Thyroid dermopathy and acropachy

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 553-565

  Fatourechi, Vahab ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

acropachy; dermopathy; Graves' disease; ophthalmopathy; pretibial myxedema; TSH receptor antibodies

Indexed keywords

CLOBETASOL PROPIONATE; FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; OCTREOTIDE; PREDNISONE; THYROTROPIN RECEPTOR; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE;

ARTICLE; BONE DISEASE; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DRUG MEGADOSE; GRAVES DISEASE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; MASSAGE; PATHOGENESIS; PLASMAPHERESIS; PLASTIC SURGERY; SKIN DISEASE; THYROID ACROPACHY; THYROID DERMOPATHY; THYROID DISEASE; THYROIDECTOMY; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

EID: 84864743480     PISSN: 1521690X     EISSN: 15321908     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2011.10.001     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. G.B. Bartley The epidemiologic characteristics and clinical course of ophthalmopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 92 1994 477 588
2. K.M. Schwartz, V. Fatourechi, and D.D. Ahmed Dermopathy of Graves' disease (pretibial myxedema): long-term outcome Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 87 2002 438 446 (Pubitemid 34158200)
3. V. Fatourechi, D.D. Ahmed, and K.M. Schwartz Thyroid acropachy: report of 40 patients treated at a single institution in a 26-year period Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 87 2002 5435 5441 (Pubitemid 36034340)
4. V. Fatourechi, G.B. Bartley, and G.Z. Eghbali-Fatourechi Graves' dermopathy and acropachy are markers of severe Graves' ophthalmopathy Thyroid 13 2003 1141 1144 (Pubitemid 38032399)
5. O. Khalilzadeh, H. Mojazi Amiri, and M. Tahvildari Pretibial myxedema is associated with polymorphism in exon 1 of CTLA-4 gene in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy Archives of Dermatological Research 301 2009 719 723
6. R.S. Bahn Graves' ophthalmopathy New England Journal of Medicine 362 2010 726 738
7. M.N. Stan, and R.S. Bahn Risk factors for development or deterioration of Graves' ophthalmopathy Thyroid 20 2010 777 783
8. N. Lois, E. Abdelkader, and K. Reglitz Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and eye disease British Journal of Ophthalmology 92 2008 1304 1310
9. J. Thornton, S.P. Kelly, and R.A. Harrison Cigarette smoking and thyroid eye disease: a systematic review Eye 21 2007 1135 1145 (Pubitemid 47382137)
10. T.F. Davies Trauma and pressure explain the clinical presentation of the Graves' disease triad Thyroid 10 2000 629 630
11. T.J. Smith, L. Koumas, and A. Gagnon Orbital fibroblast heterogeneity may determine the clinical presentation of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 87 2002 385 392 (Pubitemid 34084719)
12. S.A. Rice, N.R. Peden, and S. McGlynn Atypical presentation of infiltrative thyroid dermopathy Clinical & Experimental Dermatology 35 2010 56 58
13. S.C. Missner, E.W. Ramsay, and H.E. Houck Graves' disease presenting as localized myxedema in a thigh donor graft site Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 39 1998 846 849 (Pubitemid 28520700)
14. K. Konrad, W. Brenner, and H. Pehamberger Ultrastructural and immunological findings in Graves' disease with pretibial myxedema Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 7 1980 99 108 (Pubitemid 10138639)
15. M. Ishii, K. Nakagawa, and T. Hamada An ultrastructural study of pretibial myxedema utilizing improved ruthenium red stain Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 11 1984 125 131 (Pubitemid 14131530)
16. S.C. Somach, T.N. Helm, and K.B. Lawlor Pretibial mucin. Histologic patterns and clinical correlation Archives of Dermatology 129 1993 1152 1156 (Pubitemid 23272095)
17. R.H. Bull, P.R. Coburn, and P.S. Mortimer Pretibial myxoedema: a manifestation of lymphoedema? Lancet 341 1993 403 404 (Pubitemid 23048144)
18. A. Antonelli, R. Palla, and L. Casarosa IgA and C3 deposits in the extra-thyroidal manifestations of autoimmune Graves' disease: their in vitro solubilization by intravenous immunoglobulin Clin Exp Rheumatol 14 Suppl. 15 1996 S31 S35
19. E.M. Jacobson, A. Huber, and Y. Tomer The HLA gene complex in thyroid autoimmunity: from epidemiology to etiology Journal of Autoimmunity 30 2008 58 62
20. W.-L. Liao, R.-H. Chen, and H.-J. Lin Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to Graves' ophthalmopathy in Taiwan males BMC Medical Genetics 11 2010 154
21. W.-L. Liao, R.-H. Chen, and H.-J. Lin The association between polymorphisms of B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) and Graves' ophthalmopathy in a Taiwanese population Ophthalmology 118 2011 553 557
22. R.S. Douglas, and S. Gupta The pathophysiology of thyroid eye disease: implications for immunotherapy Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 22 2011 385 390
23. F. Cianfarani, E. Baldini, and A. Cavalli TSH receptor and thyroid-specific gene expression in human skin Journal of Investigative Dermatology 130 2010 93 101
24. A.E. Heufelder T-cell restriction in thyroid eye disease Thyroid 8 1998 419 422 (Pubitemid 28252425)
25. Y. Shishiba, T. Tanaka, and Y. Ozawa Chemical characterization of high buoyant density proteoglycan accumulated in the affected skin of pretibial myxedema of Graves' disease Endocrinology Japan 33 1986 395 403 (Pubitemid 17207591)
26. F. Rongioletti, P. Donati, and A. Amantea Obesity-associated lymphoedematous mucinosis Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 36 2009 1089 1094
27. R.S. Bahn Pathophysiology of Graves' ophthalmopathy: the cycle of disease Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88 2003 1939 1946 (Pubitemid 36549860)
28. V. Fatourechi Thyroid dermopathy and acropachy Expert Review of Dermatology 6 2011 75 90
29. L.C. Hofbauer, T. Muhlberg, and A. Konig Soluble interleukin-1 receptor antagonist serum levels in smokers and nonsmokers with Graves' ophthalmopathy undergoing orbital radiotherapy Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 82 1997 2244 2247 (Pubitemid 27287592)
30. F. van der Heide, A. Dijkstra, and R.K. Weersma Effects of active and passive smoking on disease course of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Inflammatory Bowel Disease 15 2009 1199 1207
31. K.M. Schwartz, D.D. Ahmed, and I. Ahmed Development of localized myxedema in a skin graft International Journal of Dermatology 41 2002 401 403
32. N. Noppakun, K. Bancheun, and S. Chandraprasert Unusual locations of localized myxedema in Graves' disease. Report of three cases Archives of Dermatology 122 1986 85 88 (Pubitemid 16063273)
33. F. Akasu, K. Takazawa, and R. Akasu Localized myxedema on the nasal dorsum in a patient with Graves' disease: report of a case Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 12 1989 717 721 (Pubitemid 20013851)
34. A.L. Wright, P.K. Buxton, and D. Menzies Pretibial myxedema localized to scar tissue International Journal of Dermatology 29 1990 54 55 (Pubitemid 20136325)
35. R.M. Pujol, J. Monmany, and S. Bague Graves' disease presenting as localized myxoedematous infiltration in a smallpox vaccination scar Clinical & Experimental Dermatology 25 2000 132 134 (Pubitemid 30212422)
36. J. Robens, B. Faulkner-Jones, and A. Sepeher Severe refractory thyroid dermopathy masquerading as recurrent keloids and occurring at a skin graft site Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 38 2011 103 104
37. B. Rapoport, R. Alsabeh, and D. Aftergood Elephantiasic pretibial myxedema: insight into and a hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of the extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves' disease Thyroid 10 2000 685 692 [see comment]
38. N. Kato, H. Ueno, and M. Matsubara A case report of EMO syndrome showing localized hyperhidrosis in pretibial myxedema Journal of Dermatology 18 1991 598 604
39. C. Omohundro, J.W. Dijkstra, and C. Camisa Early onset pretibial myxedema in the absence of ophthalmopathy: a morphologic evolution Cutis 58 1996 211 214
40. G.B. Bartley, V. Fatourechi, and E.F. Kadrmas The incidence of Graves' ophthalmopathy in Olmsted County, Minnesota American Journal of Ophthalmology 120 1995 511 517
41. V. Fatourechi, J.A. Garrity, and G.B. Bartley Orbital decompression in Graves' ophthalmopathy associated with pretibial myxedema Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 16 1993 433 437 (Pubitemid 23288399)
42. G. Stewart, C.M. Payne, and D.N. Croft Hashimoto's thyroiditis associated with dysthyroid eye disease, pretibial myxoedema and thyroid acropachy Journal of the Royal Society Medicine 77 1984 240 243 (Pubitemid 15208000)
43. S.R. Shih, M.S. Lin, and H.Y. Li Observing pretibial myxedema in patients with Graves' disease using digital infrared thermal imaging and high-resolution ultrasonography: for better records, early detection, and further investigation European Journal of Endocrinology 164 2011 605 611
44. F.M. Vanhoenacker, M.C. Pelckmans, and L.H. De Beuckeleer Thyroid acropachy: correlation of imaging and pathology European Radiology 11 2001 1058 1062 (Pubitemid 32755574)
45. S. Yamazaki, I. Katayama, and T. Satoh Acral ichthyosiform mucinosis in association with Sjogren's syndrome: a peculiar form of pretibial myxedema? Journal of Dermatology 20 1993 715 718 (Pubitemid 24025210)
46. P.Y. Lo, and T.Y. Tzung Lichen myxedematosus in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma [5] British Journal of Dermatology 143 2000 452 453
47. A. Poswig, R. Hinrichs, and M. Megahed Discrete papular mucinosis-a rare subtype of lichen myxoedematosus Clinical & Experimental Dermatology 25 2000 289 292 (Pubitemid 30670584)
48. F. Rongioletti Scleromyxedema: a potentially disabling and fatal disease Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia 135 2000 323 328 (Pubitemid 30602446)
49. M. Blaszczyk, and S. Jabonska Scleromyxedema: a scleroderma-like variant of mucinosis papulosa Przeglad Dermatologiczny 88 2001 7 16 [Polish] (Pubitemid 32303819)
50. A.M. McNeill, and R.J. Barr Scleromyxedema-like fibromucinosis in a patient undergoing hemodialysis International Journal of Dermatology 41 2002 364 367 (Pubitemid 34863309)
51. J.E. Harris, S.M. Purcell, and T.D. Griffin Acral persistent papular mucinosis Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 51 2004 982 988 (Pubitemid 39593020)
52. D.M. Elston Stasis mucinosis Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 37 2010 1024 author reply 1025
53. T. Müntener, S. Rüfenacht, and S. Palma Scleromyxedema-like syndrome with systemic involvement in a cat Veterinary Pathology 47 2010 346 350
54. R. Schmaltz, T. Vogt, and C.S.L. Müller Plaque-like sclerodermiform localized mucinosis rapidly esponsive to topical tacrolimus Case Reports in Dermatology 2 2010 165 168
55. M.B. Volpato, T.J. Jaime, and M.P. Proença Papular mucinosis associated with hypothyroidism Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 85 2010 89 92
56. Y. Tokuda, S. Kawachi, and H. Murata Chronic obesity lymphoedematous mucinosis: three cases of pretibial mucinosis in obese patients with pitting oedema British Journal of Dermatology 154 2006 157 161 (Pubitemid 43381337)
57. L. Tallstedt, G. Lundell, and H. Blomgren Does early administration of thyroxine reduce the development of Graves' ophthalmopathy after radioiodine treatment? European Journal of Endocrinology 130 1994 494 497 (Pubitemid 24165777)
58. P. Laurberg, G. Wallin, and L. Tallstedt TSH-receptor autoimmunity in Graves' disease after therapy with anti-thyroid drugs, surgery, or radioiodine: a 5-year prospective randomized study European Journal of Endocrinology 158 2008 69 75 (Pubitemid 351211042)
59. F. Traisk, L. Tallstedt, M. Abraham-Nordling Lundell G & Thyroid Study Group of TT Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs or iodine-131 Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94 2009 3700 3707
60. L. Tallstedt, and G. Lundell Radioiodine treatment, ablation, and ophthalmopathy: a balanced perspective Thyroid 7 1997 241 245 (Pubitemid 27190590)
61. L. Tallstedt, G. Lundell, and O. Torring Occurrence of ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism New England Journal of Medicine 326 1992 1733 1738
62. L. Bartalena, C. Marcocci, and F. Bogazzi Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves' ophthalmopathy New England Journal of Medicine 338 1998 73 78 [see comment] (Pubitemid 28042269)
63. M.L. Tanda, A. Lai, and L. Bartalena Relation between Graves' orbitopathy and radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism: facts and unsolved questions Clinical Endocrinology 69 2008 845 847
64. W.M. Wiersinga Therapy: evidence-based treatment of Graves ophthalmopathy Nature Reviews Endocrinology 5 2009 653 654
65. L.J. DeGroot Radioiodine and the immune system Thyroid 7 1997 259 264 (Pubitemid 27190593)
66. P. Rotman-Pikielny, F. Brucker-Davis, and M.L. Turner Lack of effect of long-term octreotide therapy in severe thyroid-associated dermopathy Thyroid 13 2003 465 470 (Pubitemid 36750556)
67. L. Bartalena, and M.L. Tanda Clinical practice. Graves' ophthalmopathy New England Journal of Medicine 360 2009 994 1001
68. N. Takasu, H. Higa, and Y. Kinjou Treatment of pretibial myxedema (PTM) with topical steroid ointment application with sealing cover (steroid occlusive dressing technique: steroid ODT) in Graves' patients Internal Medicine 49 2010 665 669
69. G. Volden Successful treatment of chronic skin diseases with clobetasol propionate and a hydrocolloid occlusive dressing Acta Dermato-Venereologica 72 1992 69 71
70. J.P. Kriss, V. Pleshakov, and A. Rosenblum Therapy with occlusive dressings of pretibial myxedema with fluocinolone acetonide Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 27 1967 595 604
71. J.P. Kriss Pathogenesis and treatment of pretibial myxedema Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 16 1987 409 415 (Pubitemid 18088084)
72. L.N. Parker, S.Y. Wu, and M.K. Lai The early diagnosis of atypical thyroid acropachy Archives of Internal Medicine 142 1982 1749 1751
73. P.G. Lang, J.C. Sisson, and P.J. Lynch Intralesional triamcinolone therapy for pretibial myxedema Archives of Dermatology 111 1975 197 202
74. E. Senel, and A.T. Gulec Euthyroid pretibial myxedema and EMO syndrome Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina, Panonica et Adriatica 18 2009 21 23
75. M. Nakagawa, K. Sugihara, and H. Endoh A case of pretibial myxedema Skin Research 1 2002 176 179 [Japanese] (Pubitemid 36330155)
76. A. Deng, and D. Song Multipoint subcutaneous injection of long-acting glucocorticid as a cure for pretibial myxedema Thyroid 21 2011 83 85
77. W.S. Susser, A.G. Heermans, and M.S. Chapman Elephantiasic pretibial myxedema: a novel treatment for an uncommon disorder Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 46 2002 723 726
78. S.J. Shaw, V. Kamdar, and S. Bughi Elephantiasic form of severe pseudotumorous pretibial myxedema: a case report Endocrinologist 10 2000 433 436 (Pubitemid 32009597)
79. A. Pingsmann, H.M. Ockenfels, and T. Patsalis Surgical excision of pseudotumorous pretibial myxedema Foot and Ankle International 17 1996 107 110 (Pubitemid 26063162)
80. J. Felton, E.K. Derrick, and M.L. Price Successful combined surgical and octreotide treatment of severe pretibial myxoedema reviewed after 9 years British Journal of Dermatology 148 2003 825 826 (Pubitemid 36629771)
81. E.K. Derrick, B. Tanner, and M.L. Price Successful surgical treatment of severe pretibial myxoedema The British Journal of Dermatology 133 1995 317 318
82. L. Bartalena What to do for moderate-to-severe and active Graves' orbitopathy if glucocorticoids fail? Clinical Endocrinology 73 2010 149 152
83. L. Bartalena, A. Lai, and E. Compri Novel immunomodulating agents for Graves orbitopathy Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 24 2008 251 256
84. N. Kuzuya, and L.J. DeGroot Effect of plasmapheresis and steroid treatment on thyrotropin binding inhibitory immunoglobulins in a patient with exophthalmos and a patient with pretibial myxedema Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 5 1982 373 378 (Pubitemid 13117910)
85. M. Noppen, B. Velkeniers, and L. Steenssens Beneficial effects of plasmapheresis followed by immunosuppressive therapy in pretibial myxedema Acta Clinica Belgica 43 1988 381 383
86. P. Dandona, N.J. Marshall, and S.P. Bidey Successful treatment of exophthalmos and pretibial myxoedema with plasmapheresis British Medical Journal 1 1979 374 376 (Pubitemid 9095235)
87. R.A. Lewis, N. Slater, and D.N. Croft Exophthalmos and pretibial myxoedema not responding to plasmapheresis British Medical Journal 2 1979 390 391
88. A. Antonelli, A. Navarranne, and R. Palla Pretibial myxedema and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment Thyroid 4 1994 399 408
89. J.L. Wemeau, P. Caron, and A. Beckers Octreotide (long-acting release formulation) treatment in patients with Graves' Orbitopathy: clinical results of a four-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 2005 841 848 (Pubitemid 40279207)
90. M.E. Chapman, I. Beggs, and P.S. Wu Case report: thyroid acropachy in a single digit Clinical Radiology 47 1993 58 59 (Pubitemid 23048748)
91. O. Batal, and S.F. Hatem Radiologic case study. Thyroid acropachy Orthopedics 31 2 2008 98 100
92. K.A. Heemstra, R.E. Toes, and J. Sepers Rituximab in relapsing Graves' disease, a phase II study European Journal of Endocrinology 159 2008 609 615 [see comment]
93. D. Khanna, K.K.L. Chong, and N.F. Afifiyan Rituximab treatment of patients with severe, corticosteroid-resistant thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy Ophthalmology 117 133-139 2010 e132
94. M. Salvi, G. Vannucchi, and I. Campi Rituximab in the treatment of thyroid eye disease: science fiction? Orbit 28 2009 251 255
95. R.Z. Silkiss, A. Reier, and M. Coleman Rituximab for thyroid eye disease Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 26 2010 310 314
96. G. Vannucchi, I. Campi, and M. Bonomi Rituximab treatment in patients with active Graves' orbitopathy: effects on proinflammatory and humoral immune reactions Clinical and Experimental Immunology 161 2010 436 443