Neurobiology of procedural learning in animals

Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 341-356

  Packard, M G ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Acetylcholine; Basal ganglia; Caudate nucleus; Consolidation; Corticostriatal; Dopamine; Glutamate; Habit; Learning; Lesion; Memory; Plus maze; Procedural memory; Stimulus response; Striatum

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864599766     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012370509-9.00124-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (161)

1. C.D. Adams Variations in the sensitivity of instrumental responding to reinforcer devalaution Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 34B 1981 77-98.
2. S. Adams., R.P. Kesner., M.E. Ragozzino Role of the medial and lateral caudate-putamen in mediating an auditory conditional response association Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 76 2001 106-116.
3. G.E. Alexander., M.R. DeLong., P.L. Strick Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 9 1986 357-381.
4. J.D. Allen., C.S. Davidson Effects of caudate lesions on signaled and nonsignaled Sidman avoidance in the rat Behav. Biol. 8 1973 239-250.
5. T. Aosaki., A.M. Graybiel., M. Kimura Effect of the nigrostriatal dopamine system on acquired neural responses in the striatum of behaving monkeys Science 265 1994 412-415.
6. R.J. Beninger The role of dopamine in locomotor activity and learning Brain Res. 287 2 1983 173-196.
7. R.A. Breen., J.L. McGaugh Facilitation of maze learning with post-trial injections of picrotoxin J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 54 1961 495-501.
8. A.A. Buerger., C.G. Gross., C.E. Rocha-Miranda Effects of ventral putamen lesions on discrimination learning by monkeys J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 86 1974 440-446.
9. M. Cador., T.W. Robbins., B.J. Everitt Involvement of the amygdala in stimulus-reward associations: Interaction with the ventral striatum Neuroscience 30 1989 77-86.
10. L. Cahill., J.L. McGaugh Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory Trends Neurosci 21 1998 294-299.
11. L. Cahill., N.M. Weinberger., B. Roozendaal., J.L. McGaugh Is the amygdala a locus of “conditioned fear”? Some questions and caveats Neuron 23 2 1999 227-228.
12. P. Calabresi., R. Maj., A. Pisani., N.B. Mercuri., G. Bernardi Long-term synaptic depression in the rat striatum: Physiological and pharmacological characterization J. Neurosci. 12 1992 4224-4433.
13. J.B. Carman., W.M. Cowan., T.P. Powell The organization of cortico-striatal connections in the rabbit Brain 86 1963 525-562.
14. G.D. Carr., N.M. White The relationship between stereotypy and memory improvement produced by amphetamine Psychopharmacology 82 1984 203-209.
15. Q. Chang., P.E. Gold Switching memory systems during learning: Changes in patterns of brain acetylcholine release in the hippocampus and striatum in rats J. Neurosci. 23 7 2003 3001-3005.
16. S. Charpier., J.M. Deniau In vivo activity-dependent plasticity at cortico-striatal connections: Evidence for physiological long-term potentiation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 1997 7036-7040.
17. W.Y. Choi., P.D. Balsam., J.C. Horvitz Extended habit training reduces dopamine mediation of appetitive response expression J. Neurosci. 25 29 2005 6729-6733.
18. N.J. Cohen., L.R. Squire Preserved learning and retention of pattern analyzing skill in amnesics: Dissociation of knowing how and knowing that Science 210 1980 207-210.
19. P.J. Colombo., H.P. Davis., B.T. Volpe Allocentric spatial and tactile memory impairments in rats with dorsal caudate lesions are affected by preoperative behavioral training Behav. Neurosci. 103 1989 1242-1250.
20. P.J. Colombo., J.J. Brightwell., R.A. Countryman Cognitive strategy-specific increases in phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein and c-Fos in the hippocampus and dorsal striatum J. Neurosci. 23 8 2003 3547-3554.
21. D. Cook., R.P. Kesner Caudate nucleus and memory for egocentric localization Behav. Neural Biol. 49 1988 332-343.
22. M. Davis The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 15 1992 353-375.
23. W.E. DeCoteau., R.P. Kesner A double dissociation between the rat hippocampus and medial caudoputamen in processing two forms of knowledge Behav. Neurosci. 114 2000 1096-1108.
24. B.D. Devan., N.M. White Parallel information processing in the dorsal striatum: Relation to hippocampal function J. Neurosci. 19 1999 2789-2798.
25. B.D. Devan., R.J. McDonald., N.M. White Effects of medial and lateral caudate-putamen lesions on place- and cue-guided behaviors in the water maze: Relation to thigmotaxis Behav. Brain Res 100 1999 5-14.
26. I. Divac Functions of the caudate nucleus Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Warsz.) 28 1968 107-120.
27. I. Divac Neostriatum and functions of the prefrontal cortex Acta. Neurobiol. Exp. 32 1972 461-477.
28. I. Divac., H.E. Rosvold., M.K. Szwarcbart Behavioral effects of selective ablation of the caudate nucleus J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 63 1967 183-190.
29. C.P. Duncan The retroactive effect of electroshock on learning J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 42 1949 32-44.
30. H. Eichenbaum., N.J. Cohen From Conditioning to Conscious Recollection: Memory Systems of the Brain 2001 Oxford University Press New York Oxford Psychology Series, no. 35.
31. B.J. Everitt., T.W. Robbins Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: From actions to habits to compulsion Nat. Neurosci. 8 11 2005 1481-1489.
32. M.S. Fanselow., J.E. LeDoux Why we think plasticity underlying Pavlovian fear conditioning occurs in the basolateral amygdala Neuron 23 2 1999 229-232.
33. R.E. Featherstone., R.J. McDonald Dorsal striatum and stimulus-response learning: Lesions of the dorsolateral, but not dorsomedial, striatum impair acquisition of a simple discrimination task Behav. Brain Res. 150 1-2 2004 15-23.
34. R.E. Featherstone., R.J. McDonald Dorsal striatum and stimulus-response learning: Lesions of the dorsolateral, but not dorsomedial, striatum impair acquisition of a stimulus-response-based instrumental discrimination task, while sparing conditioned place preference learning Neuroscience 124 1 2004 23-31.
35. J. Fernandez-Ruiz., J. Wang., T.G. Aigner., M. Mishkin Visual habit formation in monkeys with neurotoxic lesions of the ventrocaudal neostriatum Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 2001 4196-4201.
36. E. Fino., J. Glowinski., L. Venance Bidirectional activity-dependent plasticity at corticostriatal synapses J. Neurosci. 25 49 2005 11279-11287.
37. F. Fonnum., J. Storm-Mathisen., I. Divac Biochemical evidence for glutamate as neurotransmitter in corticostriatal and corticothalamic fibres in rat brain. 6 1981 863-873.
38. M. Garcia-Munoz., S.J. Young., P.M. Groves Presynaptic long-term changes in excitability of the corticostriatal pathway Neuroreport 3 1992 357-360.
39. C.R. Gerfen., C.J. Wilson The basal ganglia L.W. Swanson., A. Bjorkland. T. Hokfelt Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Integrated Systems of the CNS, Part III 1996 Elsevier New York 371-468.
40. P.E. Gold Coordination of multiple memory systems Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 82 3 2004 230-242.
41. P. Graf., D.L. Schacter Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cog. 11 3 1985 501-518.
42. A.M. Graybiel Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the basal ganglia Trends Neurosci. 13 1990 244-254.
43. A.M. Graybiel The basal ganglia and chunking of action repertories Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 70 1998 119-136.
44. A.M. Graybiel., T. Aosaki., A.W. Flaherty., M. Kimura The basal ganglia and adaptive motor control Science 265 1994 1826-1831.
45. J.W. Haycock., S.A. Deadwyler., S.I. Sideroff., J.L. McGaugh Retrograde amnesia and cholinergic systems in the caudate-putamen complex and dorsal hippocampus of the rat Exp. Neurol. 41 1973 201-213.
46. L.H. Hicks Effects of overtraining on acquisition and reversal of place and response learning Psychol. Report. 15 1964 459-462.
47. N. Hiroi., N.M. White The lateral nucleus of the amygdala mediates expression of the amphetamine-produced conditioned place preference J. Neurosci. 11 7 1991 2107-2116.
48. R. Hirsh The hippocampus and contextual retrieval of information from memory: A theory Behav. Biol. 12 1974 421-444.
49. E.H. Hsu., J.P. Schroeder., M.G. Packard The amygdala mediates memory consolidation for an amphetamine conditioned place preference Behav. Brain Res. 129 2002 93-100.
50. C.L. Hull Principles of Behavior 1943 Appleton-Century Crofts New York.
51. S.D. Iversen Behaviour after neostriatal lesions in animals I. Divac., R.G.E. Oberg The Neostriatum 1979 Permagon Press Oxford 291-313.
52. M.S. Jog., Y. Kubota., C.I. Connolly., V. Hillegaart., A.M. Graybiel Building neural representations of habits Science 286 1999 1745-1749.
53. J.M. Kemp., T.P. Powell The cortico-striate projection in the monkey Brain 93 3 1970 525-546.
54. R.P. Kesner., M.W. Wilburn A review of electrical stimulation of the brain in context of learning and retention Behav. Biol. 10 1974 259-293.
55. R.P. Kesner., B.L. Bolland., M. Dakis Memory for spatial locations, motor responses, and objects: Triple dissociation among the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, and extrastriate visual cortex Exp. Brain Res. 93 1993 462-470.
56. J.J. Kim., H. Lee., J.S. Han., M.G. Packard Amygdala is critical for stress-induced modulation of hippocampal LTP and learning J. Neurosci. 21 2001 5222-5228.
57. M. Kimura Role of the basal ganglia in behavioral learning Neurosci. Res. 22 1995 353-358.
58. R.J. Kirkby., D.P. Kimble Avoidance and escape behavior following striatal lesions in the rat Exp. Neurol. 20 1968 215-227.
59. R.J. Kirkby., S. Polgar Active avoidance in the laboratory rats following lesions of the dorsal or ventral caudate nucleus Physiol. Psychol. 2 1974 301-306.
60. R.J. Kirkby., S. Polgar., I.R. Coyle Caudate nucleus lesions impair the ability of rats to learn a simple straight-alley task Percep. Mot. Skills 52 1981 499-502.
61. Y. Kitabatake., T. Hikida., D. Watanabe., I. Pastan., S. Nakanishi Impairment of reward-related learning by cholinergic cell ablation in the striatum Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 13 2003 7965-17670.
62. B.J. Knowlton., J.A. Mangels., L.R. Squire A neostriatal habit learning system in humans Science 273 1996 1399-1402.
63. B. Kolb Studies on the caudate-putamen and the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus of the rat: Implications for mammalian frontal-lobe functions Physiol. Behav. 18 1977 237-244.
64. D.L. Korol Role of estrogen in balancing contributions from multiple memory systems Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 82 3 2004 309-323.
65. K.S. Lashley S.E.B. Symposium IV 1950 545-582.
66. J.E. LeDoux Emotion: clues from the brain Ann. Rev. Psychol. 46 1995 209-235.
67. G. Legault., C.T. Smith., R.J. Beninger Post-training intra-striatal scopolamine or flupenthixol impairs radial maze learning in rats Behav. Brain Res. 170 1 2006 148-155.
68. M.D. Lieberman Intuition: A social cognitive neuroscience approach Psychol. Bull. 126 1 2000 109-137.
69. T. Ljungberg., P. Apicella., W. Schultz Responses of monkey dopamine neurons during learning of behavioral reactions J. Neurophysiol. 67 1 1992 145-163.
70. D.M. Lovinger., E.C. Tyler., A. Marritt Short and long term depression in the rat neostriatum J. Neurophysiol. 70 1993 1937-1949.
71. G.S. Lynch., P.A. Lucas., S.A. Deadwyler The demonstration of acetylcholinesterase containing neurones within the caudate nucleus of the rat Brain Res. 45 1972 617-621.
72. H.S. Mahut., S. Zola-Morgan., M. Moss Consolidation of Memory: The hippocampus revisited N. Butters., L.R. Squire The Neuropsychology of Memory 1984 Guilford New York 297-315.
73. R. Major., N.M. White Memory facilitation produced by self-stimulation reinforcement mediated by the nigro-neostriatal bundle Physiol. Behav. 20 1978 723-733.
74. R. Marsh., G.M. Alexander., M.G. Packard., et al. Habit learning in Tourette syndrome: A translational neuroscience approach to a developmental psychopathology Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 61 12 2004 1259-1268.
75. R.J. McDonald., N.M. White A triple dissociation of memory systems: Hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal striatum Behav. Neurosci. 107 1993 3-22.
76. R.J. McDonald., N.M. White Parallel information processing in the water maze: Evidence for independent memory systems involving the dorsal striatum and hippocampus Behav. Neural Biol. 61 1994 260-270.
77. R.J. McDonald., B.D. Devan., N.S. Hong Multiple memory systems: The power of interactions Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 82 3 2004 333-346.
78. J.L. McGaugh Time-dependent processes in memory storage Science 153 1966 1351-1358.
79. J.L. McGaugh Dissociating learning and performance: Drug and hormone enhancement of memory storage Brain Res. Bull. 23 1989 339-345.
80. J.L. McGaugh Memory consolidation and the amygdala: A systems perspective Trends Neurosci. 25 9 2002 456.
81. J.L. McGaugh The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 27 2004 1-28.
82. A.J. McGeorge., R.L.M. Faull The organization of the projection from the cerebral cortex to the striatum in the rat Neuroscience 29 1989 503-537.
83. C.K. McIntyre., L.K. Marriott., P.E. Gold Patterns of brain acetylcholine release predict individual differences in preferred learning strategies in rats Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 79 2 2003 177-183.
84. M. Mishkin., T. Appenzeller The anatomy of memory Sci. Am. 256 6 1987 80-89.
85. M. Mishkin., H.L. Petri Memories and habits: Some implications for the analysis of learning and retention L.R. Squire., N. Butters Neuropsychology of Memory 1984 Guilford New York 287-296.
86. M. Mishkin., B.L. Malamut., J. Bachevalier Memories and habits: Two neural systems J.L. McGaugh., G. Lynch. N.M. Weinberger The Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 1984 Guilford Press New York 65-77.
87. J.C. Mitcham., R.K. Thomas Jr. Effects of substantia nigra and caudate nucleus lesions on avoidance learning in rats J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 81 1 1972 101-107.
88. R.Y. Moore., F.E. Bloom Central catecholamine neuron systems: Anatomy and physiology of the dopamine systems Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 1 1978 129-169.
89. G.E. Muller., A. Pilzecker Experimentelle Beitrage zur Lehre vom Gedachtnis Zeitschrift Psychol.Suppl 1 1900.
90. D.B. Neill., S.P. Grossman Behavioral effects of lesions or cholinergic blockade of the dorsal and ventral caudate of rats J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. Neurosci. 6 1971 863-873.
91. D.B. Neill., W.O. Boggan., S.P. Grossman Impairment of avoidance performance by intrastriatal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine Pharm. Biochem. Behav. 2 1974 97-103.
92. J. O’Keefe., L. Nadel The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map 1978 Oxford University Press Oxford.
93. R.G.E. Oberg., I. Divac “Cognitive” functions of the neostriatum I. Divac., R.G.E. Oberg The Neostriatum 1979 Permagon Press Oxford 291-313.
94. D.S. Olton., B.C. Papas Spatial memory and hippocampal function Neuropsychologia 17 1979 669-682.
95. M.G. Packard Glutamate infused posttraining into the hippocampus or caudate-putamen differentially strengthens place and response learning Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 1999 12881-12886.
96. M.G. Packard Dissociation Methodology L. Nadel. Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science 2002 Nature Publishing Group London.
97. M.G. Packard., B.J. Knowlton Learning and memory functions of the basal ganglia Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 25 2002 563-593.
98. M.G. Packard., J.L. McGaugh Double dissociation of fornix and caudate nucleus lesions on acquisition of two water maze tasks: Further evidence for multiple memory systems Behav. Neurosci. 106 1992 439-446.
99. M.G. Packard., J.L. McGaugh Post-training quinpirole and d-amphetamine administration enhances memory on spatial and cued water maze tasks Psychobiology 22 1994 54-60.
100. M.G. Packard., J.L. McGaugh Inactivation of the hippocampus or caudate nucleus with lidocaine differentially affects expression of place and response learning Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 65 1996 65-72.
101. M.G. Packard., L.A. Teather Double dissociation of hippocampal and dorsal striatal memory systems by post-training intracerebral injections of 2-amino-phosphonopentanoic acid Behav. Neurosci. 111 1997 543-551.
102. M.G. Packard., L.A. Teather Amygdala modulation of multiple memory systems: Hippocampus and caudate-putamen Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 69 1998 163-203.
103. M.G. Packard., L.A. Teather Dissociation of multiple memory systems by posttraining intracerebral injections of glutamate Psychobiology 27 1999 40-50.
104. M.G. Packard., N.M. White Dissociation of hippocampus and caudate nucleus memory systems by posttraining intracerebral injection of dopamine agonists Behav. Neurosci. 105 1991 295-306.
105. M.G. Packard., J.C. Wingard Amygdala and “emotional” modulation of the relative use of multiple memory systems Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 82 3 2004 243-252.
106. M.G. Packard., R. Hirsh., N.M. White Differential effects of fornix and caudate nucleus lesions on two radial maze tasks: Evidence for multiple memory systems J. Neurosci. 9 1989 1465-1472.
107. M.G. Packard., L. Cahill., J.L. McGaugh Amygdala modulation of hippocampal-dependent and caudate nucleus-dependent memory processes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 1994 8477-8481.
108. M.G. Packard., I.B. Introini-Collison., J.L. McGaugh Stria terminalis lesions attenuate memory enhancement produced by intra-caudate nucleus injections of oxotremorine Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 65 1996 278-282.
109. M.G. Packard., S.F. Vecchioli., J.P. Schroeder., A. Gasbarri Task-dependent role for dorsal striatum metabotropic glutamate receptors in memory Learn. Mem. 8 2001 96-103.
110. C.A. Palencia., M.E. Ragozzino The influence of NMDA receptors in the dorsomedial striatum on response reversal learning Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 82 2 2004 81-89.
111. C.A. Palencia., M.E. Ragozzino The contribution of NMDA receptors in the dorsolateral striatum to egocentric response learning Behav. Neurosci. 119 4 2005 953-960.
112. C. Pittenger., S. Fasano., D. Mazzocchi-Jones., S.B. Dunnett., E.R. Kandel., R. Brambilla Impaired bidirectional synaptic plasticity and procedural memory formation in striatum-specific cAMP response element-binding protein-deficient mice J. Neurosci. 26 10 2006 2808-2813.
113. M. Potegal The caudate nucleus egocentric localization system Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Warsz.). 32 1972 479-494.
114. R.A. Prado-Alcala., G.C. Cobos-Zapiain Learning deficits induced by cholinergic blockade of the caudate nucleus as a function of experience Brain Res. 138 1977 190-196.
115. R.A. Prado-Alcala., G.G. Cobos-Zapiain Improvement of learned behavior through cholinergic stimulation of the caudate nucleus Neurosci. Lett. 14 1979 253-258.
116. R.A. Prado-Alcala., Z.J. Grinberg., Z.L. Arditti., et al. Learning deficits produced by chronic and reversible lesions of the corpus striatum in rats Physiol. Behav. 15 1975 283-287.
117. R.A. Prado-Alcala., L. Signoret., M. Figueroa Time-dependent retention deficits induced by post-training injections of atropine into the caudate nucleus Pharm. Biochem. Behav. 15 1981 633-636.
118. J.C. Pych., Q. Chang., C. Colon-Rivera., P.E. Gold Acetylcholine release in hippocampus and striatum during testing on a rewarded spontaneous alternation task Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 84 2 2005 93-101.
119. P.J. Reading., S.B. Dunnett., T.W. Robbins Dissociable roles of the ventral, medial and lateral striatum on the acquisition and performance of a complex visual stimulus response habit Behav. Brain Res. 45 1991 147-161.
120. B.F. Ritchie., B. Aeschliman., P. Pierce Studies in spatial learning: VIII. Place performance and acquisition of place dispositions J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 43 1950 73-85.
121. E.T. Rolls Neurophysiology and cognitive functions of the striatum Rev. Neurolog. 150 8-9 1994 648-660.
122. H.E. Rosvold The prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus: A system for effecting correction in response mechanisms C. Rupp. Mind as Tissue 1968 Harper and Row New York 21-38.
123. J.R. Sage., B.J. Knowlton Effects of US devaluation on win-stay and win-shift radial arm maze performance in rats Behav. Neurosci. 114 2000 295-306.
124. T. Sakamoto., H. Okaichi Use of win-stay and win-shift strategies in place and cue tasks by medial caudate putamen (MCPu) lesioned rats Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 76 2001 192-208.
125. J.A. Salinas., N.M. White Contributions of the hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal striatum to the response elicited by reward reduction Behav. Neurosci. 112 1998 812-826.
126. J.P. Schroeder., M.G. Packard Posttraining intra-basolateral amygdala scopolamine impairs food- and amphetamine-induced conditioned place preferences Behav. Neurosci. 116 5 2002 922-927.
127. B. Setlow The nucleus accumbens and learning and memory J. Neurosci. Res. 49 1997 515-521.
128. D.F. Sherry., D.L. Schacter Evolution of multiple memory systems Psychol. Rev. 94 4 1987 439-454.
129. L.R. Squire., S. Zola-Morgan The medial temporal lobe memory system Science 253 5026 1991 1380-1386.
130. L.R. Squire., B. Knowlton., G. Musen The structure and organization of memory Ann. Rev. Psychol. 44 1993 453-495.
131. L.A. Teather., M.G. Packard., D.E. Smith., R.G. Ellis-Behnke., N.G. Bazan Differential induction of c-Jun and Fos-like proteins in rat hippocampus and dorsal striatum after training in two water maze tasks Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 84 2 2005 75-84.
132. E. Teng., L. Stefanacci., L.R. Squire., S.M. Zola Contrasting effects on discrimination learning after hippocampal lesions and conjoint hippocampal-caudate lesions in monkeys J. Neurosci. 20 2000 3853-3863.
133. R.F. Thompson In search of memory traces Annu. Rev. Psychol. 56 2005 1-23.
134. E.L. Thorndike A proof of the law of effect Science 77 1933 173-175.
135. E.C. Tolman Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men 1932 Appleton-Century Crofts New York.
136. E.C. Tolman., B.F. Ritchie., D. Kalish Studies in spatial learning II. Place versus response learning J. Exp. Psychol. 36 3 1946 221-229.
137. E.C. Tolman., B.F. Ritchie., D. Kalish Studies in spatial learning V. Response vs. place learning by the non-correction method J. Exp. Psychol. 37 4 1947 285-292.
138. G.W. Van Hoesen., E.H. Yeterian., R. Lavizzo-Mourey Widespread corticostriate projections from temporal cortex of the rhesus monkey J. Comp. Neurol. 199 2 1981 205-219.
139. J.G. Veening., F.M. Cornelissen., J.M. Lieven The topical organization of the afferents to the caudatoputamen of the rat. A horseradish peroxidase study Neuroscience 5 1980 1253-1268.
140. M.D. Viaud., N.M. White Dissociation of visual and olfactory conditioning in the neostriatum of rats Behav. Brain Res. 32 1989 31-42.
141. K.E. Webster Cortico-striate interrelations in the albino rat J. Anatomy 95 1961 532-544.
142. K.E. Webster The corticostriatal projection in the cat J. Anatomy 99 1965 329-337.
143. I.Q. Whishaw., G. Mittlemann., S.T. Bunch., S.B. Dunnett Impairments in the acquisition, retention, and selection of spatial navigation strategies after medial caudate-putamen lesions in rats Behav. Brain Res. 24 1987 125-138.
144. N.M. White A functional hypothesis concerning the striatal matrix and patches: Mediation of S-R memory and reward Life Sci. 45 1989 1943-1957.
145. N.M. White Reward or reinforcement: What’s the difference? Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 13 1989 181-186.
146. N.M. White Addictive drugs as reinforcers: Multiple partial actions on memory systems Addiction 91 7 1996 921-949.
147. N.M. White Mnemonic functions of the basal ganglia Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7 1997 164-169.
148. N.M. White., R. Major Effect of pimozide on the improvement in learning produced by self-stimulation and water reinforcement Pharm. Biochem. Behav. 8 1978 565-571.
149. N.M. White., R.J. McDonald Multiple parallel memory systems in the brain of the rat Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 77 2 2002 125-184.
150. N.M. White., M. Viaud Localized intracaudate dopamine D2 receptor activation during the post-training period improves memory for visual or olfactory conditioned emotional responses in rats Behav. Neural Biol. 55 3 1991 255-269.
151. N.M. White., M. Viaud., M.G. Packard Dopaminergic-cholinergic function in neo-striatal memory function: Role of nigro-striatal terminals T. Palomo., T. Archer. R. Beninger Strategies for Studying Brain Disorders, Vol. 2, Schizophrenia, Movement Disorders, and Age-Related Cognitive Disorders 1994 Editorial Complutense Madrid 299-312.
152. G. Winocur Functional dissociation within the caudate nucleus of rats J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 86 1974 432-439.
153. G. Winocur., J.A. Mills Effects of caudate lesions on avoidance behavior in rats J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 65 1969 552-557.
154. W. Wood., J.M. Quinn., D.A. Kashy Habits in everyday life: Thought, emotion, and action J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 83 6 2002 1281-1297.
155. H.H. Yin., B.J. Knowlton Contributions of striatal subregions to place and response learning Learn. Mem. 11 4 2004 459-463.
156. H.H. Yin., B.J. Knowlton The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7 6 2006 464-476.
157. H.H. Yin., B.J. Knowlton., B.W. Balleine Lesions of dorsolateral striatum preserve outcome expectancy but disrupt habit formation in instrumental learning Eur. J. Neurosci. 19 1 2004 181-189.
158. H.H. Yin., S.B. Ostlund., B.J. Knowlton., B.W. Balleine The role of the dorsomedial striatum in instrumental conditioning Eur. J. Neurosci. 22 2 2005 513-523.
159. H.H. Yin., B.J. Knowlton., B.W. Balleine Inactivation of dorsolateral striatum enhances sensitivity to changes in the action-outcome contingency in instrumental conditioning Behav. Brain Res. 166 2 2006 189-196.
160. F.M. Zhou., C.J. Wilson., J.A. Dani Cholinergic interneuron characteristics and nicotinic properties in the striatum J. Neurobiol. 53 4 2002 590-605.
161. A.P. Zis., H.C. Fibiger., A.G. Phillips Reversal by l-dopa of impaired learning due to destruction of the dopaminergic nigro-striatal projection Science 185 1974 960-963.