Education, genetic ancestry, and blood pressure in African Americans and whites

American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 102, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 1559-1565

  Non, Amy L ^a   Gravlee, Clarence C ^b   Mulligan, Connie J ^b,c  

^a HARVARD CENTER FOR POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES   (United States)

^b University of Florida ^*  (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CAUCASIAN; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; GENETICS; HEALTH DISPARITY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BLOOD PRESSURE; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84864326346     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: 15410048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300448     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Tsai HJ, Yu Y, Zhang S, et al. Association of genetic ancestry with preterm delivery and related traits among African American mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(1):94.e1-94.e10.
2. Tang H, Jorgenson E, Gadde M, et al. Racial admixture and its impact on BMI and blood pressure in African and Mexican Americans. Hum Genet. 2006;119 (6):624-633. (Pubitemid 43805839)
3. Reiner AP, Carlson CS, Ziv E, Iribarren C, Jaquish CE, Nickerson DA. Genetic ancestry, population substructure, and cardiovascular disease-related traits among African-American participants in the CARDIA Study. Hum Genet. 2007;121(5):565-575. (Pubitemid 46706068)
4. Non AL, Gravlee CC, Mulligan CJ. Questioning the importance of genetic ancestry as a contributor to preterm delivery and related traits in African American women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(6):e12.
5. Adler NE, Snibbe AC. The role of psychosocial processes in explaining the gradient between socioeconomic status and health. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2003;12 (4):119-123. (Pubitemid 37089304)
6. Kaufman JS, Cooper RS, McGee DL. Socioeconomic status and health in Blacks and Whites: the problem of residual confounding and the resiliency of race. Epidemiology. 1997;8(6):621-628. (Pubitemid 27449492)
7. Kaufman JS, Cooper RS. Race in epidemiology: new tools, old problems. Ann Epidemiol. 2008;18(2): 119-123.
8. Mujahid MS, Diez Roux AV, Cooper RC, Shea S, Williams DR. Neighborhood stressors and race/ethnic differences in hypertension prevalence (The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Am J Hypertens. 2011;24 (2):287-193.
9. Williams DR, Collins C. Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Rep. 2001;116(5):404-416. (Pubitemid 34579067)
10. Lehman BJ, Taylor SE, Kiefe CI, Seeman TE. Relationship of early life stress and psychological functioning to blood pressure in the CARDIA study. Health Psychol. 2009;28(3):338-346.
11. Grotto I, Huerta M, Sharabi Y. Hypertension and socioeconomic status. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2008;23 (4):335-339. (Pubitemid 351787098)
12. Dressler WW. Hypertension in the African American community: social, cultural, and psychological factors. Semin Nephrol. 1996;16(2):71-82. (Pubitemid 26084182)
13. Sweet E, McDade TW, Kiefe CI, Liu K. Relationships between skin color, income, and blood pressure among African Americans in the CARDIA Study. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(12):2253-2259. (Pubitemid 351194706)
14. Johnson JA, Terra SG. Beta-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms: cardiovascular disease associations and pharmacogenetics. Pharm Res. 2002;19(12):1779-1787. (Pubitemid 36016023)
15. Li JL, Canham RM, Vongpatanasin W, Leonard D, Auchus RJ, Victor RG. Do allelic variants in alpha2A and alpha2C adrenergic receptors predispose to hypertension in blacks? Hypertension. 2006;47(6):1140-1146. (Pubitemid 44321394)
16. Deo RC, Patterson N, Tandon A, et al. A highdensity admixture scan in 1,670 African Americans with hypertension. PLoS Genet. 2007;3(11):e196.
17. Adeyemo A, Gerry N, Chen G, et al. A genome-wide association study of hypertension and blood pressure in African Americans. PLoS Genet. 2009;5(7):e1000564.
18. FBPP Investigators. Multi-center genetic study of hypertension: The Family Blood Pressure Program (FBPP). Hypertension. 2002;39(1):3-9.
19. Tang H, Quertermous T, Rodriguez B, et al. Genetic structure, self-identified race/ethnicity, and confounding in case-control association studies. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;76(2):268-275. (Pubitemid 40129553)
20. Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics. 2000;155(2):945-959. (Pubitemid 30397141)
21. Horton NJ, Lipsitz SR. Review of software to fit generalized estimating equation regression models. Am Stat. 1999;53:160-169.
22. Govil SR, Weidner G, Merritt-Worden T, Ornish D. Socioeconomic status and improvements in lifestyle, coronary risk factors, and quality of life: the Multisite Cardiac Lifestyle Intervention Program. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(7):1263-1270.
23. Cook NR, Cohen J, Hebert PR, Taylor JO, Hennekens CH. Implications of small reductions in diastolic blood pressure for primary prevention. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(7):701-709.
24. Whelton PK, He J, Appel LJ, et al. Primary prevention of hypertension. JAMA. 2002;288(15):1882-1888.
25. Stamler R. Implications of the INTERSALT study. Hypertension. 1991;17(1, Suppl):I16-I20.
26. Albano JD, Ward E, Jemal A, et al. Cancer mortality in the United States by education level and race. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99(18):1384-1394. (Pubitemid 351767187)
27. Knox SS, Jacobs DR Jr, Chesney MA, Raczynski J, McCreath H. Psychosocial factors and plasma lipids in Black and White young adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study data. Psychosom Med. 1996;58(4):365-373. (Pubitemid 26250596)
28. Farmer MM, Ferraro KF. Are racial disparities in health conditional on socioeconomic status? Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(1):191-204. (Pubitemid 39346302)
29. Gold R, Michael YL, Whitlock EP, et al. Race/ ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and lifetime morbidity burden in the women's health initiative: a cross-sectional analysis. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006;15(10): 1161-1173. (Pubitemid 46157488)
30. Kim C, Eby E, Piette JD. Is education associated with mortality for breast cancer and cardiovascular disease among Black and White women? Gend Med. 2005;2 (1):13-18. (Pubitemid 40645639)
31. Braveman P, Egerter S, Williams DR. The social determinants of health: coming of age. Annu Rev Public Health. 2011;32:381-398.
32. Barbeau EM, Krieger N, Soobader MJ. Working class matters: socioeconomic disadvantage, race/ethnicity, gender, and smoking in NHIS 2000. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(2):269-278. (Pubitemid 38176325)
33. Gabel J, Levitt L, Holve E, et al. Job-based health benefits in 2002: some important trends. Health Aff (Millwood). 2002;21(5):143-151.
34. McEwen BS. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(3):171-179.
35. Leganger A, Kraft P. Control constructs: do they mediate the relation between educational attainment and health behaviour? J Health Psychol. 2003;8(3):361-372. (Pubitemid 36576141)
36. Johnson W, Kyvik KO, Mortensen EL, Skytthe A, Batty GD, Deary IJ. Education reduces the effects of genetic susceptibilities to poor physical health. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(2):406-414.
37. Adler NE. Health disparities through a psychological lens. Am Psychol. 2009;64(8):663-673.
38. Kistka ZA, Palomar L, Lee KA, et al. Racial disparity in the frequency of recurrence of preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196(2):131.e1-131.e6.
39. Londin ER, Keller MA, Maista C, et al. CoAIMs: a costeffective panel of ancestry informative markers for determining continental origins. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(10):e13443.
40. Albain KS, Unger JM, Crowley JJ, Coltman CA Jr, Hershman DL. Racial disparities in cancer survival among randomized clinical trials patients of the Southwest Oncology Group. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101 (14):984-992.
41. Gravlee CC, Non AL, Mulligan CJ. Genetic ancestry, social classification, and racial inequalities in blood pressure in Southeastern Puerto Rico. PLoS ONE. 2009;4 (9):e6821.
42. Klimentidis YC, Dulin-Keita A, Casazza K, Willig AL, Allison DB, Fernandez JR. Genetic admixture, social-behavioural factors and body composition are associated with blood pressure differently by racial-ethnic group among children. J Hum Hypertens. 2012;26(2):98-107.
43. Gravlee CC, Mulligan CJ. Re: Racial disparities in cancer survival among randomized clinical trials of the Southwest Oncology Group. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102 (4):280, author reply 280-282.
44. Franks P, Muennig P, Lubetkin E, Jia H. The burden of disease associated with being African-American in the United States and the contribution of socio-economic status. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62(10):2469-2478.
45. Williams DR, Mohammed SA, Leavell J, Collins C. Race, socioeconomic status, and health: complexities, ongoing challenges, and research opportunities. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1186:69-101.
46. Boykin S, Diez-Roux AV, Carnethon M, Shrager S, Ni H, Whitt-Glover M. Racial/ethnic heterogeneity in the socioeconomic patterning of CVD risk factors: in the United States: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2011;22(1):111-127.
47. Bowles S, Gintis H. Schooling in capitalist America: educational reform and the contradictions of economic life. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1976.
48. Farley R. Blacks and Whites: Narrowing the Gap? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1984.
49. Gravlee CC, Dressler WW, Bernard HR. Skin color, social classification, and blood pressure in southeastern Puerto Rico. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(12):2191-2197. (Pubitemid 41740251)
50. LaVeist TA Minority Populations and Health: An Introduction to Health Disparities in the United States. 1st ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2005.
51. Gravlee CC. How race becomes biology: embodiment of social inequality. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2009;139 (1):47-57.
52. Taylor RS, Ashton KE, Moxham T, Hooper L, Ebrahim S. Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(7):CD009217.
53. Dumler F. Dietary sodium intake and arterial blood pressure. J Ren Nutr. 2009;19(1):57-60.