High salt intake and stroke: Meta-analysis of the epidemiologic evidence

CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics

Volumn 18, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 691-701

  Li, Xiu Yang ^a   Cai, Xian Lei ^a   Bian, Ping Da ^b   Hu, Liu Ru ^c  

^a ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b ZHEJIANG PROVINCIAL PEOPLE'S HOSPITAL   (China)

^c CHANG'AN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Hemorrhagic stroke; High salt intake; Ischemic stroke; Meta analysis; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; DATA EXTRACTION; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK; SALT INTAKE; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STROKE; STUDY DESIGN;

ADULT; AGED; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; DIET; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RECURRENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY; STROKE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84864780664     PISSN: 17555930     EISSN: 17555949     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00355.x     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Middeke M. Salt consumption and cardiovascular risk: A plea for salt reduction. Internist (Berl) 2012;53:14-19.
2. Jafar TH. Blood pressure, diabetes, and increased dietary salt associated with stroke-results from a community-based study in Pakistan. J Hum Hypertens 2006;20:83-85.
3. Manunta P, Bianchi G. Low-salt diet and diuretic effect on blood pressure and organ damage. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:S43-S46.
4. Ikehara S, Iso H, Date C, et al. Salt preference and mortality from stroke and coronary heart disease for Japanese men and women: The JACC study. Prev Med 2012;54:32-37.
5. Kono Y, Yamada S, Kamisaka K, et al. Recurrence risk after noncardioembolic mild ischemic stroke in a Japanese population. Cerebrovasc Dis 2011;31:365-372.
6. Hu HH, Sheng WY, Chu FL, Lan CF, Chiang BN. Incidence of stroke in Taiwan. Stroke 1992;23:1237-1241.
7. Liang W, Lee AH, Binns CW. Dietary intake of minerals and the risk of ischemic stroke in Guangdong Province, China, 2007-2008. Prev Chronic Dis 2011;8:A38.
8. Larsson SC, Virtanen MJ, Mars M, et al. Magnesium, calcium, potassium, and sodium intakes and risk of stroke in male smokers. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:459-465.
9. Umesawa M, Iso H, Date C, et al. Relations between dietary sodium and potassium intakes and mortality from cardiovascular disease: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risks. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:195-202.
10. Geleijnse JM, Witteman JC, Stijnen T, Kloos MV, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Sodium and potassium intake and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: The Rotterdam Study. Eur J Epidemiol 2007;22:763-770.
11. Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Shimizu N, Shimizy H. Sodium intake and risk of death from stroke in Japanese men and women. Stroke 2004;35:1543-1547.
12. He J, Ogden LG, Vupputuri S, Bazzano L, Loria C, Whelton PK. Dietary sodium intake and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in overweight adults. JAMA 1999;282:2027-2034.
13. Tuomilehto J, Jousilahti P, Rastenyte D, et al. Urinary sodium excretion and cardiovascular mortality in Finland: A prospective study. Lancet 2001;357:848-851.
14. Alderman MH, Madhavan S, Cohen H, Sealey JE, Laragh JH. Low urinary sodium is associated with greater risk of myocardial infarction among treated hypertensive men. Hypertension 1995;25:1144-1152.
15. Ellekjaer EF, Wyller TB, Sverre JM, Holmen J. Lifestyle factors and risk of cerebral infarction. Stroke 1992;23:829-834.
16. Strong K, Mathers C, Bonita R. Preventing stroke: Saving lives around the world. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:182-187.
17. Mukherjee D, Patil CG. Epidemiology and the global burden of stroke. World Neurosurg 2011;76:S85-S90.
18. O'Donnell M, Yusuf S. Tackling the global burden of stroke: The need for large-scale international studies. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:306-307.
19. Strazzullo P, D'Elia L, Kandala NB, Cappuccio FP. Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 2009;339:b4567.
20. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems 10th revision. Available at: (accessed on 1 February 2012).
21. DerSimomian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 1986;7: 177-188.
22. Mantel N, Haenszel W. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 1959;22: 719-748.
23. Egger M, Davey SG, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a sample, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315: 629-634.
24. Cannon CP. An overview of stroke and the impact of atrial fibrillation. Am J Manag Care 2010;16:S273-S277.
25. Ishigami K, Okuro M, Koizumi Y, et al. Association of severe hypertension with pneumonia in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke. Hypertens Res 2012;35:1-6.
26. Galimanis A, Mono ML, Arnold M, Nedeltchev K, Mattle HP. Lifestyle and stroke risk: A review. Curr Opin Neurol 2009;22:60-68.
27. Kokubo Y. Traditional risk factor management for stroke: A never-ending challenge for health behaviors of diet and physical activity. Curr Opin Neurol 2012;25:11-17.
28. Legetic B, Campbell N. Reducing salt intake in the Americas: Pan American Health Organization actions. J Health Commun 2011;16:S37-S48.
29. Tomonari T, Fukuda M, Miura T, et al. Is salt intake an independent risk factor of stroke mortality? Demographic analysis by regions in Japan. J Am Soc Hypertens 2011;5:456-462.
30. Wu Z, Yao C, Zhao D, et al., Sino-MONICA project: A collaborative study on trends and determinants in cardiovascular diseases in China, Part I: Morbidity and mortality monitoring. Circulation 2001;103:462-468.
31. Brundtland, GH. From the World Health Organization. Reducing risks to health, promoting healthy life. JAMA 2012;288:1974.