Natural history of Barrett's esophagus

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 18, Issue 27, 2012, Pages 3483-3491

  Milind, Rao ^a   Attwood, Stephen E ^a  

^a NORTH TYNESIDE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adenocarcinoma; Barrett's esophagus; Columnar lined esophagus; Dysplasia; Gastroesophageal reflux; Surgery

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ESOMEPRAZOLE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR;

ARTICLE; BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; CANCER RISK; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONSENSUS; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE COURSE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA; ESOPHAGUS DYSPLASIA; ESOPHAGUS STRICTURE; ESOPHAGUS ULCER; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMAN; INTESTINE METAPLASIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

EID: 84864319431     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i27.3483     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Attwood SE, Morris CD. Who defines Barrett's oesophagus: endoscopist or pathologist? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13: 97-99.
2. Hahn HP, Blount PL, Ayub K, Das KM, Souza R, Spechler S, Odze RD. Intestinal differentiation in metaplastic, nongoblet columnar epithelium in the esophagus. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33: 1006-1015.
3. Vakil N, van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P, Dent J, Jones R. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 1900-2120; quiz 1943.
4. Wang DH, Souza RF. Biology of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2011; 21: 25-38.
5. DeMeester TR, Attwood SE, Smyrk TC, Therkildsen DH, Hinder RA. Surgical therapy in Barrett's esophagus. Ann Surg 1990; 212: 528-540; discussion 540-542.
6. Stein HJ, Hoeft S, DeMeester TR. Functional foregut abnormalities in Barrett's esophagus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 105: 107-111.
7. Wang KK, Sampliner RE. Updated guidelines 2008 for the diagnosis, surveillance and therapy of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 788-797.
8. Riddell RH, Odze RD. Definition of Barrett's esophagus: time for a rethink--is intestinal metaplasia dead? Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 2588-2594.
9. Watson A, Heading RC, Shepherd, NA. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Barrett's columnarlined oesophagus. London: BSG, 2005.
10. Gatenby PA, Ramus JR, Caygill CP, Shepherd NA, Watson A. Relevance of the detection of intestinal metaplasia in nondysplastic columnar-lined oesophagus. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43: 524-530.
11. Byrne JP, Bhatnagar S, Hamid B, Armstrong GR, Attwood SE. Comparative study of intestinal metaplasia and mucin staining at the cardia and esophagogastric junction in 225 symptomatic patients presenting for diagnostic open-access gastroscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 98-103.
12. Phillips RW, Wong RK. Barrett's esophagus. Natural history, incidence, etiology, and complications. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1991; 20: 791-816.
13. Rudolph RE, Vaughan TL, Storer BE, Haggitt RC, Rabinovitch PS, Levine DS, Reid BJ. Effect of segment length on risk for neoplastic progression in patients with Barrett esophagus. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 612-620.
14. Lieberman DA, Oehlke M, Helfand M. Risk factors for Barrett's esophagus in community-based practice. GORGE consortium. Gastroenterology Outcomes Research Group in Endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 1293-1297.
15. Parrilla P, Ortiz A, Martinez de Haro LF, Aguayo JL, Ramirez P. Evaluation of the magnitude of gastro-oesophageal reflux in Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 1990; 31: 964-967.
16. Trimble KC, Pryde A, Heading RC. Lowered oesophageal sensory thresholds in patients with symptomatic but not excess gastro-oesophageal reflux: evidence for a spectrum of visceral sensitivity in GORD. Gut 1995; 37: 7-12.
17. Rossi M, Barreca M, de Bortoli N, Renzi C, Santi S, Gennai A, Bellini M, Costa F, Conio M, Marchi S. Efficacy of Nissen fundoplication versus medical therapy in the regression of low-grade dysplasia in patients with Barrett esophagus: a prospective study. Ann Surg 2006; 243: 58-63.
18. Shaheen N. Is there a "Barrett's iceberg?". Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 636-639.
19. Kulig M, Nocon M, Vieth M, Leodolter A, Jaspersen D, Labenz J, Meyer-Sabellek W, Stolte M, Lind T, Malfertheiner P, Willich SN. Risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease: methodology and first epidemiological results of the ProGERD study. J Clin Epidemiol 2004; 57: 580-589.
20. Attwood SE, Lundell L, Hatlebakk JG, Eklund S, Junghard O, Galmiche JP, Ell C, Fiocca R, Lind T. Medical or surgical management of GERD patients with Barrett's esophagus: the LOTUS trial 3-year experience. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12: 1646-1654. discussion 1646-1654.
21. Gerson LB, Shetler K, Triadafilopoulos G. Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in asymptomatic individuals. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 461-467.
22. Gerson LB, Banerjee S. Screening for Barrett's esophagus in asymptomatic women. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 70: 867-873.
23. Sharma P, Dent J, Armstrong D, Bergman JJ, Gossner L, Hoshihara Y, Jankowski JA, Junghard O, Lundell L, Tytgat GN, Vieth M. The development and validation of an endoscopic grading system for Barrett's esophagus: the Prague C and amp; M criteria. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 1392-1399.
24. Cameron AJ, Lomboy CT. Barrett's esophagus: age, prevalence, and extent of columnar epithelium. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1241-1245.
25. Bremner CG, Lynch VP, Ellis FH. Barrett's esophagus: congenital or acquired? An experimental study of esophageal mucosal regeneration in the dog. Surgery 1970; 68: 209-216.
26. Oberg S, DeMeester TR, Peters JH, Hagen JA, Nigro JJ, De-Meester SR, Theisen J, Campos GM, Crookes PF. The extent of Barrett's esophagus depends on the status of the lower esophageal sphincter and the degree of esophageal acid exposure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 117: 572-580.
27. Hamilton SR, Yardley JH. Regnerative of cardiac type mucosa and acquisition of Barrett mucosa after esophagogastrostomy. Gastroenterology 1977; 72: 669-675.
28. Dresner SM, Griffin SM, Wayman J, Bennett MK, Hayes N, Raimes SA. Human model of duodenogastro-oesophageal reflux in the development of Barrett's metaplasia. Br J Surg 2003; 90: 1120-1128.
29. Sampliner RE, Garewal HS, Fennerty MB, Aickin M. Lack of impact of therapy on extent of Barrett's esophagus in 67 patients. Dig Dis Sci 1990; 35: 93-96.
30. Iftikhar SY, Steele RJ, Watson S, James PD, Dilks K, Hardcastle JD. Assessment of proliferation of squamous, Barrett's and gastric mucosa in patients with columnar lined Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 1992; 33: 733-737.
31. Ortiz A, Martinez de Haro LF, Parrilla P, Morales G, Molina J, Bermejo J, Liron R, Aguilar J. Conservative treatment versus antireflux surgery in Barrett's oesophagus: long-term results of a prospective study. Br J Surg 1996; 83: 274-278.
32. Gopal DV, Lieberman DA, Magaret N, Fennerty MB, Sampliner RE, Garewal HS, Falk GW, Faigel DO. Risk factors for dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE): results from a multicenter consortium. Dig Dis Sci 2003; 48: 1537-1541.
33. Frazzoni M, Manno M, De Micheli E, Savarino V. Pathophysiological characteristics of the various forms of gastrooesophageal reflux disease. Spectrum disease or distinct phenotypic presentations? Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38: 643-648.
34. Corley DA, Kubo A, Levin TR, Block G, Habel L, Rumore G, Quesenberry C, Buffler P. Race, ethnicity, sex and temporal differences in Barrett's oesophagus diagnosis: a large community-based study, 1994-2006. Gut 2009; 58: 182-188.
35. Ford AC, Forman D, Reynolds PD, Cooper BT, Moayyedi P. Ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status as risk factors for esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 162: 454-460.
36. Fujiwara Y, Takahashi S, Arakawa T, Sollano JD, Zhu Q, Kachintorn U, Rani AA, Hahm KB, Joh T, Kinoshita Y, Matsumoto T, Naito Y, Takeuchi K, Furuta K, Terano A. A 2008 questionnaire-based survey of gastroesophageal reflux disease and related diseases by physicians in East Asian countries. Digestion 2009; 80: 119-128.
37. Wall CM, Charlett A, Caygill CP, Gatenby PA, Ramus JR, Winslet MC, Watson A. Are newly diagnosed columnarlined oesophagus patients getting younger? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 21: 1127-1131.
38. Guardino JM, Khandwala F, Lopez R, Wachsberger DM, Richter JE, Falk GW. Barrett's esophagus at a tertiary care center: association of age on incidence and prevalence of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 2187-2193.
39. Williamson WA, Ellis FH, Gibb SP, Shahian DM, Aretz HT, Heatley GJ, Watkins E. Barrett's esophagus. Prevalence and incidence of adenocarcinoma. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 2212-2216.
40. Hameeteman W, Tytgat GN, Houthoff HJ, van den Tweel JG. Barrett's esophagus: development of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 1249-1256.
41. Iftikhar SY, James PD, Steele RJ, Hardcastle JD, Atkinson M. Length of Barrett's oesophagus: an important factor in the development of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Gut 1992; 33: 1155-1158.
42. van der Burgh A, Dees J, Hop WC, van Blankenstein M. Oesophageal cancer is an uncommon cause of death in patients with Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 1996; 39: 5-8.
43. Miros M, Kerlin P, Walker N. Only patients with dysplasia progress to adenocarcinoma in Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 1991; 32: 1441-1446.
44. Menke-Pluymers MB, Mulder AH, Hop WC, van Blankenstein M, Tilanus HW. Dysplasia and aneuploidy as markers of malignant degeneration in Barrett's oesophagus. The Rotterdam Oesophageal Tumour Study Group. Gut 1994; 35: 1348-1351.
45. Zaninotto G, Minnei F, Guirroli E, Ceolin M, Battaglia G, Bellumat A, Betetto G, Bozzola L, Cassaro M, Cataudella G, Dal Bò N, Farinati F, Florea G, Furlanetto A, Galliani E, Germanà B, Guerini A, Macrì E, Marcon V, Mastropaolo G, Meggio A, Miori G, Morelli L, Murer B, Norberto L, Togni R, Valiante F, Rugge M. The Veneto Region's Barrett's Oesophagus Registry: aims, methods, preliminary results. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39: 18-25.
46. Westhoff B, Brotze S, Weston A, McElhinney C, Cherian R, Mayo MS, Smith HJ, Sharma P. The frequency of Barrett's esophagus in high-risk patients with chronic GERD. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 61: 226-231.
47. Pech O, Gossner L, Manner H, May A, Rabenstein T, Behrens A, Berres M, Huijsmans J, Vieth M, Stolte M, Ell C. Prospective evaluation of the macroscopic types and location of early Barrett's neoplasia in 380 lesions. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 588-593.
48. Prasad GA, Bansal A, Sharma P, Wang KK. Predictors of progression in Barrett's esophagus: current knowledge and future directions. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1490-1502.
49. Gilani N, Gerkin RD, Ramirez FC, Hakim S, Randolph AC. Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in patients with moderate to severe erosive esophagitis. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 3518-3522.
50. Fitzgerald R, Onwuegbusi B, Saeed IT, Burnham WR, Farthing MJG. Characterisation of the inflammatory response in Barrett's oesophagus: implications for the disease pathogen and complications. Gastroenterology 1999; 116: A158.
51. Fitzgerald R, Onwuegbusi B, Saeed IT, Burnham WR, Farthing MJG. Differential degree of inflammation and cytokine expression in distal compared with proximal Barrett's oesophagus may explain site specific complications. Gastroenterology 1999; 116: A402.
52. Borrie J, Goldwater L. Columnar cell-lined esophagus: assessment of etiology and treatment. A 22 year experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1976; 71: 825-834.
53. Sjogren RW, Johnson LF. Barrett's esophagus: a review. Am J Med 1983; 74: 313-321.
54. Limburg AJ, Hesselink EJ, Kleibeuker JH. Barrett's ulcer: cause of spontaneous oesophageal perforation. Gut 1989; 30: 404-405.
55. Katyal D, Jewell LD, Yakimets WW. Aorto-esophageal fistula secondary to benign Barrett's ulcer: a rare cause of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Can J Surg 1993; 36: 480-482.
56. Shah S, Saum K, Greenwald BD, Krasna MJ, Sonett JR. Eso phagopericardial fistula arising from Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 465-467.
57. Diehl JT, Thomas L, Bloom MB, Dresdale AR, Harasimowicz P, Daly BD, Cleveland RJ. Tracheoesophageal fistula associated with Barrett's ulcer: the importance of reflux control. Ann Thorac Surg 1988; 45: 449-450.
58. Reid BJ, Blount PL, Rubin CE, Levine DS, Haggitt RC, Rabinovitch PS. Flow-cytometric and histological progression to malignancy in Barrett's esophagus: prospective endoscopic surveillance of a cohort. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 1212-1219.
59. Katz D, Rothstein R, Schned A, Dunn J, Seaver K, Antonioli D. The development of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma during endoscopic surveillance of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 536-541.
60. O'Connor JB, Falk GW, Richter JE. The incidence of adenocarcinoma and dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: report on the Cleveland Clinic Barrett's Esophagus Registry. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 2037-2042.
61. Basu KK, Pick B, de Caestecker JS. Audit of a Barrett's epithelium surveillance database. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 16: 171-175.
62. Lim CH, Treanor D, Dixon MF, Axon AT. Low-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus has a high risk of progression. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 581-587.
63. Alcedo J, Ferrández A, Arenas J, Sopeña F, Ortego J, Sainz R, Lanas A. Trends in Barrett's esophagus diagnosis in South ern Europe: implications for surveillance. Dis Esophagus 2009; 22: 239-248.
64. Ferraris R, Bonelli L, Conio M, Fracchia M, Lapertosa G, Aste H. Incidence of Barrett's adenocarcinoma in an Italian population: an endoscopic surveillance programme. Gruppo Operativo per lo Studio delle Precancerosi Esofagee (GOSPE). Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 9: 881-885.
65. Weston AP, Badr AS, Hassanein RS. Prospective multivariate analysis of clinical, endoscopic, and histological factors predictive of the development of Barrett's multifocal highgrade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 3413-3419.
66. Oberg S, Wenner J, Johansson J, Walther B, Willén R. Barrett esophagus: risk factors for progression to dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 2005; 242: 49-54.
67. Sharma P, Falk GW, Weston AP, Reker D, Johnston M, Sampliner RE. Dysplasia and cancer in a large multicenter cohort of patients with Barrett's esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 566-572.
68. Abrams JA, Kapel RC, Lindberg GM, Saboorian MH, Genta RM, Neugut AI, Lightdale CJ. Adherence to biopsy guidelines for Barrett's esophagus surveillance in the community setting in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 7: 736-742; quiz 710.
69. McCallum R, Polepalle S, Davenport K. Progress report on ACG Barrett's Esophagus Study. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: A51.
70. Curvers WL, Ten Kate FJ, Krishnadath KK, Visser M, Elzer B, Baak LC, Bohmer C, Mallant-Hent RC, van Oijen A, Naber AH, Scholten P, Busch OR, Blaauwgeers HG, Meijer GA, Bergman JJ. Low-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: overdiagnosed and underestimated. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1523-1530.
71. Gatenby PA, Ramus JR, Caygill CP, Fitzgerald RC, Charlett A, Winslet MC, Watson A. The influence of symptom type and duration on the fate of the metaplastic columnarlined Barrett's oesophagus. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29: 1096-1105.
72. Thomas T, Richards CJ, de Caestecker JS, Robinson RJ. Highgrade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus: natural history and review of clinical practice. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21: 747-755.
73. Schnell TG, Sontag SJ, Chejfec G, Aranha G, Metz A, O'Connell S, Seidel UJ, Sonnenberg A. Long-term nonsurgical management of Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 1607-1619.
74. Falk GW, Rice TW, Goldblum JR, Richter JE. Jumbo biopsy forceps protocol still misses unsuspected cancer in Barrett 's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 49: 170-176.
75. Rastogi A, Puli S, El-Serag HB, Bansal A, Wani S, Sharma P. Incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with Barrett's esophagus and high-grade dysplasia: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 67: 394-398.
76. Weston AP, Sharma P, Topalovski M, Richards R, Cherian R, Dixon A. Long-term follow-up of Barrett's high-grade dysplasia. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 1888-1893.
77. Wang VS, Hornick JL, Sepulveda JA, Mauer R, Poneros JM. Low prevalence of submucosal invasive carcinoma at esophagectomy for high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus: a 20-year experience. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 69: 777-783.
78. Manner H, May A, Pech O, Gossner L, Rabenstein T, Günter E, Vieth M, Stolte M, Ell C. Early Barrett's carcinoma with "low-risk" submucosal invasion: long-term results of endoscopic resection with a curative intent. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 2589-2597.
79. Peters FP, Kara MA, Rosmolen WD, Aalders MC, Ten Kate FJ, Bultje BC, Krishnadath KK, Fockens P, van Lanschot JJ, van Deventer SJ, Bergman JJ. Endoscopic treatment of highgrade dysplasia and early stage cancer in Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 61: 506-514.
80. Peters FP, Brakenhoff KP, Curvers WL, Rosmolen WD, Fockens P, Ten Kate FJ, Krishnadath KK, Bergman JJ. Histologic evaluation of resection specimens obtained at 293 endoscopic resections in Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 67: 604-609.
81. Williams VA, Watson TJ, Herbella FA, Gellersen O, Raymond D, Jones C, Peters JH. Esophagectomy for high grade dysplasia is safe, curative, and results in good alimentary outcome. J Gastrointest Surg 2007; 11: 1589-1597.
82. Zehetner J, DeMeester SR. Treatment of Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal adenocarcinoma. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 3: 493-498.
83. Levine D, Haggitt R, Irvine S. Natural history of high grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterol 1996; 110: A550.
84. Brown LM, Devesa SS, Chow WH. Incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus among white Americans by sex, stage, and age. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100: 1184-1187.
85. Bollschweiler E, Wolfgarten E, Gutschow C, Hölscher AH. Demographic variations in the rising incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in white males. Cancer 2001; 92: 549-555.
86. Pohl H, Sirovich B, Welch HG. Esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence: are we reaching the peak? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 1468-1470.
87. Spechler SJ, Robbins AH, Rubins HB, Vincent ME, Heeren T, Doos WG, Colton T, Schimmel EM. Adenocarcinoma and Barrett's esophagus. An overrated risk? Gastroenterology 1984; 87: 927-933.
88. Sprung DJ. Barrett's esophagus: a surgical entity? Arch Surg 1984; 119: 1216.
89. Cameron AJ, Ott BJ, Payne WS. The incidence of adenocarcinoma in columnar-lined (Barrett's) esophagus. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 857-859.
90. Achkar E, Carey W. The cost of surveillance for adenocarcinoma complicating Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 1988; 83: 291-294.
91. Drewitz DJ, Sampliner RE, Garewal HS. The incidence of adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus: a prospective study of 170 patients followed 4.8 years. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 212-215.
92. Streitz JM, Ellis FH, Tilden RL, Erickson RV. Endoscopic surveillance of Barrett's esophagus: a cost-effectiveness comparison with mammographic surveillance for breast cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 911-915.
93. Robertson CS, Mayberry JF, Nicholson DA, James PD, Atkinson M. Value of endoscopic surveillance in the detection of neoplastic change in Barrett's oesophagus. Br J Surg 1988; 75: 760-763.
94. van der Veen AH, Dees J, Blankensteijn JD, Van Blankenstein M. Adenocarcinoma in Barrett's oesophagus: an overrated risk. Gut 1989; 30: 14-18.
95. Sánchez Robles C, Santalla Peciña F, Retamero Orta MD. [Barrett esophagus. An epidemiological study in an area of Spain]. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 1995; 87: 353-355.
96. Wright TA, Gray MR, Morris AI, Gilmore IT, Ellis A, Smart HL, Myskow M, Nash J, Donnelly RJ, Kingsnorth AN. Cost effectiveness of detecting Barrett's cancer. Gut 1996; 39: 574-579.
97. Bujanda Fernández de Piérola L, Muñoz Villafranca C, Sánchez Martínez A, Iriondo Martínez de Luco C, Aras Portilla LM. [Adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. A retrospective study of 46 patients followed during 3.5 years]. An Med Interna 1999; 16: 178-180.
98. Aldulaimi DM, Cox M, Nwokolo CU, Loft DE. Barrett's surveillance is worthwhile and detects curable cancers. A prospective cohort study addressing cancer incidence, treatment outcome and survival. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17: 943-950.
99. Gatenby P, Ramus J, Caygill C, Shepherd N, Winslet M, Watson A. Routinely diagnosed low-grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus: a population-based study of natural history. Histopathology 2009; 54: 814-819.
100. de Jonge PJ, van Blankenstein M, Looman CW, Casparie MK, Meijer GA, Kuipers EJ. Risk of malignant progression in patients with Barrett's oesophagus: a Dutch nationwide cohort study. Gut 2010; 59: 1030-1036.
101. Jankowski JA, Provenzale D, Moayyedi P. Esophageal adenocarcinoma arising from Barrett's metaplasia has regional variations in the west. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 588-590.
102. Falk GW, Thota PN, Richter JE, Connor JT, Wachsberger DM. Barrett's esophagus in women: demographic features and progression to high-grade dysplasia and cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3: 1089-1094.
103. Ruol A, Parenti A, Zaninotto G, Merigliano S, Costantini M, Cagol M, Alfieri R, Bonavina L, Peracchia A, Ancona E. Intestinal metaplasia is the probable common precursor of adenocarcinoma in barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia. Cancer 2000; 88: 2520-2528.
104. Clark GW, Smyrk TC, Burdiles P, Hoeft SF, Peters JH, Kiyabu M, Hinder RA, Bremner CG, DeMeester TR. Is Barrett' s metaplasia the source of adenocarcinomas of the cardia? Arch Surg 1994; 129: 609-614.
105. Jankowski J, Barr H. Improving surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus: AspECT and BOSS trials provide an evidence base. BMJ 2006; 332: 1512.
106. Attwood SE, Barlow AP, Norris TL, Watson A. Barrett's oesophagus: effect of antireflux surgery on symptom control and development of complications. Br J Surg 1992; 79: 1050-1053.
107. Das D, Ishaq S, Harrison R, Kosuri K, Harper E, Decaestecker J, Sampliner R, Attwood S, Barr H, Watson P, Moayyedi P, Jankowski J. Management of Barrett's esophagus in the UK: overtreated and underbiopsied but improved by the introduction of a national randomized trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 1079-1089.
108. Chang EY, Morris CD, Seltman AK, O'Rourke RW, Chan BK, Hunter JG, Jobe BA. The effect of antireflux surgery on esophageal carcinogenesis in patients with barrett esophagus: a systematic review. Ann Surg 2007; 246: 11-21.
109. Attwood SE, Lewis CJ, Caplin S, Hemming K, Armstrong G. Argon beam plasma coagulation as therapy for high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 1: 258-263.
110. Shaheen NJ, Sharma P, Overholt BF, Wolfsen HC, Sampliner RE, Wang KK, Galanko JA, Bronner MP, Goldblum JR, Bennett AE, Jobe BA, Eisen GM, Fennerty MB, Hunter JG, Fleischer DE, Sharma VK, Hawes RH, Hoffman BJ, Rothstein RI, Gordon SR, Mashimo H, Chang KJ. Radiofrequency ablation in Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 2277-2288.
111. Pouw RE, Gondrie JJ, Sondermeijer CM, Ten Kate FJ, van Gulik TM, Krishnadath KK, Fockens P, Weusten BL, Bergman JJ. Eradication of Barrett esophagus with early neoplasia by radiofrequency ablation, with or without endoscopic resection. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12: 1627-1636; discussion 1627-1636.
112. Solaymani-Dodaran M, Logan RF, West J, Card T. Mortality associated with Barrett's esophagus and gastroesophageal reflux disease diagnoses-a population-based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2616-2621.
113. Moayyedi P, Burch N, Akhtar-Danesh N, Enaganti SK, Harrison R, Talley NJ, Jankowski J. Mortality rates in patients with Barrett's oesophagus. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27: 316-32.