An update of evaluation of therapeutic thoracic facet joint interventions

Pain Physician

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2012, Pages

  Manchikanti, Kavita N ^a   Atluri, Sairam ^b   Singh, Vijay ^c   Geffert, Stephanie ^d,e   Sehgal, Nalini ^f   Falco, Frank J E ^d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b Tri State Spine Care Institute   (United States)

^c Spine Pain Diagnostics Associates   (United States)

^d Mid Atlantic Spine and Pain Physicians   (United States)

^e TEMPLE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Chronic thoracic pain; Facet joint nerve blocks; Medial branch blocks; Mid back or upper back pain; Therapeutic thoracic medial branch blocks; Thoracic facet or zygapophysial joint pain; Thoracic intraarticular facet joint injections; Thoracic radiofrequency neurotomy

Indexed keywords

BETAMETHASONE; BUPIVACAINE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE ACETATE; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT;

BACKACHE; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HUMAN; MENTAL HEALTH; MID BACK PAIN; NERVE BLOCK; RADIOFREQUENCY NEUROTOMY; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UPPER BACK PAIN; WORK RESUMPTION; ZYGAPOPHYSEAL JOINT;

ANESTHETICS, LOCAL; AXOTOMY; BACK PAIN; CATHETER ABLATION; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; HUMANS; INJECTIONS, INTRA-ARTICULAR; INJECTIONS, SPINAL; NERVE BLOCK; THORACIC VERTEBRAE; ZYGAPOPHYSEAL JOINT;

EID: 84864478617     PISSN: 15333159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Leboeuf-Yde C, Nielsen J, Kyvik KO, Fejer R, Hartvigsen J. Pain in the lumbar, thoracic or cervical regions: Do age and gender matter? A population-based study of 34,902 Danish twins 20-71 years of age. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009; 10:39.
2. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Datta S, Cohen SP, Hirsch JA. Comprehensive review of epidemiology, scope, and impact of spinal pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:E35-E70.
3. Manchikanti L, Boswell MV, Singh V, Benyamin RM, Fellows B, Abdi S, Buenaventura RM, Conn A, Datta S, Derby R, Falco FJE, Erhart S, Diwan S, Hayek SM, Helm S, Parr AT, Schultz DM, Smith HS, Wolfer LR, Hirsch JA. Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:699-802.
4. Manchikanti L, Pampati V, Fellows B, Beyer CD, Damron KS, Barnhill RC, Burks T. Characteristics of chronic low back pain in patients in an interventional pain management setting: A prospective evaluation. Pain Physician 2001; 4:131-142.
5. Manchikanti L, Pampati V. Research designs in interventional pain management: Is randomization superior, desirable or essential? Pain Physician 2002; 5:275-284.
6. Manchikanti L, Boswell MV, Singh V, Pampati VS, Damron KS, Beyer CD. Prevalence of facet joint pain in chronic spinal pain of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2004; 5:15.
7. Linton SJ, Hallden K. Can we screen for problematic back pain? A screening questionnaire for predicting outcome in acute and subacute back pain. Clin J Pain 1998; 14:209-215.
8. Anderson R, Meeker WC, Wirick BE, Mootz RD, Kirk DH, Adams A. A metaanalysis of clinical trials of spinal manipulation. J Manipulative Psysiol Ther 1992; 15:181-194.
9. Occhipinti E, Colombini D, Grieco A. Study of distribution and characteristics of spinal disorders using a validated questionnaire in a group of male subjects not exposed to occupational spinal risk factors. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1993; 18:1150-1159.
10. Stolker RJ, Vervest AC, Groen GJ. Percutaneous facet denervation in chronic thoracic spinal pain. Acta Neurochir 1993; 122:82-90.
11. Linton SJ, Hellsing AL, Hallden K. A population based study of spinal pain among 35-45-year-old individuals. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998; 23:1457-1463.
12. Wilson PR. Thoracic facet joint syndrome- a clinical entity? Pain Suppl 1987; 4:S87.
13. Leboeuf-Yde C, Fejer R, Nielsen J, Kyvik KO, Hartvigsen J. Consequences of spinal pain: Do age and gender matter? A Danish cross-sectional population-based study of 34,902 individuals 20-71 years of age. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12:39.
14. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Pampati VS, Beyer CD, Damron KS. Evaluation of the prevalence of facet joint pain in chronic thoracic pain. Pain Physician 2002; 5:354-359.
15. Manchukonda R, Manchikanti KN, Cash KA, Pampati V, Manchikanti L. Facet joint pain in chronic spinal pain: An evaluation of prevalence and false-positive rate of diagnostic blocks. J Spinal Disord Tech 2007; 20:539-545.
16. Atluri S, Datta S, Falco FJE, Lee M. Systematic review of diagnostic utility and therapeutic effectiveness of thoracic facet joint interventions. Pain Physician 2008; 11:611-629.
17. Sehgal N, Dunbar EE, Shah RV, Colson JD. Systematic review of diagnostic utility of facet (zygapophysial) joint injections in chronic spinal pain: An update. Pain Physician 2007; 10:213-228.
18. Boswell MV, Singh V, Staats PS, Hirsch JA. Accuracy of precision diagnostic blocks in the diagnosis of chronic spinal pain of facet or zygapophysial joint origin. Pain Physician 2003; 6:449-456.
19. Dreyfuss P, Tibiletti C, Dreyer SJ. Thoracic zygapophyseal joint pain patterns: A study in normal volunteers. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1994; 19:807-811.
20. Merskey H, Bogduk N. Thoracic zygapophysial joint pain. In: Classification of Chronic Pain. Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definition of Pain Terms. 2nd ed. International Association for the Study of Pain. IASP Press, Seattle, 1994, pp 116-117.
21. Bogduk N. International Spinal Injection Society guidelines for the performance of spinal injection procedures. Part 1: Zygapophyseal joint blocks. Clin J Pain 1997; 13:285-302.
22. Bogduk N. On diagnostic blocks for lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. F1000 Med Rep 2010; 2:57.
23. Datta S, Lee M, Falco FJE, Bryce DA, Hayek SM. Systematic assessment of diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic utility of lumbar facet joint interventions. Pain Physician 2009; 12:437-460.
24. Falco FJE, Erhart S, Wargo BW, Bryce DA, Atluri S, Datta S, Hayek SM. Systematic review of diagnostic utility and therapeutic effectiveness of cervical facet joint interventions. Pain Physician 2009; 12:323-344.
25. Manchikanti L, Boswell MV, Singh V, Derby R, Fellows B, Falco FJE, Datta S, Smith HS, Hirsch JA. Comprehensive review of neurophysiologic basis and diagnostic interventions in managing chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:E71-E120.
26. Schütz U, Cakir B, Dreinhöfer K, Richter M, Koepp H. Diagnostic value of lumbar facet joint injection: A prospective triple cross-over study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27991.
27. Hancock MJ, Maher CG, Latimer J, Spin-dler MF, McAuley JH, Laslett M, Bogduk N. Systematic review of tests to identify the disc, SIJ or facet joint as the source of low back pain. Eur Spine J 2007; 16:1539-1550.
28. Barnsley L, Lord S, Bogduk N. Comparative local anesthetic blocks in the diagnosis of cervical zygapophysial joints pain. Pain 1993; 55:99-106.
29. Manchikanti L, Datta S, Derby R, Wolfer LR, Benyamin RM, Hirsch JA. A critical review of the American Pain Society clinical practice guidelines for interventional techniques: Part 1. Diagnostic interventions. Pain Physician 2010; 13:E141-E174.
30. Lord SM, Barnsley L, Bogduk N. The utility of comparative local anesthetic blocks versus placebo-controlled blocks for the diagnosis of cervical zygapophysial joint pain. Clin J Pain 1995; 11:208-213.
31. Manchikanti L, Datta S, Gupta S, Munglani R, Bryce DA, Ward SP, Benyamin RM, Sharma ML, Helm II S, Fellows B, Hirsch JA. A critical review of the American Pain Society clinical practice guidelines for interventional techniques: Part 2. Therapeutic interventions. Pain Physician 2010; 13:E215-E264.
32. Rubinstein SM, van Tulder M. A best-evidence review of diagnostic procedures for neck and low-back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2008; 22:471-482.
33. Atluri S, Singh V, Datta S, Geffert S, Sehgal N, Falco FJE. Diagnostic accuracy of thoracic facet joint nerve blocks: An update of the assessment of evidence. Pain Physician 2012; 22:471-482.
34. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Vilims BD, Hansen HC, Schultz DM, Kloth DS. Medial branch neurotomy in management of chronic spinal pain: Systematic review of the evidence. Pain Physician 2002; 5:405-418.
35. Tzaan W, Tasker R. Percutaneous radiofrequency facet rhizotomy-experience with 118 procedures and reappraisal of its value. Can J Neurol Sci 2000; 27:125-130.
36. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJ, Cash KM, Pampati V. Effectiveness of thoracic medial branch blocks in managing chronic pain: A preliminary report of a randomized, double-blind controlled trial: Clinical Trial NCT00355706. Pain Physician 2008; 11:491-504.
37. Manchikanti L, Manchikanti KN, Manchukonda R, Pampati V, Cash KA. Evaluation of therapeutic thoracic medial branch block effectiveness in chronic thoracic pain: A prospective outcome study with minimum 1-year follow up. Pain Physician 2006; 9:97-105.
38. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJE, Cash KA, Pampati V, Fellows B. Comparative effectiveness of a one-year follow-up of thoracic medial branch blocks in management of chronic thoracic pain: A randomized, double-blind active controlled trial. Pain Physician 2010; 13:535-548.
39. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJE, Cash KA, Pampati V, Fellows B. The role of thoracic medial branch blocks in managing chronic mid and upper back pain: A randomized, double-blind, activecontrol trial with a 2-year follow-up. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2012; in submission.
40. Stolker RJ, Vervest AC, Groen GJ. Parameters in electrode positioning in thoracic percutaneous facet denervation: An anatomical study. Acta Neurochir 1994; 128:32-39.
41. Stolker RJ, Vervest AC, Groen GJ. The treatment of chronic thoracic segmental pain by radiofrequency percutaneous partial rhizotomy. J Neurosurg 1994; 80:986-992.
42. Speldewinde GC. Outcomes of percutaneous zygapophysial and sacroiliac joint neurotomy in a community setting. Pain Med 2011; 12:209-218.
43. Chua NH, Vissers KC, Sluijter ME. Pulsed radiofrequency treatment in interventional pain management: Mechanisms and potential indications-a review. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2011; 153:763-771.
44. Stolker RJ, Vervest AC, Ramos LM, Groen GJ. Electrode positioning in thoracic percutaneous partial rhizotomy: An anatomical study. Pain 1994; 57:241-251.
45. Golovac S. Radiofrequency neurolysis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2010; 20:203-214.
46. Mitra R, Do H, Alamin T, Cheng I. Facet pain in thoracic compression fractures. Pain Med 2010; 11:1674-1677.
47. Manchikanti L, Hirsch JA, Smith HS. Evidence-based medicine, systematic reviews, and guidelines in interventional pain management: Part 2: Randomized controlled trials. Pain Physician 2008; 11:717-773.
48. Manchikanti L, Benyamin RM, Helm S, Hirsch JA. Evidence-based medicine, systematic reviews, and guidelines in interventional pain management: Part 3: Systematic reviews and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Pain Physician 2009; 12:35-72.
49. Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D, Stroup DF. Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: The QUOROM statement. Quality of reporting of meta-analyses. Lancet 1999; 354:1896-1900.
50. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151:W65-W94.
51. van Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L; Editorial Board of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003; 28:1290-1299.
52. Furlan AD, Pennick V, Bombardier C, van Tulder M; Editorial Board, Cochrane Back Review Group. 2009 updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Back Review Group. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009; 34:1929-1941.
53. van Tulder MW, Suttorp M, Morton S, Bouter LM, Shekelle P. Empirical evidence of an association between internal validity and effect size in randomized controlled trials of low-back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009; 34:1685-1692.
54. Manchikanti L, Datta S, Smith HS, Hirsch JA. Evidence-based medicine, systematic reviews, and guidelines in interventional pain management: Part 6. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. Pain Physician 2009; 12:819-850.
55. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Helm S, Schultz DM, Datta S, Hirsch J. An introduction to an evidence-based approach to interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician 2009; 12:E1-E33.
56. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, Moher D, Becker BJ, Sipe TA, Thacker SB. Metaanalysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 2000; 283:2008-2012.
57. Staal JB, de Bie RA, de Vet HC, Hildebrandt J, Nelemans P. Injection therapy for subacute and chronic low back pain: An updated Cochrane review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009; 34:49-59.
58. Altman DG, Schulz KF, Moher D, Egger M, Davidoff F, Elbourne D, Gøtzsche PC, Lang T; CONSORT GROUP (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials). The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: Explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134:663-694.
59. Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gøtzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, Elbourne D, Egger M, Altman DG. CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ 2010; 340:c869.
60. Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman DG; CONSORT Group (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials). The CONSORT statement: Revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2001; 91:437-442.
61. Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman DG; CONSORT. The CONSORT statement: Revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel group randomized trials. BMC Med Res Methodol 2001; 1:2.
62. Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, Poole C, Schlesselman JJ, Egger M; STROBE Initiative. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147: W163-W194.
63. Chou R, Huffman L. Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Low Back Pain: Evidence Review. American Pain Society, Glenview, IL, 2009. www.ampainsoc.org/pub/pdf/LBPEvidRev.pdf
64. Chou R, Huffman L. Use of Chronic Opioid Therapy in Chronic Noncancer Pain: Evidence Review. American Pain Society. Glenview, IL, 2009. www.ampainsoc.org/library/pdf/Opioid_Final_Evidence_Report.pdf
65. Staal JB, de Bie R, de Vet HC, Hildebrandt J, Nelemans P. Injection therapy for subacute and chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 3:CD001824.
66. Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analysis. www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
67. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003; 327:557-560.
68. Harris RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH, Lohr KN, Mulrow CD, Teutsch SM, Atkins D; Methods Work Group, Third US Preventive Services Task Force. Current methods of the US Preventive Services Task Force. Am J Prevent Med 2001; 20:21-35.
69. Farrar JT. What is clinically meaningful: Outcome measures in pain clinical trials. Clin J Pain 2000; 16:S106-S112.
70. Salaffi F, Stancati A, Silvestri CA, Ciapetti A, Grassi W. Minimal clinically important changes in chronic musculoskeletal pain intensity measured on a numerical rating scale. Eur J Pain 2004; 8:283-291.
71. Bombardier C. Outcome assessments in the evaluation of treatment of spinal disorders: Summary and general recommendations. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000; 25:3100-3103.
72. Hagg O, Fritzell P, Nordwall A. The clinical importance of changes in outcome scores after treatment for chronic low back pain. Eur Spine J 2003; 12:12-20.
73. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJE, Cash KA, Pampati V. Evaluation of lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in managing chronic low back pain: A randomized, doubleblind, controlled trial with a 2-year follow-up. Int J Med Sci 2010; 7:124-135.
74. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJE, Cash KA, Fellows B. Comparative outcomes of a 2-year follow-up of cervical medial branch blocks in management of chronic neck pain: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Pain Physician 2010; 13:437-450.
75. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Cash KA, Pampati V, Damron KS, Boswell MV. A randomized, controlled, double-blind trial of fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation and radiculitis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011; 36:1897-1905.
76. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Cash KA, Pampati V, Datta S. Management of pain of post lumbar surgery syndrome: Oneyear results of a randomized, doubleblind, active controlled trial of fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections. Pain Physician 2010; 13:509-521.
77. Manchikanti L, Cash RA, McManus CD, Pampati V, Fellows B. Fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections with or without steroids in managing pain of lumbar spinal stenosis: One year results of randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial. J Spinal Disord 2012; 25:226-234.
78. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJE, Cash KA, Pampati V. Evaluation of the effectiveness of lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic pain of lumbar disc herniation or radiculitis: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Pain Physician 2010; 13:343-355.
79. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V, Benyamin RM. Preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of fluoroscopic lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic lumbar discogenic pain without disc herniation or radiculitis. Pain Physician 2010; 13:E279-E292.
80. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, Pampati V, Wargo BW, Malla Y. Cervical epidural injections in chronic discogenic neck pain without disc herniation or radiculitis: Preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Pain Physician 2010; 13:E265-E278.
81. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, Pampati V, Wargo BW, Malla Y. The effectiveness of fluoroscopic cervical interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic cervical disc herniation and radiculitis: Preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Pain Physician 2010; 13:223-236.
82. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V, Benyamin RM. A preliminary report of a randomized double-blind, active controlled trial of fluoroscopic thoracic interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic thoracic pain. Pain Physician 2010; 13:E357-E369.
83. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Damron KS, Pampati V, Falco FJE. Lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in central spinal stenosis: Preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind, active control trial. Pain Physician 2012; 15:51-63.
84. Manchikanti L, Malla Y, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V. Fluoroscopic cervical interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic pain of cervical postsurgery syndrome: Preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind active control trial. Pain Physician 2012; 15:13-26.
85. Manchikanti L, Malla Y, Cash KA, McManus CD, Pampati V. Fluoroscopic epidural injections in cervical spinal stenosis: Preliminary results of a randomized, double-blind, active control trial. Pain Physician 2012; 15:E59-E70.
86. Manchikanti L, Cash KA, Pampati V, Malla Y. Fluoroscopic cervical epidural injections in chronic axial or disc-related neck pain without disc herniation, facet joint pain, or radiculitis. J Pain Res 2012; 227-236.
87. Haufe SM, Mork AR. Endoscopic facet debridement for the treatment of facet arthritic pain--A novel new technique. Int J Med Sci 2010; 7:120-123.
88. Manchikanti L, Malla Y, Wargo BW, Cash KA, Pampati V, Fellows B. Complications of fluoroscopically directed facet joint nerve blocks: A prospective evaluation of 7,500 episodes with 43,000 nerve blocks. Pain Physician 2012; 15:E143-E150.
89. Doita M, Nabeshima Y, Nishida K, Fujioka H, Kurosaka M. Septic arthritis of lumbar facet joints without predisposing infection. J Spinal Disord Tech 2007; 20:290-295.
90. Magee M, Kannangara S, Dennien B, Lonergan R, Emmett L, Van der Wall H. Paraspinal abscess complicating facet joint injection. Clin Nucl Med 2000; 25:71-73.
91. Marks RC, Semple AJ. Spinal anaesthesia after facet joint injection. Anaesthesia 1988; 43:65-66.
92. Berrigan T. Chemical meningism after lumbar facet joint block. Anaesthesia 1992; 47:905-906.
93. Thomson SJ, Lomax DM, Collett BJ. Chemical meningism after lumbar facet joint block with local anaesthetic and steroids. Anaesthesia 1993; 46:563-564.
94. Sehgal A, Valentine JM. Lumbar radiculopathy after zygapophyseal joint injection. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99:412-414.
95. Kim SY, Han SH, Jung MW, Hong JH. Generalized infection following facet joint injection -A case report. Korean J Anesthesiol 2010; 58:401-404.
96. Ghosh PS, Loddenkemper T, Blanco MB, Marks M, Sabella C, Ghosh D. Holocord spinal epidural abscess. J Child Neurol 2009; 24:768-771.
97. Yeh TT, Wen ZH, Lee HS, Lee CH, Yang Z, Jean YH, Wu SS, Nimni ME, Han B. Intra-articular injection of collagenase induced experimental osteoarthritis of the lumbar facet joint in rats. Eur Spine J 2008; 17:734-742.
98. Hoelzer BC, Weingarten TN, Hooten WM, Wright RS, Wilson WR, Wilson PR. Paraspinal abscess complicated by endocarditis following a facet joint injection. Eur J Pain 2008; 12:261-265.
99. Park MS, Moon SH, Hahn SB, Lee HM. Paraspinal abscess communicated with epidural abscess after extra-articular facet joint injection. Yonsei Med J 2007; 48:711-714.
100. Abbott ZI, Nair KV, Allen RR, Akuthota VR. Utilization characteristics of spinal interventions. Spine J 2012; 1:35-43.
101. Manchikanti L, Pampati V, Boswell MV, Smith HS, Hirsch JA. Analysis of the growth of epidural injections and costs in the Medicare population: A comparative evaluation of 1997, 2002, and 2006 data. Pain Physician 2010; 13:199-212.
102. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Pampati V, Smith HS, Hirsch JA. Analysis of growth of interventional techniques in managing chronic pain in Medicare population: A 10-year evaluation from 1997 to 2006. Pain Physician 2009; 12:9-34.
103. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Caraway DL, Benyamin RM, Hirsch JA. Medicare physician payment systems: Impact of 2011 schedule on interventional pain management. Pain Physician 2011; 14:E5-E33.
104. Manchikanti L, Hirsch JA. Medicare physician payment rules for 2011: A primer for the neurointerventionalist. J Neurointervent Surg 2011; 3:399-402.
105. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Hirsch JA. Saga of payment systems of ambulatory surgery centers for interventional techniques: An update. Pain Physician 2012; 15:109-130.
106. Manchikanti L, Parr AT, Singh V, Fellows B. Ambulatory surgery centers and interventional techniques: A look at long-term survival. Pain Physician 2011; 14:E177-E215.
107. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Caraway DL, Benyamin RM, Falco FJE, Hirsch JA. Physician payment outlook for 2012: Déjà Vu. Pain Physician 2012; 15:E27-E52.
108. Medicare Part B Carrier Summary Data Files. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. www.cms.gov/NonIdentifiableData-Files/04_5_PartBCarrierSummaryData-File.asp#TopOfPage
109. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJE. In response to Smuck M, Levin JH. RE: Manchikanti L, Singh V, Falco FJE, Cash KA, Fellows B. Cervical medial branch blocks for chronic cervical facet joint pain: A randomized double-blind, controlled trial with one-year follow-up. Spine (Phila PA 1976) 2008; 33:1813-1820; author reply 2009; 34:1116-1117.
110. Pham Dang C, Lelong A, Guilley J, Nguyen JM, Volteau C, Venet G, Perrier C, Lejus C, Blanloeil Y. Effect on neurostimulation of injectates used for perineural space expansion before placement of a stimulating catheter: Normal saline versus dextrose 5% in water. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2009; 34:398-403.
111. Tsui BC, Kropelin B, Ganapathy S, Finucane B. Dextrose 5% in water: Fluid medium maintaining electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve during stimulating catheter placement. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49:1562-1565.
112. Indahl A, Kaigle AM, Reikeräs O, Holm SH. Interaction between the porcine lumbar intervertebral disc, zygapophysial joints, and paraspinal muscles. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997; 22:2834-2840.
113. Indahl A, Kaigle A, Reikerås O, Holm S. Electromyographic response of the porcinemultifidus musculature after nerve stimulation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1995; 20:2652-2658.
114. Bhatia MT, Parikh LCJ. Epidural saline therapy in lumbo-sciatic syndrome. J Indian Med Assoc 1966; 47:537-542.
115. Gupta AK, Mital VK, Azmi RU. Observations of the management of lumbosciatic syndromes (sciatica) by epidural saline. J Indian Med Assoc 1970; 54:194-196.
116. Carette S, Leclaire R, Marcoux S, Morin F, Blaise GA, St-Pierre A, Truchon R, Parent F, Levesque J, Bergeron V, Montminy P, Blanchette C. Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica due to herniated nucleus pulposus. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:1634-1640.
117. Carette S, Marcoux S, Truchon R, Grondin C, Gagnon J, Allard Y, Latulippe M. A controlled trial of corticosteroid injections into facet joints for chronic low back pain. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:1002-1007.
118. Tachihara H, Sekiguchi M, Kikuchi S, Konno S. Do corticosteroids produce additional benefit in nerve root infiltration for lumbar disc herniation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008; 33:743-747.
119. Karppinen J, Malmivaara A, Kurunlahti M, Kyllönen E, Pienimäki T, Nieminen P, Ohinmaa A, Tervonen O, Vanharanta H. Periradicular infiltration for sciatica: A randomized controlled trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001; 26:1059-1067.
120. Sato C, Sakai A, Ikeda Y, Suzuki H, Sakamoto A. The prolonged analgesic effect of epidural ropivacaine in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:313-320.
121. Blease C. The principle of parity: The "placebo effect" and physician communication. J Med Ethics 2012; 38:199-203.
122. Holm I, Friis A, Brox JI, Gunderson R, Steen H. Minimal influence of facet joint anesthesia on isokinetic muscle performance in patients with chronic degenerative low back disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000; 25:2091-2094.
123. Kang YM, Choi WS, Pickar JG. Electrophysiologic evidence for an intersegmental reflex pathway between lumbar paraspinal tissues. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002; 27:E56-E63.
124. Manchikanti L, Giordano J, Fellows B, Hirsch JA. Placebo and nocebo in interventional pain management: A friend or a foe - or simply foes? Pain Physician 2011; 14:E157-E175.
125. Manchikanti L, Pampati V, Damron K. The role of placebo and nocebo effects of perioperative administration of sedatives and opioids in interventional pain management. Pain Physician 2005; 8:349-355.
126. Häuser W, Bartram C, Bartram-Wunn E, Tölle T. Adverse events attributable to nocebo in randomized controlled drug trials in fibromyalgia syndrome and painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: Systematic review. Clin J Pain 2012; 28:437-451.
127. Lyby PS, Forsberg JT, Asli O, Flaten MA. Induced fear reduces the effectiveness of a placebo intervention on pain. Pain 2012; 153:1114-1121.
128. Wells RE, Kaptchuk TJ. To tell the truth, the whole truth, may do patients harm: The problem of the nocebo effect for informed consent. Am J Bioeth 2012; 12:22-29.
129. Ghahreman A, Ferch R, Bogduk N. The efficacy of transforaminal injection of steroids for the treatment of lumbar radicular pain. Pain Med 2010; 11:1149-1168.
130. Manchikanti L, Singh V. Corticosteroids. In: Manchikanti L, Christo PJ, Trescot AM, Falco FJE (eds). Foundations of Pain Medicine and Interventional Pain Management: A Comprehensive Review. ASIPP Publishing, Paducah, KY, 2011, pp 589-606.
131. Pasqualucci A, Varrassi G, Braschi A, Peduto VA, Brunelli A, Marinangeli F, Gori F, Colò F, Paladín A, Mojoli F. Epidural local anesthetic plus corticosteroid for the treatment of cervical brachial radicular pain: Single injection verus continuous infusion. Clin J Pain 2007; 23:551-557.
132. Byröd G, Otani K, Brisby H, Rydevik B, Olmarker K. Methylprednisolone reduces the early vascular permeability increase in spinal nerve roots induced by epidural nucleus pulposus application. J Orthop Res 2000; 18:983-987.
133. Hayashi N, Weinstein JN, Meller ST, Lee HM, Spratt KF, Gebhart GF. The effect of epidural injection of betamethasone or bupivacaine in a rat model of lumbar radiculopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998; 23:877-885.
134. Lee HM, Weinstein JN, Meller ST, Hayashi N, Spratt KF, Gebhart GF. The role of steroids and their effects on phospholipase A2. An animal model of radiculopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998; 23:1191-1196.
135. Minamide A, Tamaki T, Hashizume H, Yoshida M, Kawakami M, Hayashi N. Effects of steroids and lipopolysaccharide on spontaneous resorption of herniated intervertebral discs. An experience study in the rabbit. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998; 23:870-876.
136. Mao J, Chen LL. Systemic lidocaine for neuropathic pain relief. Pain 2000; 87:7-17.
137. Pasqualucci A. Experimental and clinical studies about the preemptive analgesia with local anesthetics. Possible reasons of the failure. Minerva Anestesiol 1998; 64:445-457.
138. Arner S, Lindblom U, Meyerson BA, Molander C. Prolonged relief of neuralgia after regional anesthetic block. A call for further experimental and systematic clinical studies. Pain 1990; 43:287-297.
139. Lavoie PA, Khazen T, Filion PR. Mechanisms of the inhibition of fast axonal transport by local anesthetics. Neuropharmacology 1989; 28:175-181.
140. Ji RR, Woolf CJ. Neuronal plasticity and signal transduction in nociceptive neurons: Implications for the initiation and maintenance of pathological pain. Neurobiol Dis 2001; 8:1-10.
141. Cassuto J, Sinclair R, Bonderovic M. Anti-inflammatory properties of local anesthetics and their present and potential clinical implications. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006; 50:265-282.
142. Concato J. When to randomize, or "Evidence-based medicine needs medicine- based evidence." Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2012; 21:6-12.
143. Quill TE, Holloway RG. Evidence, preferences, recommendations--finding the right balance in patient care. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1653-1655.
144. Gelijns AC, Gabriel SE. Looking beyond translation--integrating clinical research with medical practice. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1659-1661.
145. Chou R, Atlas SJ, Loeser JD, Rosenquist RW, Stanos SP. Guideline warfare over interventional therapies for low back pain: Can we raise the level of discourse? J Pain 2011; 12:833-839.
146. Manchikanti L, Benyamin RM, Falco FJE, Caraway DL, Datta S, Hirsch JA. Guidelines warfare over interventional techniques: Is there a lack of discourse or straw man? Pain Physician 2012; 15:E1-E26.
147. Hotopf M. The pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2002; 8:326-333.
148. Hotopf M, Churchill R, Lewis G. Pragmatic randomized controlled trials in psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 175:217-223.
149. Tunis SR, Stryer DB, Clancy CM. Practical clinical trials. Increasing the value of clinical research for decision making in clinical and health policy. JAMA 2003; 290:1624-1632.
150. Roland M, Torgerson DJ. What are pragmatic trials? BMJ 1998; 316:285.
151. Alexander GC, Stafford RS. Does comparative effectiveness have a comparative edge? JAMA 2009; 301:2488-2490.
152. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline. Choice of Control Group and Related Issues in Clinical Trials E10. July 20, 2000.