Prevalence of prescribed attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medications and diagnosis among canadian preschoolers and school-age children: 1994-2007

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 57, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 93-101

  Brault, Marie Christine ^a,b   Lacourse, Éric ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Canada; Children; National longitudinal survey on children and youth; Prevalence; Stimulants; Time trends

Indexed keywords

CENTRAL STIMULANT AGENT;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CANADA; CHILD; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PEDIATRICS; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRESCRIPTION; PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SCHOOL CHILD; SEX DIFFERENCE;

EID: 84864571234     PISSN: 07067437     EISSN: 14970015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/070674371205700206     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Polanczyk G, de Lima M, Horta B, et al. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(6):942.
2. Robison LM, Sclar DA, Skaer TL, et al. Treatment modalities among US children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: 1995-99. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;19(1):17-22. (Pubitemid 38114619)
3. Kelleher KJ, McInerny TK, Gardner WP, et al. Increasing identification of psychosocial problems: 1979-1996. Pediatrics. 2000;105(6):1313-1321. (Pubitemid 30346903)
4. Robison LM, Sclar DA, Skaer TL, et al. National trends in the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the prescribing of methylphenidate among school-age children: 1990-1995. Clin Pediatr. 1999;38(4):209-217. (Pubitemid 29186373)
5. Robison LM, Skaer TL, Sclar DA, et al. Is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder increasing among girls in the US?: trends in diagnosis and the prescribing of stimulants. CNS Drugs. 2002;16(2):129-137. (Pubitemid 34155209)
6. Schubert I, Koster I, Lehmkuhl G. The changing prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and methylphenidate prescriptions: a study of data from a random sample of insurees of the AOK Health Insurance Company in the German State of Hesse, 2000-2007. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010;107(36):615-621.
7. Toh S. Trends in ADHD and stimulant use among children, 1993-2003. Psychiatr Serv. 2006;57(8):1091. (Pubitemid 44204899)
8. Barnard L, Lajeunesse N. Étude sur les stimulants utilisés dans le traitement du trouble de déficit de l'attention/ hyperactivité. Rapport d'tude. Sillery (QC): Comité de revue de l'utilisation des médicaments (CRUM); 2001.
9. Cox ER, Halloran DR, Homan SM, et al. Trends in the prevalence of chronic medication use in children: 2002-2005. Pediatrics. 2008;122(5):e1053-e1061.
10. Hsia Y, Maclennan K. Rise in psychotropic drug prescribing in children and adolescents during 1992-2001: a population-based study in the UK. Eur J Epidemiol. 2009;24(4):211-216.
11. Hugtenburg JG, Heerdink ER, Egberts ACG. Increased psychotropic drug consumption by children in the Netherlands during 1995-2001 is caused by increased use of methylphenidate by boys. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;60(5):377-379. (Pubitemid 39062326)
12. Knellwolf AL, Deligne J, Chiarotti F, et al. Prevalence and patterns of methylphenidate use in French children and adolescents. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;64(3):311-317.
13. Miller AR, Lalonde CE, McGrail KM, et al. Prescription of methylphenidate to children and youth, 1990-1996. CMAJ. 2001;165(11):1489-1494. (Pubitemid 34060191)
14. Romano E, Baillargeon RH, Wu HX, et al. Prevalence of methylphenidate use and change over a two-year period: a nationwide study of 2- to 11-year-old Canadian children. J Pediatr. 2002;141(1):71-75. (Pubitemid 34774954)
15. Scheffler R, Hinshaw S, Modrek S, et al. The global market for ADHD medications. Health Aff (Millwood). 2007;26(2):450-457.
16. Thomas CP, Conrad P, Casler R, et al. Trends in the use of psychotropic medications among adolescents, 1994 to 2001. Psychiatr Serv. 2006;57(1):63-69. (Pubitemid 43053838)
17. Collin J, Otero M, Monnais-Rousselot L. Le médicament au coeur de la socialité contemporaine : regards croisés sur un objet complexe. Sainte-Foy (QC): Presses de l'Université du Québec; 2006.
18. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington (DC): APA; 1980.
19. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Text revision. Washington (DC): APA; 1987.
20. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington (DC): APA; 1994.
21. Skounti M, Philalithis A, Galanakis E. Variations in prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder worldwide. Eur J Pediatr. 2007;166(2):117-123. (Pubitemid 46025502)
22. Habel L, Schaefer C, Levine P, et al. Treatment with stimulants among youths in a large California health plan. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005;15(1):62-67. (Pubitemid 40365915)
23. Zito JM, Safer DJ, dosReis S, et al. Trends in the prescribing of psychotropic medications to preschoolers. JAMA. 2000;283(8):1025-1030. (Pubitemid 30112216)
24. Gumy C, Huissoud T, Dubois-Arber F. Prevalence of methylphenidate prescription among school-aged children in a Swiss population: increase in the number of prescriptions in the Swiss Canton of Vaud, from 2002 to 2005, and changes in patient demographics. J Atten Disord. 2010;14(3):267.
25. Mitchell B, Carleton B, Smith A, et al. Trends in psychostimulant and antidepressant use by children in 2 Canadian provinces. Can J Psychiatry. 2008;53(3):152-159. (Pubitemid 351469374)
26. Zito JM, Safer DJ, Valluri S, et al. Psychotherapeutic medication prevalence in Medicaid-insured preschoolers. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007;17(2):195-204.
27. Zuvekas S, Vitiello B, Norquist G. Recent trends in stimulant medication use among US children. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(4):579.
28. Repchinsky C. Compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialities (CPS) 2010. 45th ed. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Pharmacists Association; 2010.
29. Fanton J, Gleason MM. Psychopharmacology and preschoolers: a critical review of current conditions. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2009;18(3):753-771.
30. Zito JM, Safer DJ. A three-country comparison of psychotropic medication prevalence in youth. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2008;2:26-33.
31. Davis DW, Williams PG. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in preschool-age children: issues and concerns. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2011;50(2):144.
32. Greenhill LL, Posner K, Vaughan BS, et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool children. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2008;17(2):347-366. (Pubitemid 351258353)
33. Kratochvil CJ, Greenhill LL, March JS, et al. The role of stimulants in the treatment of preschool children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs. 2004;18(14):957-966. (Pubitemid 39612007)
34. Mayes R, Horwitz AV. DSM-III and the revolution in the classification of mental illness. J Hist Behav Sci. 2005;41(3):249.
35. Parens E, Johnston J. Facts, values, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an update on the controversies. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2009;3(1):1-17.
36. Smidts DP, Oosterlaan J. How common are symptoms of ADHD in typically developing preschoolers? A study on prevalence rates and prenatal/demographic risk factors. Cortex. 2007;43(6):710-717. (Pubitemid 47180712)
37. Charach A, Cao H, Schachar R, et al. Correlates of methylphenidate use in Canadian children: a cross-sectional study. Can J Psychiatry. 2006;51(1):17-26. (Pubitemid 43234942)
38. Staller J, Faraone SV. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in girls. CNS Drugs. 2006;20(2):107-123.
39. Biederman J, Kwon A, Aleardi M, et al. Absence of gender effects on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: findings in nonreferred subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(6):1083.
40. Collège des médecins du Québec. Le trouble déficit de l'attention avec ou sans hyperactivité. Traitement pharmacologique (mise à jour). Lignes directrices du Collège des médecins du Québec. Montreal (QC): College des médecins du Quebec; 2006.
41. Health Canada. Health Canada suspends the market authorization of Adderall XR, a drug prescribed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; 2005 [cited 2011 Jul 31]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisoriesavis/-2005/ 2005-01-eng.php.
42. Health Canada. Summary basis of decision (SBD). Vyvanse. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, 30mg and 50mg, capsules Shire Canada Inc. Submission Control Number: 120534 [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; 2010 [cited date 2011 Nov 8]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/sbd-smd/drug-med/ sbd-smd-2010-vyvanse-120534-eng.php.
43. Hosenbocus S, Chahal R. A review of long-acting medications for ADHD in Canada. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;18(4):331.
44. American Psychiatric Association (APA). DSM-5: the future of psychiatric diagnosis. Washington (DC): APA; 2011 [cited 2011 Jul 31]. Available from: http://www.dsm5.0rg/Pages/Default.aspx.
45. Human Resources Development Canada, Statistics Canada, editors. Growing up in Canada: National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. Ottawa (ON): Statistics Canada; 1996.
46. Statistics Canada. National Longitudinal Survey on Children and Youth [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Statistics Canada; 2010 [cited 2011 Jul 31]. Available from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/imdb/ p2SV.pl?Function= getSurvey&SDDS=4450&lang=en&db=imdb& adm=8&dis=2.
47. Statistics Canada. NLSCY. Cycle 7: survey instruments [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Statistics Canada; 2006 [cited 2011 Jul 31]. Available from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/imdb-bmdi/instrument/4450-Q2-V6-eng.pdf.
48. International Narcotics Control Board. Psychotropic substance. Statistics for 2009. Assessments of annual medical and scientific requirements. New York (NY): United Nations; 2010. p 388.
49. Levine M, Gow R, Shea S. Report of the Adderall XR New Drug Committee. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; 2005 [cited 2011 Nov 8]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodpharma/ activit/new-drug-com-nouvelle-drogue/ ndca-rep-cnma-rap-2005-08-25-eng.php.
50. Rosack J. Canada reverses ban on ADHD medication. Psychiatr News. 2005;40(19):2.
51. Buhi ER, Goodson P, Neilands TB. Out of sight, not out of mind: strategies for handling missing data. Am J Health Behav. 2008;32(1):83-92.
52. Canadian Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Resource Alliance (CADDRA). Canadian ADHD practice guidelines. 3rd ed [Internet]. Toronto (ON): CADDRA; 2011 [cited 2011 Nov 8]. Available from: http://www.caddra.ca/cms4/ index.php?option=com-content&view=article&id=26& Itemid=353&lang=fr.
53. Collège des médecins du Québec. Le trouble déficit de l'attention/ hyperactivité et l'usage de stimulants du système nerveux central. Lignes directrices du Collège des médecins du Québec. Montréal (QC): College des medicins du Quebec; 2001.
54. Clarke AE, Shim JK, Mamo L, et al. Biomedicalization: technoscientific transformations of health, illness, and US biomedicine. Am Sociol Rev. 2003;68(2):161-194. (Pubitemid 36696071)
55. Wilson M. DSM-III and the transformation of American psychiatry: a history. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(3):399-410.
56. Brancaccio MT. Educational hyperactivity: the historical emergence of a concept. Intercult Educ. 2000;11(2):165-177.
57. Conrad P, Schneider JW. Deviance and medicalization: from badness to sickness. Expanded edition. Philadelphia (PA): Temple University Press; 1992.
58. Malacrida C. Medicalization, ambivalence and social control: mothers' descriptions of educators and ADD/ADHD. Health. 2004;8(1):61-80. (Pubitemid 38184098)
59. Phillips CB. Medicine goes to school: teachers as sickness brokers for ADHD. PLoS Med. 2006;3(4):433-435.
60. Conrad P. Identifying hyperactive children. The medicalization of deviant behavior. Expanded edition. Hants (GB): Ashgate Publishing, Ltd; 2006.
61. DuPaul GJ, Weyandt LL. School-based intervention for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects on academic, social, and behavioural functioning. Int J Disabil Dev Educ. 2006;53(2):161-176.
62. Zito JM, Derivan AT, Kratochvil CJ, et al. Off-label psychopharmacologic prescribing for children: history supports close clinical monitoring. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2008;2(24):1753-2000.
63. Dray SM, Campbell MA, Gilmore LA. Why are girls with ADHD invisible. Connections. 2006;23(2):2-7.
64. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Text revision. Washington (DC): APA; 2000.
65. Khaled A, Ahmad F, Brogan T, et al. Prescription medicine use by one million Canadian children. Paediatr Child Health. 2003;8(Suppl A):6A-56A.
66. Maughan B, Iervolino A, Collishaw S. Time trends in child and adolescent mental disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2005;18(4):381.