Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder

International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 15, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 1173-1191

  Fineberg, Naomi A ^a   Brown, Angus ^a   Reghunandanan, Samar ^a   Pampaloni, Ilenia ^a  

^a QUEEN ELIZABETH II HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Health related quality of life; neuropsychopharmacology; obsessive compulsive disorder

Indexed keywords

CLOMIPRAMINE; ESCITALOPRAM; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; PAROXETINE; SERTRALINE;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; COMORBIDITY; COMPULSION; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NORADRENERGIC SYSTEM; OBSESSION; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; ONSET AGE; OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RELAPSE; REMISSION; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; STUDY DESIGN; SUICIDE; TIC; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; YALE BROWN OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE SCALE;

DATABASES, FACTUAL; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS;

EID: 84864554863     PISSN: 14611457     EISSN: 14695111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1461145711001829     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Aboujaoude E, Barry JJ, Gamel N (2009). Memantine augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open-label trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 29, 51-55.
2. Aizenberg D, Naor S, Zemishlany Z, Weizman A (1999). The serotonin antagonist mianserin for treatment of serotonin-reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction: an open-label study. Clinical Neuropharmacology 22, 347-350.
3. Arnold PD, Sicard T, Burroughs E, Richter MA, et al. (2006). Glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1 associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 63, 769-776.
4. Baldwin SD, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, Bandelow B, et al. (2005). Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology 19, 567-596.
5. Berlin HA, Koran LM, Jenike MA, Shapira NA, et al. (2011). Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 72, 716-721.
6. Bloch MH, Craiglow BG, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Dombrowski PA, et al. (2009). Predictors of early adult outcomes in pediatric-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Pediatrics 124, 1085-1093.
7. Bloch MH, McGuire J, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Leckman JF, et al. (2010). Meta-analysis of the dose-response relationship of SSRI in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 15, 850-855.
8. Bobes J, Gonza'lez MP, Bascara'n MT, Arango C, et al. (2001). Quality of life and disability in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. European Psychiatry 16, 239-245.
9. Bogetto F, Albert U, Maina G (2002). Sertraline treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: efficacy and tolerability of a rapid titration regimen. European Neuropsychopharmacology 12, 181-186.
10. Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB, Barbe RP, et al. (2007). Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Medical Association 297, 1683-1696.
11. Bystritsky A, Ackerman DL, Rosen RM, Vapnik T, et al. (2004). Augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder using adjunctive olanzapine: a placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65, 565-568.
12. Carey PD, Vythilingum B, Seedat S, Muller JE, et al. (2005). Quetiapine augmentation of SRIs in treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study. BMC Psychiatry 24, 5.
13. Cleveland WL, DeLaPaz RL, Fawwaz RA, Challop RS (2009). High-dose glycine treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder in a 5-year period. Neural Plasticity, doi:10.1155/2009/768398, published online 18 February 2010.
14. Coric C, Sarper T, Pittenger C, Wasylink S, et al. (2005). Riluzole augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open label trial. Biological Psychiatry 58, 424-428.
15. Denys D, de Geus F, van Megen HJ, Westenberg HG (2004). A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of quetiapine addition in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder refractory to serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65, 1040-1048.
16. Denys D, Fineberg N, Carey PD, Stein DJ (2007). Quetiapine addition in obsessive-compulsive disorder: is treatment outcome affected by type and dose of serotonin reuptake inhibitors? Biological Psychiatry 61, 412-414.
17. Diniz JB, Shavitt RG, Pereira CA, Hounie AG, et al. (2010). Quetiapine vs. clomipramine in the augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, open-label trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology 24, 297-307.
18. Drummond LM (1993). The treatment of severe, chronic, resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. An evaluation of an in-patient programme using behavioural psychotherapy in combination with other treatments. British Journal of Psychiatry 163, 223-229.
19. Dunbar G, Steiner M, BushnellWD, Gergel I, Wheadon DE (1995). Long-term treatment and prevention of relapse of obsessive compulsive disorder with paroxetine. European Neuropsychopharmacology 5, 372.
20. Eisen JL, Mancebo MA, Pinto A, Coles ME, et al. (2006). Impact of obsessive-compulsive disorder on quality of life. Comprehensive Psychiatry 47, 270-275.
21. Englisch S, Esslinger C, Inta D, Weinbrenner A, et al. (2009). Clozapine-induced obsessive-compulsive syndromes improve in combination with aripiprazole. Clinical Neuropharmacology 32, 227-229.
22. Eser D, Baghai TC, Mö ller HJ (2010). Agomelatine: the evidence for its place in the treatment of depression. Core Evidence 15, 171-179.
23. Farre JM, Fora F, Lasheras MG (2004). Specific aspects of erectile dysfunction in psychiatry. International Journal of Impotence Research 16(Suppl. 2), S46-S49.
24. Fineberg N, Pampaloni I, Pallanti S, Ipser J, et al. (2007a). Sustained response vs. relapse the pharmacotherapeutic goal for obsessive compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 22, 313-322.
25. Fineberg NA, Gale TM (2005). Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 8, 107-129.
26. Fineberg NA, Hawley C, Gale T (2006b). Are placebo-controlled trials still important for obsessive compulsive disorder? Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 30, 413-422.
27. Fineberg NA, Robbins TW, Bullmore E, Potenza M, et al. (2010). Probing compulsive and impulsive behaviors, from animal models to endophenotypes: a narrative review. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 591-604.
28. Fineberg NA, Stein DJ, Prekumar P, Carey P, et al. (2006a). Adjunctive quetiapine for serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled treatment trials. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 21, 337-343.
29. Fineberg NA, Tonnoir B, Lemming O, Stein DJ (2007b). Escitalopram prevents relapse of obsessive-compulsive disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 17, 430-439.
30. Feusner JD, Kerwin L, Saxena S, Bystritsky A (2009). Differential efficacy of memantine for obsessivecompulsive disorder vs. generalized anxiety disorder: an open-label trial. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 42, 81-93.
31. Garcia AM, Sapyta JJ, Moore PS, Freeman JB, et al. (2010). Predictors and moderators of treatment outcome in the Pediatric Obsessive Compulsive Treatment Study (POTS I). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 49, 1024-1033.
32. Geller DA, Hoog SL, Heiligenstein JH, Ricardi RK, et al. (2001). Fluoxetine treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40, 773-779.
33. Goodman WK, Kozak MJ, Liebowitz M, White KL (1996). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with fluvoxamine: a multicentre, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 11, 21-29.
34. Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, et al. (1989a). The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale, I: development, use and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry 46, 1006-1011.
35. Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, et al. (1989b). The Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, II: validity. Archives of General Psychiatry 46, 1012-1016.
36. Grant P, Lougee L, Hirschtritt M, Swedo SE (2007). An open-label trial of riluzole, a glutamate antagonist, in children with treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 17, 761-767.
37. Grant P, Song JY, Swedo SE (2010). Review of the use of the glutamate antagonist riluzole in psychiatric disorders and a description of recent use in childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 20, 309-315.
38. Greenberg WM, Benedict MM, Doerfer J, Perrin M, et al. (2009). Adjunctive glycine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults. Journal of Psychiatric Research 43, 664-670.
39. Greist J, Chouinard G, DuBoff E, Halaris A, et al. (1995b). Double-blind parallel comparison of three dosages of sertraline and placebo in outpatients with obsessivecompulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 52, 289-295.
40. Greist JH, Bandelow B, Hollander E, Marazzitti D, et al. (2003). Long-term treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults. CNS Spectrums 8, 7-16.
41. Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Kobak KA, Chouinard G, et al. (1995a). A 1 year double-blind placebo-controlled fixed dose study of sertraline in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 10, 57-65.
42. Heyman I, Fombonne E, Meltzer H, Goodman R (2001). Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the British nationwide survey of child mental health. British Journal of Psychiatry 179, 324-329.
43. Hollander E, Greenwald S, Neville D (1998). Uncomplicated and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in an epidemiological sample. CNS Spectrums 3, 10-18.
44. Hollander E, Rossi NB, Sood E, Pallanti S (2003). Risperidone augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo controlled study. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 6, 397-401.
45. Hollander E, Stein D, Fineberg NA, Legault M (2010). Quality of life outcomes in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: relationship to treatment response and symptom relapse. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 71, 784-792.
46. Hollander E, Wong C (1998). Psychosocial function and economic costs of obsessive compulsive disorder. CNS Spectrums 3, 48-58.
47. Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim JM, Youn T, et al. (2009). The 5-HT2 receptor profiles of antipsychotics in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia. Clinical Neuropharmacology 32, 224-226.
48. Koran LM, Aboujaoude E, Bullock KD, Franz B, et al. (2005a). Double-blind treatment with oral morphine in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66, 353-359.
49. Koran LM, Aboujauode E, Gamel NN (2009). Double-blind study of dextroamphetamine vs. caffeine augmentation for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 70, 1530-1535.
50. Koran LM, Aboujaoude E, Ward H, Shapira NA, et al. (2006). Pulse-loaded intravenous clomipramine in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 26, 79-83.
51. Koran LM, Gamel NN, Choung HW, Smith EH, et al. (2005b). Mirtazapine for obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial followed by double-blind discontinuation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66, 515-520.
52. Koran LM, Hackett E, Rubin A, Wolkow R, et al. (2002). Efficacy of sertraline in the long-term treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 89-95.
53. Koran LM, Hanna GL, Hollander E, Nestadt G, et al. (2007). Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association (http//www.psych.org/psych- pract/treatg/pg/pracguide.cfm).
54. Koran LM, McElroy SL, Davidson JR, Rasmussen SA, et al. (1996). Fluvoxamine vs. clomipramine for obsessivecompulsive disorder: a double-blind comparison. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 16, 121-129.
55. Koran LM, Pallanti S, Paiva RS, Quercioli L (1998). Pulse loading vs. gradual dosing of intravenous clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 8, 121-126.
56. Kordon A, Wahl K, Koch N, Zurowski B, et al. (2008). Quetiapine addition to serotonin reuptake inhibitors in patients with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 28, 550-554.
57. Kronig MH, Apter J, Asnis G, Bystritsky A, et al. (1999). Placebo-controlled, multicenter study of sertraline treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 19, 172-176.
58. Kumar S, Ng B, Howie W (2003). The improvement of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a patient with schizophrenia treated with clozapine. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 57, 235-236.
59. Kushner MG, Kim SW, Donahue C, Thuras P, et al. (2007). D-cycloserine augmented exposure therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry 62, 835-838.
60. Kwon JS, Joo YH, Nam HJ, Lim M, et al. (2009). Association of the glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1 with atypical antipsychotics-induced obsessivecompulsive symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry 66, 1233-1241.
61. Landeros-Weisenberger A, Bloch MH, Kelmendi B, Wegner R, et al. (2010). Dimensional predictors of response to SRI pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 121, 175-179.
62. Leckman JF, Grice DE, Barr LC, de Vries AL, et al. (1994). Tic-related vs. non-tic-related obsessive compulsive disorder. Anxiety 1, 208-215.
63. Lee KU, Lee YM, Nam JM, Lee HK, et al. (2010). Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction among newer antidepressants in a naturalistic setting. Psychiatry Investigation 7, 55-59.
64. Li X, May RS, Tolbert LC, Jackson WT, et al. (2005). Risperidone and haloperidol augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a crossover study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66, 736-743.
65. Liebowitz MR, Turner SM, Piacentini J, Beidel DC, et al. (2002). Fluoxetine in children and adolescents with OCD: a placebo-controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 41, 1431-1438.
66. McDougle CJ, Epperson CN, Pelton GH, Wasylink S, et al. (2000). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone addition in serotonin reuptake inhibitor refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 794-801.
67. McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF, Lee NC, et al. (1994). Haloperidol addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled study in patients with and without tics. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 302-308.
68. McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Price LH, Delgado PL, et al. (1990). Neuroleptic addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 147, 652-654.
69. Maina G, Albert U, Ziero S, Bogetto F (2003). Antipsychotic augmentation for treatment-resistant obsessive compulsive disorder: what if antipsychotic is discontinued? International Clinical Psychopharmacology 18, 23-28.
70. Maina G, Pessina E, Albert U, Bogetto F (2008). 8-week, single-blind, randomized trial comparing risperidone vs. olanzapine augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 18, 364-372.
71. Marazziti D, Pfanner C, Dell'Osso B, Ciapparelli A, et al. (2005). Augmentation strategy with olanzapine in resistant obsessive compulsive disorder: an Italian long term open-label study. Journal of Psychopharmacology 19, 392-394.
72. March JS (2004). Cognitive-behavior therapy, sertraline, and their combination for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: the Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS) Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 292, 1969-1976.
73. March JS, Klee BJ, Kremer CM(2006). Treatment benefit and the risk of suicidality in multicenter, randomized, controlled trials of sertraline in children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 16, 91-102.
74. Matsunaga H, Nagata T, Hayashida K, Ohya K, et al. (2009). A long-term trial of the effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotic agents in augmenting SSRI-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 70, 863-868.
75. Micali N, Heyman I, Perez M, Hilton K, et al. (2010). Long-term outcomes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: follow-up of 142 children and adolescents. British Journal of Psychiatry 197, 128-134.
76. Miguel EC, Diniz JB, Joaquim M, Borcato S, et al. (2009). Clomipramine and quetiapine augmentation for obsessive compulsive disorder compared with sustained fluoxetine treatment (poster presentation). Annual Meeting of American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 5-9 December, Florida.
77. Montgomery SA, McIntyre A, Osterheider M, Sarteschi P, et al. (1993). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in patients with DSM-III-R obsessivecompulsive disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 3, 143-152.
78. Moritz S, Ruferb M, Fricke S, Karow A, et al. (2005). Quality of life in obsessive-compulsive disorder before and after treatment. Comprehensive Psychiatry 46, 453-459.
79. Muscatello MR, Bruno A, Pandolfo G, Micò U, et al. (2011). Effect of aripiprazole augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors or clomipramine in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 31, 174-179.
80. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2006). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Core Interventions in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder (Clinical Guideline CG31). London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.
81. Ninan PT, Koran LM, Kiev A, Davidson JR, et al. (2006). High-dose sertraline strategy for nonresponders to acute treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multicenter double-blind trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67, 15-22.
82. Pallanti S, Bernardi S, Antonini S, Singh N, et al. (2009). Ondansetron augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary, single-blind, prospective study. CNS Drugs 23, 1047-1055.
83. Pallanti S, Hollander E, Bienstock C, Koran L et al. (2002a). Treatment non-response in OCD: methodological issues and operational definitions. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 5, 181-191.
84. Pallanti S, Quercioli L, Koran LM (2002b). Citalopram intravenous infusions in resistant obsessive compulsive disorder: an open trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 63, 796-801.
85. Pampaloni I, Sivakumaran T, Hawley CJ, Al Allaq A, et al. (2009). High-dose selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in OCD: a systematic retrospective case notes survey. Journal of Psychopharmacology 24, 1439-1445.
86. Pasquini M, Biondi M (2006). Memantine augmentation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 30, 1173-1175.
87. Pessina E, Albert U, Bogetto F, Maina G (2009). Aripiprazole augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a 12-week open-label preliminary study. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 24, 265-269.
88. Piacentini J, Langley AK (2004). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for children who have obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology 60, 1181-1194.
89. Pigott TA, L'Heureux F, Dubbert B, Bernstein S, et al. (1994). Obsessive compulsive disorder: comorbid conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 55 (Suppl.), 15-32.
90. Pigott TA, Seay SM (1999). A review of the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 60, 101-106.
91. Pittenger C, Krystal JH, Coric V (2006). Glutamatemodulating drugs as novel pharmacotherapeutic agents in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder NeuroRx. Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics 3, 69-81.
92. Rasmussen SA, Eisen JL (1990). Epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 51, 10-13.
93. Ravizza L, Maina G, Bogetto F, Albert U, et al. (1998). Long term treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. CNS Drugs 10, 247-255.
94. Reddy YC, Alur AM,Manjunath S, Kandavel T, et al. (2010). Long-term follow-up study of patients with serotonin reuptake inhibitor-nonresponsive obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 30, 267-272.
95. Riddle MA, Reeve EA, Yaryura-Tobias JA, Yang HM, et al. (2001). Fluvoxamine for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40, 222-229.
96. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Weissman MM, Orvaschel H, et al. (1984). Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites. Archives of General Psychiatry 41, 949-958.
97. Rodriguez-Salgado B, Dolengevich-Segal H, Arrojo-Romero M, Castelli-Candia P, et al. (2006). Perceived quality of life in obsessive-compulsive disorder: related factors. BMC Psychiatry 6, 20.
98. Romano S, Goodman WK, Tamura R, Gonzales J, et al. (2001). Long-term treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder after an acute response: a comparison of fluoxetine vs. placebo. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 21, 46-52.
99. Sa AR, Hounie AG, Sampaio AS, Arrais J, et al. (2009). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and disorder in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine or haloperidol. Comprehensive Psychiatry 50, 437-442.
100. Savas H, Yumru M, Ö zen ME (2008). Quetiapine and ziprasidone as adjuncts in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Drug Investigation 28, 439-442.
101. Selvi Y, Atli A, Aydin A, Besiroglu L, et al. (2011). The comparison of aripiprazole and risperidone augmentation in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a single-blind, randomised study. Human Psychopharmacology, doi: 10.1002/hup.1169, published online 9 February 2011.
102. Shapira NA, Ward HE, Mandoki M, Murphy TK, et al. (2004). A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine addition in fluoxetine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry 55, 553-555.
103. Simpson HB, Huppert JD, Petkova E, Foa EB et al. (2006). Response vs. remission in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 67, 269-276.
104. Simpson HB, Petkova E, Cheng J, et al. (2008). Statistical choices can affect inferences about treatment efficacy: a case study from obsessive-compulsive disorder research. Journal of Psychiatric Research 42, 631-638.
105. Skapinakis P, Papatheodorou T, Mavreas V (2007). Antipsychotic augmentation of serotonergic antidepressants in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. European Neuropsychopharmacology 17, 79-93.
106. Soltani F, Sayyah M, Feizy F, Malayeri A, et al. (2010). A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of ondansetron for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Human Psychopharmacology 25, 509-513.
107. Soomro GM, Altman D, Rajagopal S, Oakley-Browne M (2008). Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) vs. placebo for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 23, CD001765.
108. Stahl S (2008). Antidepressants. In: Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology-Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications (pp. 511-666). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
109. Stein DJ, Carey PD, Lochner C, Seedat S, et al. (2008). Escitalopram in obsessive-compulsive disorder: response of symptom dimensions to pharmacotherapy. CNS Spectrums 13, 492-498.
110. Stein D, Tonnoir B, Andersen EW, Fineberg NA (2007). Escitalopram in OCD: a randomised, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose, paroxetine referenced, 24-week study. Current Medical Research and Opinion 23, 701-711.
111. Stewart SE, Jenike AE, Hezel DM, Stack DE, et al. (2010). A single-blind case-control study of memantine in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 30, 34-39.
112. Storch EA, Lewin AB, De Nadai AS, Murphy TK (2010b). Defining treatment response and remission in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a signal detection analysis of the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 49, 708-717.
113. Storch EA, Merlo LJ, Bengtson M, Murphy TK, et al. (2008a). D-cycloserine does not enhance exposure-response prevention therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 22, 230-237.
114. Storch EA, Merlo LJ, Larson MJ, Geffken GR, et al. (2008b). Impact of comorbidity on cognitive-behavioral therapy response in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 47, 583-592.
115. Storch EA, Murphy TK, Goodman WK, Geffken GR, et al. (2010a). A preliminary study of D-cycloserine augmentation of cognitive-behavioral therapy in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry 68, 1073-1076.
116. Tollefson GD, Rampey Jr. AH, Potvin JH, Jenike MA, et al. (1994). A multicenter investigation of fixed-dose fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 559-567.
117. Uzun O (2010). Lamotrigine as an augmentation agent in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case report. Journal of Psychopharmacology 24, 425-427.
118. van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Patterson B, Bennet M (2006). Topiramate augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a retrospective, open label case series. Depression and Anxiety 23, 1-5.
119. Vulink NC, Denys D, Fluitman SB, Meinardi JC, et al. (2009). Quetiapine augments the effect of citalopram in non-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 76 patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 70, 1001-1008.
120. Watson HJ, Rees CS (2008). Meta-analysis of randomized, controlled treatment trials for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 49, 489-498.
121. Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ, Greenwald S, et al. (1994). The cross national epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 55, 5-10.
122. Wheadon D, Bushnell W, Steiner M (1993). A fixed dose comparison of 20, 40 or 60 mg paroxetine to placebo in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Poster presented at Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
123. Wilhelm S, Buhlmann U, Tolin DF, Meunier SA, et al. (2008). Augmentation of behavior therapy with D-cycloserine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 165, 335-341.
124. Wittchen HU, Jacobi F (2005). Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe-a critical review. European Neuropsychopharmacology 15, 357-376.
125. WHO (1999). The 'Newly Defined' Burden of Mental Problems Fact Sheets, no 217. Geneva: WHO.
126. Zohar J, Judge R (1996). Paroxetine vs. clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 169, 468-474.