembly Journal (15 May 1941): 3109.
82. California Assembly Journal (3 May 1943): 3171.
83. Cited in Katcher, Earl Warren, 217.
84. “State Appropriates x0024;10,000,000 to Match City and County Funds for Local Plans and Sites,” Western Cities, June 1944
85. “California Votes x0024;112,000,000 Works,” New York Times, 4 June 1944; “Special Session Results with Praise of Warren, San Francisco Examiner, 15 June 1944.
86. Harvey, Earl Warren: Governor of California, 68.
87. California Assembly Journal (10 April 1943): 1954-55
88. Proceedings of the Governor's Conference on Employment, 5-6 December 1949 (Sacramento, 1951), 10.
89. Laws Relating to the State Reconstruction and Reemployment Commission (Sacramento, 1946).
90. “Report of the Citizens Advisory Committee on Readjustment Education,” 2–3.
91. Charles Bursch, “Memoranda from the State Department of Education Concerning State Aid for School Housing in Rural Areas and in Other School Districts with Low Financial Ability,” State Department of Education, 18 December 1944.
92. See Charles Falk, The Development and Organization of Education in California (New York, 1968), 107-41.
93. “Registration Data for California Institutions of Collegiate Grade, 1940, 1941, 1942 and 1943,” California Schools 15:5 (May 1944): 115-26.
94. John A. Sexson, “Postwar Problems of Education,” California Journal of Secondary Education 19:3 (April 1944): 163-66
95. cited in George A. Pettitt, Twenty-Eight Years in the Life of a University President (Berkeley, 1960), 77.
96. Walter Crosby Eells, “The Junior College in the Postwar Period,” Junior College Journal 14:2 (October 1943): 52.
97. State Reconstruction and Reemployment Commission, “Postwar Objectives of Public Education in California,” a report of the Project Committee on Postwar Objectives of Public Education, chaired by Gilbert H. Jertberg (State Board of Education) to the Citizens Advisory Committee on Readjustment Education, February 1945.
98. Robert Gordon Sproul, Inaugural Address as President of the University of California, 22 October 1930 Berkeley, UCA.
99. See John A. Douglass, “On Becoming an Old Blue: Santa Barbara's Controversial Transition from a State College to a Campus of the University of California,” Coastlines (Spring 1994): 6-11.
100. University of California, Board of Regents, Minutes, 19 January 1945
101. “The Origin and Functions of the Liaison Committee of the State Board of Education and the Regents of the University of California,” Joint Staff for the Liaison Committee and the Technical Advisory Committee, August 1957 revision, Liaison Committee Minutes and Reports, Sacramento, CSA.
102. Monroe E. Deutsch, Aubrey A. Douglass, and George Strayer, A Report of the Survey of the Needs of California in Higher Education (Berkeley, 1948).
103. See John A. Douglass, “Californians and Public Higher Education: Political Culture, Educational Opportunity and State Policymaking,” History of Higher Education Annual, vol. 16 (1996), 71-104.
104. History of Higher Education Annual, 39–40.
105. History of Higher Education Annual
106. Enrollment projections were based on two federal reports, the National Resources Planning Board's National Development Report, Part I (Washington, D.C. 1943), 69-70
107. and the President's Commission on Higher Education, Higher Education for American Democracy EARL WARREN's NEW DEAL 512 (Washington, D.C. 1947), 1:39.
108. See John A. Douglass, “Brokering the Master Plan for Higher Education,” California Politics and Policy, 1997.
109. California Statistical Abstract, 1961 (Sacramento, 1961), 61.
110. California Statistical Abstract
111. Statistical Abstract of the United States (U.S. Government, 1960), 205.
112. California Statistical Abstract, 1961, pp. 157–58, 168.
113. California Statistical Abstract
114. See Douglass, “Californians and Public Higher Education.”
115. Statistics from annual enrollment reports in California Schools, 1942-1950.
116. California Statistical Abstract, 1961, pp. 157–58, 168.
117. Earl Pomeroy, The Pacific Slope (New York, 1965), 299.
118. Robert K. Arnold et al. The California Economy, 1947-1960 (Menlo Park, Calif. 1960), 247-60
119. see also Southern California Associates of the Committee for Economic Development, National Defense and Southern California, 1961-70, Los Angeles, December 1961.
120. The dynamics of postwar economic development, including the investment in research universities, is the focus of a growing body of research. See David C. Mowery, Science and Technology Policy in Interdependent Economies (Boston, 1994)
121. Michael Gibbons et al. The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies (Thousand Oaks, Calif. 1994)
122. Paul Romer, “Why, Indeed, In America?: Theory, History and the Origins of Modern Economic Growth,” National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996
123. Council of Economic Advisers, “Supporting Research and Development to Promote Economic Growth: The Federal Government's Role,” October 1995.
124. Curt Gentry, The Last Days of the Late, Great State of California (New York, 1968).
125. California Statues, 1947, c. 1408.
126. Warren speech, 11 December 1942.