Painful neuromas

Clinical Journal of Pain

Volumn 28, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 639-645

  Rajput, Kanishka ^a   Reddy, Sapna ^a   Shankar, Hariharan ^a  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

neuroma; neuropathic pain; steroid injection; ultrasound guidance

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; AMITRIPTYLINE; BOTULINUM TOXIN B; CORTICOSTEROID; ETANERCEPT; FENTANYL; GABAPENTIN; KETAMINE; LIDOCAINE; MEMANTINE; MORPHINE; PHENOL; PLACEBO; STEROID;

AMPUTATION STUMP; ANALGESIA; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME; CRYOABLATION; ECHOGRAPHY; FOOT PAIN; HUMAN; HYPERPIGMENTATION; INJECTION SITE ATROPHY; MEDLINE; METATARSALGIA; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEURITIS; NEUROLYSIS; NEUROMA; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY; PHANTOM PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD STIMULATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ULTRASOUND; ULTRASOUND THERAPY;

HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MEDLINE; NEUROMA; PAIN; PAIN MANAGEMENT; ULTRASONOGRAPHY;

EID: 84864657386     PISSN: 07498047     EISSN: 15365409     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31823d30a2     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Stokvis A, Henk Coert J, van Neck JW. Insufficient pain relief after surgical neuroma treatment: prognostic factors and central sensitisation. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;63:1538-1543.
2. Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet. 2006;367:1618-1625. (Pubitemid 43674227)
3. Nikolajsen L, Jensen TS. Phantom limb pain. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:107-116. (Pubitemid 32631680)
4. Jung BF, Ahrendt GM, Oaklander AL, et al. Neuropathic pain following breast cancer surgery: proposed classification and research update. Pain. 2003;104:1-13. (Pubitemid 36835869)
5. Macrae WA. Chronic pain after surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:88-98.
6. Perkins FM, Kehlet H. Chronic pain as an outcome of surgery: a review of predictive factors. Anesthesiology. 2000; 93:1123-1133.
7. Brennan TJ, Kehlet H. Preventive analgesia to reduce wound hyperalgesia and persistent postsurgical pain: not an easy path. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:681-683. (Pubitemid 41415515)
8. Gotoda Y, Kambara N, Sakai T, et al. The morbidity, time course and predictive factors for persistent post-thoracotomy pain. Eur J Pain. 2001;5:89-96. (Pubitemid 32661931)
9. Aasvang E, Kehlet H. Chronic postoperative pain: the case of inguinal herniorrhaphy. Br J Anaesth. 2005;95:69-76. (Pubitemid 40903888)
10. Poobalan AS, Bruce J, Smith WC, et al. A review of chronic pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy. Clin J Pain. 2003;19:48-54. (Pubitemid 36043450)
11. Bay-Nielsen M, Nilsson E, Nordin P, et al. Chronic pain after open mesh and sutured repair of indirect inguinal hernia in young males. Br J Surg. 2004;91:1372-1376. (Pubitemid 39331465)
12. Bruce J, Drury N, Poobalan AS, et al. The prevalence of chronic chest and leg pain following cardiac surgery: a historical cohort study. Pain. 2003;104:265-273. (Pubitemid 36835895)
13. Sharma AD, Parmley CL, Sreeram G, et al. Peripheral nerve injuries during cardiac surgery: risk factors, diagnosis, prognosis, and prevention. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:1358-1369.
14. Provost N, Bonaldi VM, Sarazin L, et al. Amputation stump neuroma: ultrasound features. J Clin Ultrasound. 1997;25:85-89. (Pubitemid 27058469)
15. Henrot P, Stines J,Walter F, et al. Imaging of the painful lower limb stump. Radiographics. 2000;20(Spec No):S219-S235.
16. Wu KK. Morton's interdigital neuroma: a clinical review of its etiology, treatment, and results. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1996; 35:112-119. (Pubitemid 26130323)
17. Watson J, Gonzalez M, Romero A, et al. Neuromas of the hand and upper extremity. J Hand Surg. 2010;35:499-510.
18. Fisher GT, Boswick JA Jr. Neuroma formation following digital amputations. J Trauma. 1983;23:136-142. (Pubitemid 13115104)
19. Sturm V, Kroger M, Penzholz H. Problems of peripheral nerve surgery in amputation stump pain and phantom limbs. Chirurg. 1975;46:389-391.
20. Thomas AJ, Bull MJ, Howard AC, et al. Peri operative ultrasound guided needle localisation of amputation stump neuroma. Injury. 1999;30:689-691.
21. Mathews GJ, Osterholm JL. Painful traumatic neuromas. Surg Clin North Am. 1972;52:1313-1324.
22. Gold MS, Weinreich D, Kim CS, et al. Redistribution of Nav1.8 in uninjured axons enables neuropathic pain. J Neurosci. 2003;23:158-166. (Pubitemid 36050415)
23. Lai J, Porreca F, Hunter JC, et al. Voltage-gated sodium channels and hyperalgesia. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2004;44:371-397. (Pubitemid 38263846)
24. Hagenacker T, Ledwig D, Büsselberg D. Feedback mechanisms in the regulation of intracellular calcium (Ca2+)i in the peripheral nociceptive system: role of TRPV-1 and pain related receptors. Cell Calcium. 2008;43:215-227. (Pubitemid 351248309)
25. Balkowiec-Iskra E, Vermehren-Schmaedick A, Balkowiec A. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in trigeminal ganglion neurons in an activitydependent manner. Neuroscience. 2011;180:322-333.
26. Dawson LF, Phillips JK, Finch PM, et al. Expression of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors on peripheral nociceptive neurons. Neuroscience. 2011;175:300-314.
27. Zoga V, Kawano T, Liang MY, et al. KATP channel subunits in rat dorsal root ganglia: alterations by painful axotomy. Mol Pain. 2010;6:6.
28. Thomas G, Morton MD. The Classic: a peculiar and painful affection of the fourth metatarso-phalangeal articulation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;142:4-9.
29. Graham CE, Graham DM.Morton's neuroma: a microscopic evaluation. Foot Ankle. 1984;5:150-153. (Pubitemid 16191462)
30. Bourke G, Owen J, Machet D. Histological comparison of the third interdigital nerve in patients with Morton's metatarsalgia and control patients. Aust N Z J Surg. 1994;64: 421-424. (Pubitemid 24270300)
31. Dockery GL. The treatment of intermetatarsal neuromas with 4% alcohol sclerosing injections. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1999;38: 403-408. (Pubitemid 30005186)
32. Vernadakis AJ, Koch H, Mackinnon SE. Management of neuromas. Clin Plast Surg. 2003;30:247-268. vii. (Pubitemid 36523147)
33. Dellon AL, Mackinnon SE. Treatment of the painful neuroma by neuroma resection and muscle implantation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;77:427-438. (Pubitemid 16043445)
34. Herta F. Phantom-limb pain: characteristics, causes, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2002;1:182-189.
35. Adams WR 2nd. Morton's neuroma. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2010;27:535-545.
36. Mulder JD. The causative mechanism in Morton's metatarsalgia. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1951;33-B:94-95.
37. Singson RD, Feldman F, Slipman CW, et al. Postamputation neuromas and other symptomatic stump abnormalities: detection with CT. Radiology. 1987;162:743-745. (Pubitemid 17019206)
38. Lange TA, Austin CW, Seibert JJ, et al. Ultrasound imaging as a screening study for malignant soft-tissue tumors. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987;69:100-105. (Pubitemid 17030376)
39. Redd RA, Peters VJ, Emery SF, et al. Morton neuroma: sonographic evaluation. Radiology. 1989;171:415-417. (Pubitemid 19108111)
40. Kaminsky S, Griffin L, Milsap J, et al. Is ultrasonography a reliable way to confirm the diagnosis of Morton's neuroma? Orthopedics. 1997;20:37-39. (Pubitemid 27058169)
41. Pollak RA, Bellacosa RA, Dornbluth NC, et al. Sonographic analysis of Morton's neuroma. J Foot Surg. 1992;31: 534-537. (Pubitemid 23052512)
42. Fornage BD. Peripheral nerves of the extremities: imaging with US. Radiology. 1988;167:179-182. (Pubitemid 18087450)
43. Shapiro PP, Shapiro SL. Sonographic evaluation of interdigital neuromas. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16:604-606.
44. Shankar H. Ultrasound demonstration of vascularity changes with changes in pain perception in a stump neuroma. Clin J Pain. 2009;25:253-255.
45. Whipple RR, Unsell RS. Treatment of painful neuromas. Orthop Clin North Am. 1988;19:175-185. (Pubitemid 18057242)
46. Kirvela O, Nieminen S. Treatment of painful neuromas with neurolytic blockade. Pain. 1990;41:161-165. (Pubitemid 20179929)
47. Mass DP, Ciano MC, Tortosa R, et al. Treatment of painful hand neuromas by their transfer into bone. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;74:182-185. (Pubitemid 14053323)
48. Koch H, Haas F, Hubmer M, et al. Treatment of painful neuroma by resection and nerve stump transplantation into a vein. Ann Plast Surg. 2003;51:45-50. (Pubitemid 36828655)
49. Burchiel KJ, Johans TJ, Ochoa J. The surgical treatment of painful traumatic neuromas. J Neurosurg. 1993;78:714-719. (Pubitemid 23121911)
50. Gruber H, Glodny B, Kopf H, et al. Practical experience with sonographically guided phenol instillation of stump neuroma: predictors of effects, success, and outcome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190:1263-1269. (Pubitemid 351684933)
51. Nikolajsen L, Ilkjaer S, Christensen JH, et al. Randomised trial of epidural bupivacaine and morphine in prevention of stump and phantom pain in lower-limb amputation. Lancet. 1997;350:1353-1357. (Pubitemid 28036902)
52. Nikolajsen L, Finnerup NB, Kramp S, et al. A randomized study of the effects of gabapentin on postamputation pain. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:1008-1015. (Pubitemid 44655513)
53. Robinson LR, Czerniecki JM, Ehde DM, et al. Trial of amitriptyline for relief of pain in amputees: results of a randomized controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004; 85:1-6. (Pubitemid 38049583)
54. Hayes C, Armstrong-Brown A, Burstal R. Perioperative intravenous ketamine infusion for the prevention of persistent post-amputation pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2004;32:330-338. (Pubitemid 38877793)
55. Nikolajsen L, Gottrup H, Kristensen AG, et al. Memantine (a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist) in the treatment of neuropathic pain after amputation or surgery: a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:960-966.
56. Wu CL, Tella P, Staats PS, et al. Analgesic effects of intravenous lidocaine and morphine on postamputation pain: a randomized double-blind, active placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:841-848. (Pubitemid 34266676)
57. Jacobson L, Chabal C, Brody MC, et al. A comparison of the effects of intrathecal fentanyl and lidocaine on established postamputation stump pain. Pain. 1990;40:137-141. (Pubitemid 20070782)
58. Kern U, Martin C, Scheicher S, et al. Effects of botulinum toxin type B on stump pain and involuntary movements of the stump. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;83:396-399. (Pubitemid 38520620)
59. Dahl E, Cohen SP. Perineural injection of etanercept as a treatment for postamputation pain. Clin J Pain. 2008;24: 172-175. (Pubitemid 351156518)
60. Strong G, Thomas PS. Conservative treatment of Morton's neuroma. Orthop Rev. 1987;16:343-345.
61. Bennett GL, Graham CE, Mauldin DM. Morton's interdigital neuroma: a comprehensive treatment protocol. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16:760-763.
62. Greenfield J, Rea J Jr, Ilfeld FW. Morton's interdigital neuroma: indications for treatment by local injections versus surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;185:142-144. (Pubitemid 14136812)
63. Hassouna H, Singh D, Taylor H, et al. Ultrasound guided steroid injection in the treatment of interdigital neuralgia. Acta Orthop Belg. 2007;73:224-229.
64. Markovic M, Crichton K, Read JW, et al. Effectiveness of ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection in the treatment of Morton's neuroma. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29:483-487. (Pubitemid 351619971)
65. Rasmussen MR, Kitaoka HB, Patzer GL. Nonoperative treatment of plantar interdigital neuroma with a single corticosteroid injection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;326:188-193. (Pubitemid 26147764)
66. Reddy PD, Zelicof SB, Ruotolo C, et al. Interdigital neuroma: local cutaneous changes after corticosteroid injection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995;317:185-187.
67. Ernberg LA, Adler RS, Lane J. Ultrasound in the detection and treatment of a painful stump neuroma. Skeletal Radiol. 2003;32:306-309. (Pubitemid 36700875)
68. Fanucci E, Masala S, Fabiano S, et al. Treatment of intermetatarsal Morton's neuroma with alcohol injection under US guide: 10-month follow-up. Eur Radiol. 2004;14: 514-518. (Pubitemid 38324928)
69. Hughes RJ, Ali K, Jones H, et al. Treatment of Morton's neuroma with alcohol injection under sonographic guidance: follow-up of 101 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188: 1535-1539. (Pubitemid 46866855)
70. Masala S, Fanucci E, Ronconi P, et al. Treatment of intermetatarsal neuromas with alcohol injection under US guide. Radiol Med. 2001;102:370-373. (Pubitemid 33700377)
71. Wilkinson HA. Trigeminal nerve peripheral branch phenol/glycerol injections for tic douloureux. J Neurosurg. 1999; 90:828-832. (Pubitemid 29200675)
72. Parkhouse HF, Gilpin S, Gosling JA, et al. Quantitative study of phenol as a neurolytic agent in the urinary bladder. Br J Urol. 1987;60:410-412. (Pubitemid 17165678)
73. Antila H, KirveläO. Neurolytic thoracic paravertebral block in cancer pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1998;42:581-585. (Pubitemid 28218482)
74. Paydarfar JA, Paniello RC. Functional study of four neurotoxins as inhibitors of post-traumatic nerve regeneration. Laryngoscope. 2001;111:844-850. (Pubitemid 32422778)
75. Rengachary SS, Watanabe IS, Singer P, et al. Effect of glycerol on peripheral nerve: an experimental study. Neurosurgery. 1983;13:681-688. (Pubitemid 14211950)
76. Hyer CF, Mehl LR, Block AJ, et al. Treatment of recalcitrant intermetatarsal neuroma with 4% sclerosing alcohol injection: a pilot study. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2005;44:287-291. (Pubitemid 40977924)
77. Sung DH, Han TR, Park WH, et al. Phenol block of peripheral nerve conduction: titrating for optimum effect. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82:671-676. (Pubitemid 32423585)
78. Ramamurthy S, Walsh NE, Schoenfeld LS, et al. Evaluation of neurolytic blocks using phenol and cryogenic block in the management of chronic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1989; 4:72-75. (Pubitemid 19153268)
79. Burchiel KJ, Johans TJ, Ochoa J. The surgical treatment of painful traumatic neuromas. J Neurosurg. 1993;78:714-719. (Pubitemid 23121911)
80. Magnan B, Marangon A, Frigo A, et al. Local phenol injection in the treatment of interdigital neuritis of the foot (Morton's neuroma). Chir Organi Mov. 2005;90:371-377.
81. Dimitrijevic MR, Sherwood AM. Spasticity: medical and surgical treatment. Neurology. 1980;30:19-27. (Pubitemid 10033839)
82. Viel E, Pellas F, Ripart J, et al. Peripheral nerve blocks and spasticity: why and how should we use regional blocks? Presse Med. 2008;37:1793-1801.
83. Lloyd JW, Barnard JD, Glynn CJ. Cryoanalgesia: a new approach to pain relief. Lancet. 1976;2:932-934.
84. Pradel W, Hlawitschka M, Eckelt U, et al. Cryosurgical treatment of genuine trigeminal neuralgia. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;40:244-247. (Pubitemid 34760053)
85. Roberts D, Pizzarelli G, Lepore V, et al. Reduction of postthoracotomy pain by cryotherapy of intercostal nerves. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;22:127-130.
86. Pastor J, Morales P, Cases E, et al. Evaluation of intercostal cryoanalgesia versus conventional analgesia in postthoracotomy pain. Respiration. 1996;63:241-245. (Pubitemid 26182443)
87. Gough JD, Williams AB, Vaughan RS, et al. The control of post-thoracotomy pain: a comparative evaluation of thoracic epidural fentanyl infusions and cryo-analgesia. Anaesthesia. 1988;43:780-783.
88. Brichon PY, Pison C, Chaffanjon P, et al. Comparison of epidural analgesia and cryoanalgesia in thoracic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1994;8:482-486.
89. Detterbeck FC. Efficacy of methods of intercostal nerve blockade for pain relief after thoracotomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:1550-1559. (Pubitemid 41354173)
90. Moorjani N, Zhao F, Tian Y, et al. Effects of cryoanalgesia on post-thoracotomy pain and on the structure of intercostal nerves: a human prospective randomized trial and a histological study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;20:502-507. (Pubitemid 32746941)
91. Byas-Smith MG, Gulati A. Ultrasound-guided intercostal nerve cryoablation. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:1033-1035. (Pubitemid 44576717)
92. Campos NA, Chiles JH, Plunkett AR. Ultrasound-guided cryoablation of genitofemoral nerve for chronic inguinal pain. Pain Physician. 2009;12:997-1000.
93. Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D. Phantom limbs and neural plasticity. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:317-320. (Pubitemid 30140516)
94. Neumann V, O'Connor RJ, Bush D. Cryoprobe treatment: an alternative to phenol injections for painful neuromas after amputation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191:W313; author reply W314.
95. West M, Wu H. Pulsed radiofrequency ablation for residual and phantom limb pain: a case series. Pain Pract. 2010;10: 485-491.
96. Restrepo-Garces CE, Marinov A, McHardy P, et al. Pulsed radiofrequency under ultrasound guidance for persistent stump-neuroma pain. Pain Pract. 2011;11:98-102.
97. Tamimi MA, McCeney MH, Krutsch J. A case series of pulsed radiofrequency treatment of myofascial trigger points and scar neuromas. Pain Med. 2009;10:1140-1143.
98. Rhame EE, Levey KA, Gharibo CG. Successful treatment of refractory pudendal neuralgia with pulsed radiofrequency. Pain Physician. 2009;12:633-638.
99. Fridman R, Cain JD, Weil L Jr. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for interdigital neuroma: a randomized, placebocontrolled, double-blind trial. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2009;99:191-193.
100. Krainick JU, Thoden U, Riechert T. Pain reduction in amputees by long-term spinal cord stimulation: long-term follow-up study over 5 years. J Neurosurg. 1980;52:346-350. (Pubitemid 10179669)