Using remote sensing of land cover change in coastal watersheds to predict downstream water quality

Journal of Coastal Research

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 930-944

  Huang, Jinliang ^a   Klemas, Victor ^b  

^a XIAMEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

Author keywords

coastal watersheds; land use; landscape patterns; Remote sensing; runoff linkage; water quality

Indexed keywords

AIRBORNE SENSING; COASTAL WETLAND; HABITAT QUALITY; LAND COVER; LAND USE CHANGE; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); REMOTE SENSING; RUNOFF; SATELLITE DATA; WATER QUALITY;

CHINA;

EID: 84864212747     PISSN: 07490208     EISSN: 15515036     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-11-00176.1     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Adam, E.; Mutanga, O., and Rugege, D., 2010. Multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing for identification and mapping ofwetland vegetation: a review. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 18, 281-296.
2. Ahearn, D.S.; Sheibley, R.W.; Dahlgren, R.A.; Anderson, M.; Johnson, J., and Tate, K.W., 2005. Land use and land cover influence on water quality in the last free-flowing river draining the western Sierra Nevada, California. Journal of Hydrology, 313, 234-247. (Pubitemid 41446523)
3. Alberti, M.; Booth, D.; Hill, K.; Coburn, B.; Avolio, C.; Coe, S., and Spirandelli, D., 2007. The impact of urban patterns on aquatic ecosystems: an empirical analysis in Puget lowland sub-basins. Landscape Urban Plan, 80(4), 345-361. (Pubitemid 46601682)
4. Allan, J.; Erickson, D., and Fay, J., 1997. The influence ofcatchment land use on stream integrity across multiple scales. Freshwater Biology, 37, 149-161.
5. Anderson, J.R.; Hardy, E.E.; Roach, J.T., and Ritmer, R.E., 1976. A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System for Use with Remote Sensor Data. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 964.
6. Bahar, M.M.; Ohmori, H., and Yamamuro, M., 2008. Relationship between river water quality and land use in a small river basin running through the urbanizing area of central Japan. Limnology, 9, 19-26.
7. Baker, A., 2003. Land use and water quality. Hydrological Processes, 17, 2499-2501.
8. Baker, M.E.; Weller, D.E., and Jordan, T.E., 2006. Comparison of automated watershed delineations: effects on land cover areas, percentages, and relationships to nutrient discharge. Photogram-metric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 72, 159-168. (Pubitemid 43269932)
9. Behrendt, H.; Huber, P.; Kornmilch, M.; Opitz, D.; Schmoll, O.; Scholz, G., and Uebe, R., 2002. Nutrient Emissions into River Basins in Germany. Federal Environmental Agency, Berlin UBA-Texte, 23/00, pp. 1-266.
10. Brett, M.T.; Arhonditsis, G.B., and Mueller, S.E., 2005. Non-point-source impact on stream nutrient concentrations along a forest to urban gradient. Environmental Management, 35(3), 330-342. (Pubitemid 40874643)
11. Cannizzaro, J.P. and Carder, K.L., 2006. Estimating chlorophyll a concentrations from remote sensing reflectance in optically shallow waters. Remote Sensing of Environment, 101, 13-24. (Pubitemid 43290231)
12. Chen, L.; Fu, B.; Zhang, S.; Qiu, J.; Guo, X., and Yang, F., 2002. A comparative study on nitrogen-concentration dynamics in surface water in a heterogeneous landscape. Environmental Geology, 42, 424-432. (Pubitemid 36053000)
13. Chipman, J.W.; Lillesand, T.M.; Schmaltz, J.E.; Leale, J.E., and Nordheim, M.J., 2003. Mapping lake water clarity with Landsat images in Wisconsin, USA. Canada Journal of Remote Sensing, 30, 1-7.
14. Coppin, P.; Jonckhere, I.; Nackaerts, K.; Mays, B., and Lambin, E., 2004. Digital change detection methods in ecosystem monitoring: a review. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25, 1565-1596. (Pubitemid 38516797)
15. Cowardin, L.M., 1978. Wetland classification in the United States. Journal of Forestry, 76, 666-668.
16. Cowardin, L.; Carter, V.; Golet, F., and La Roe, E., 1979. Classification of Wetlands and Deep Water Habitats of the United States. FWS/ OBS-79/31. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, p. 131.
17. Craft, C.B.; Vymazal, J., and Richardson, C.J., 1995. Response of Everglades plant communities to nitrogen and phosphorus addi-tions. Wetlands, 15, 258-271.
18. Digital Globe, 2003. Quick Bird Imagery Products and Product Guide, revision 4. Longmont, Colorado: Digital Globe.
19. Dobson, J.E.; Bright, E.A.; Ferguson, R.L.; Field, D.W.; Wood, L.L.; Haddad, K.D.; Iredale, III, H.; Jensen, J.R.; Klemas, V.; Orth, R.J., and Thomas, J.P., 1995. NOAACoastal Change Analysis Program (C-CAP): Guidance for Regional Implementation. NOAA Technical Report NMFS-123. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, p. 92.
20. Ellis, J.M. and Dodd, H.S., 2000. Applications and lessons learned with airborne multispectral imaging. 14th International Conference on Applied Geologic Remote Sensing (Las Vegas, Nevada), pp. 56-64.
21. Fedorko, E.; Pontius, R.G.; Aldrich, S.P.; Claessens, L.; Hopkinson, J.C., and Wollheim, W.M., 2005. Spatial distribution ofland type in regression models of pollutant loading. Journal of Spatial Hydrol-ogy, 5(20), 60-80.
22. Fisher, T.R.; Benitez, J.A.; Lee, K.-Y., and Sutton, A.J., 2006. History of land cover change and biogeochemical impacts in the Choptank River basin in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27, 3683-3704.
23. Friedl, M.A., 2002. Global land cover from MODIS: algorithms and early results. Remote Sensing of Environment, 83, 135-148.
24. Fry, J.A.; Xian, G.; Jin, S.; Dewitz, J.A.; Homer, C.G.; Yang, L.; Barnes, C.A.; Herold, N.D., and Wickham, J.D., 2011. Completion of the 2006 national land cover data base for the conterminous United States. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, September, 860-864.
25. Galbraith, L.M. and Burns, C.W., 2007. Linking land-use, water body type and water quality in southern New Zealand. Landscape Ecology, 22, 231-241. (Pubitemid 46183548)
26. Gautam, A.P.; Webb, E.L.; Shivakoti, G.P., and Shivakoti, M.A., 2003. Land use dynamics and landscape change pattern in a mountain watershed in Nepal. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 99, 83-96. (Pubitemid 37261676)
27. Goetz, S.J.; Jantz, C.A.; Prince, S.D.; Smith, A.J.; Varlyguin, D., and Wright, R.K., 2004. Integrated analysis of ecosystem interactions with land use change: the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Ecosystems and Land Use Change Geophysical Monograph Series, 153,263-275.
28. Green, K.; Kempka, D., and Lackey, L., 1994. Using remote sensing to detect and monitor land-cover and land-use change. Photogram-metric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 60, 331-337.
29. Griffith, J.A., 2002. Geographic techniques and recent applications of remote sensing to landscape-water quality studies. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 138, 181-197. (Pubitemid 34678775)
30. Griffith, J.A.; Martinko, E.A.; Whistler, J.L., and Price, K.P., 2002. Preliminary comparison of landscape pattern-Normalized Differ- ence Vegetation Index (NDVI) relationships to central plains stream conditions. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31, 846- 859.
31. Grimm, N.B.; Grove, J.M.; Pickett, S.T.A., and Redman, C.L., 2000. Integrated approaches to long-term studies of urban ecological systems. Bio Science, 50(7), 571-584. (Pubitemid 30466994)
32. Guo, Q.H.; Ma, K.M.; Yang, L., and He, K., 2010. Testing a dynamic complex hypothesis in the analysis ofland use impact on lake water quality. Water Resource Management, 24, 1313-1332.
33. Gutman, G.; Janetos, A.C.; Justice, C.O.; Moran, E.F.; Mustard, J.F.; Rindfuss, R.R.; Skole, D.; Turner, B.L., and Cochrane, M.A., 2004. Land change science: observing, monitoring and understanding trajectories of change on the Earth's surface. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 457p.
34. Haith, D.A. and Duffany, M.W., 2007. Pesticide runoff loads from lawns and golf courses. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 133, 435-446. (Pubitemid 47202569)
35. Hansen, M.C. and Reed, B., 2000. A comparison of the IGBP DISCover and University of Maryland 1-km global land cover products. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 21, 1365- 1375.
36. Harwell, M.C.; Surratt, D.D.; Barone, D.M., and Aumen, M.G., 2008. Conductivity as a tracer of agricultural and urban runoff to delineate water quality impacts in the northern Everglades. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 147, 445-462.
37. Hertler, H.; Boettner, A.R.; Ramírez-Toro, G.I.; Minnigh, H.; Spotila, J., and Kreeger, D., 2009. Spatial variability associated with shifting land use: water quality and sediment metals in La Parguera, Southwest Puerto Rico. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58, 672-678.
38. Homer, C.; Dewitz, J.; Fry, J.; Coan, M.; Hossain, N.; Larson, C.; Herold, N.; Mc Kerrow, A.; Van Driel, J.N., and Wickham, J., 2007. Completion of the 2001 National Land Cover Database for the Conterminous United States. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, April, 337-341. (Pubitemid 46493665)
39. Huang, J. and Hong, H., 2010. Comparative study of two models to simulate diffuse nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in a medium- sized watershed, southeast of China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 86(3), 387-394.
40. Huang, J.; Tu, Z., and Lin, J., 2009. Land use dynamics and landscape pattern change in a coastal gulf region, southeast China. Interna- tional Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 16(1), 61-66.
41. Huang, J.; Li, Q.; Hong, H.; Lin, J., and Qu, M., 2011a. Preliminary study on linking land use and landscape pattern and water quality in the Jiulong River watershed. Environmental Science, 32(1), 64-72.
42. Huang, J.; Li, Q.; Pontius, R.G.; Klemas, V., and Hong, H., 2011b. Detecting the dynamic linkage between landscape characteristics and water quality in a subtropical coastal watershed, southeast China. Environmental Management, doi:10.1007/s00267-011-9793-2.
43. Huang, J.; Pontius, R.G.; Li, Q., and Zhang, Y., 2012. Use ofintensity analysis to link patterns with processes ofland change from 1986 to 2007 in a coastal watershed of southeast China. Applied Geogra- phy, 34, 371-384.
44. Jensen, J.R., 1996. Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective, 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
45. Jensen, J.R., 2007. Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resource Perspective. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
46. Jensen, R.R.; Mausel, P.; Dias, N.; Gonser, R.; Yang, C; Everitt, J., and Fletcher, R., 2007. Spectral analysis ofcoastal vegetation and land cover using AISA+ hyperspectral data. Geocarto International, 22, 17-28. (Pubitemid 351485716)
47. Johnson, L.; Richards, C.; Host, G., and Arthur, J.W., 1997. Landscape influences on water chemistry in Midwestern stream ecosystems. Freshwater Biology, 37, 193-208.
48. Kang, J.H.; Lee, S.W.; Cho, K.H.; Ki, S.J.; Cha, S.M., and Kim, J.H., 2010. Linking land-use type and stream water quality using spatial data of fecal indicator bacteria and heavy metals in the Yeongsan River basin. Water Research, 44, 4143-4157.
49. Kaushal, S.S.; Groffman, P.M.; Band, L.E.; Shields, C.A.; Morgan, R.P.; Palmer, M.A.; Belt, K.T.; Swan, C.M.; Findlay, E.G., and Fisher, G.T., 2008. Interaction between urbanization and climate variability amplifies watershed nitrate export in Maryland. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 5872-5878.
50. Keith, D.J., 2010. Estimating chlorophyll conditions in southern New England coastal waters from hyperspectral remote sensing. Wang, Y. (ed.), Remote Sensing of Coastal Environments. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp. 151-172.
51. Kelly, M. and Tuxen, K., 2009. Remote sensing support for tidal wetland vegetation research and management. Yang, X. (ed.), Remote Sensing and Geospatial Technologies for Coastal Ecosystem Assessment and Management. BerlSpringer-Verlag, pp. 341- 364.
52. King, K.W. and Balogh, J.S., 2001. Water quality impacts associated with converting farmlands and forests to turfgrass. Transactions of the ASAE, 44, 569-576. (Pubitemid 33072676)
53. Klemas, V., 2005. Remote sensing: wetlands classification. Schwartz, M.L. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Coastal Science. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, pp. 804-807.
54. Klemas, V., 2009. Sensors and techniques for observing coastal ecosystems. Yang, X. (ed.), Remote Sensing and Geospatial Technologies for Coastal Ecosystem Assessment and Management. BerlSpringer-Verlag, pp. 17-44.
55. Klemas, V., 2011. Remote sensing ofwetlands: case studies comparing practical techniques. Journal of Coastal Research, 27, 418-427.
56. Klemas, V.; Dobson, J.E.; Ferguson, R.L., and Haddad, K.D., 1993. A coastal land cover classification system for the NOAA Coastwatch Change Analysis Project. Journal of Coastal Research, 9, 862- 872.
57. Kutser, T., 2009. Passive optical remote sensing of cyanobacteria blooms in coastal and inland waters. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 30, 3069-3085.
58. Latifovic, R.; Trishchenko, A.P.; Chen, J.; Park, W.B.; Khlopenkov, K.V.; Fernandes, R.; Pouliot, D.; Ungureanu, C.; Luo, Y.; Wang, S.; Davidson, A., and Cihlar, J., 2005. Generating historical AVHRR 1 km baseline satellite data over Canada suitable for climate change studies. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 31, 324- 346. (Pubitemid 43088578)
59. Lee, S.W.; Hwang, S.J.; Lee, S.B.; Hwang, H.S., and Sung, H.C., 2009. Landscape ecological approach to the relationships of land use patterns in watersheds to water quality characteristics. Landscape and Urban Planning, 92, 80-89.
60. Lenat, D.R. and Crawford, J.K., 1994. Effects of land use on water quality and aquatic biota of three North Carolina Piedmont streams. Hydrobiologia, 294, 185-199.
61. Leon, L.F.; Lam, D.C.; Swayne, D.A; Farquhar, D.J., and Soulis, E.D., 2000. Integration of a nonpoint source pollution model with a decision support system. Journal of Environmental Modeling and Software, 15, 249-255. (Pubitemid 30392552)
62. Li, X.; Weller, D.E.; Gallegos, C.L.; Jordan, T.E., and Kim, H-C., 2007. Effects of watershed and estuarine characteristics on the abun- dance of submerged aquatic vegetation in Chesapeake Bay subestuaries. Estuaries and Coasts, 30, 840-854.
63. Li, M.; Zhong, W.C.; Boicourt, S., and Zhang, D., 2007. Hurricane- induced destratification and destratification in a partially-mixed estuary. Journal of Marine Research, 65, 169-192. (Pubitemid 46958394)
64. Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W., 1994. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, 3rd edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
65. Linker, L.C.; Stigall, G.E.; Chang, C.H., and Donigian, A.S., 1993. The Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model. USEPA and Computer Sciences Corporation, Report CSC.MD1J.7/93. pp. 1-9.
66. Lopez, R.D.; Nash, M.S.; Heggem, D.T., and Ebert, D.W., 2008. Watershed vulnerability predictions for the Ozarks using landscape models. Journal Environmental Quality, 37, 1769-1780.
67. Lu, D.; Hetrick, S., and Moran, E., 2010. Land cover classification in a complex urban-rural landscape with Quick Bird imagery. Photo- grammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 76, 1159-1168.
68. Lunetta, R.S. and Balogh, M.E., 1999. Application ofmulti-temporal Landsat 5 TM imagery for wetland identification. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 65, 1303-1310. (Pubitemid 29514900)
69. Lunetta, R.S. and Elvidge, C.D., 1998. Remote Sensing Change Detection: Environmental Monitoring Methods and Applications. Chelsealine, Michigan: Ann Arbor Press.
70. Lyon, J.G. and Mc Carthy, J., 1995. Wetland and Environmental Applications of GIS. New York: Lewis Publishers.
71. Macleod, R.D. and Congalton, R.G., 1998. A quantitative comparison of change detection algorithms for monitoring eelgrass from remotely sensed data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 64, 207-216. (Pubitemid 28129743)
72. Mayer, T.D., 2005. Water quality impacts on wetland management in the Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon and california, USA. Wetlands, 25, 697-712. (Pubitemid 44515888)
73. Mc Garigal, K. and Marks, B.J., 1995. FRAGSTAT: spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-351. Portland, Oregon: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
74. Mehaffey, M.; Nash, M., and Wade, T., 2004. Linking land cover and water quality in new york city's water supply watersheds. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 107, 29-44.
75. Mehaffey, M.H.; Nash, M.S.; Wade, T.G.; Ebert, D.W.; Jones, K.B., and Rager, A., 2005. Linking land cover and water quality in New York City's water supply watersheds. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 107, 29-44. (Pubitemid 41222826)
76. Miller, P.I.; Shutler, J.D.; Moore, G.F., and Groom, S.B., 2006. Sea Wi FS discrimination of harmful algal bloom evolution. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27, 2287-2301.
77. Moreno-Mateos, D.; Mander, U.; Comin, F.A.; Pedrocchi, C., and Uuemaa, E., 2008. Relationships between landscape pattern, wetland characteristics, and water quality in agricultural catchments. Journal of Environmental Quality, 37, 2170- 2180. (Pubitemid 352766843)
78. Mustafa, Y.M.; Amin, M.S.M.; Lee, T.S., and Shariff, A.R.M., 2005. Evaluation of land development impact on a tropical watershed hydrology using remote sensing and GIS. Journal of Spatial Hydrology, 5, 16-30.
79. Nature Conservancy, 1994. Standardized National Vegetation Clas- sification System. Arlington, Virginia: Nature Conservancy.
80. Novotny, V., 2002. Water Quality: Diffuse Pollution and Watershed Management, 2nd edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 76-77.
81. Orbimage, 2003. Orb View-3 Satellite and Ground Systems specifications. Dulles, Virginia: Orbimage.
82. Osborne, L.L. and Kovacic, D.A., 1993. Riparian vegetated buffer strips in water-quality restoration and stream management. Freshwater Biology, 9, 243-258. (Pubitemid 24411236)
83. Osborne, L.L. and Wiley, M.J., 1988. Empirical relationships between land use/cover and stream water quality in an agricultural watershed. Journal of Environmental Management, 26, 9-27.
84. Owers, K.A.; Albanese, B., and Litts, T., 2012. Using aerial photogra- phy to estimate riparian zone impacts in a rapidly developing corridor. Environmental Management, 49, 543-552.
85. Parkinson, C.L., 2003. Aqua: an Earth-observing satellite mission to examine water and other climate variables. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 41, 173-183. (Pubitemid 350178122)
86. Porter, D.E.; Field, D.W.; Klemas, V.V.; Jensen, J.R.; Malhotra, A.; Field, R.T., and Walker, S.P., 2006. NOAA/NERRS Remote Sensing Applications Assessment Project. RESAAP Final Report. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina.
87. Purkis, S. and Klemas, V., 2011. Remote Sensing and Global Environmental Change. Oxford, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell.
88. Redman, C.L., 1999. Human dimensions of ecosystem studies. Ecolo- systems, 2, 516-526.
89. Reimann, C.; Finne, T.E.; Nordgulen, Ø.; Saether, O.M.; Arnoldussen, A., and Banks, D., 2009. The influence ofgeology and land-use on inorganic stream water quality in the Oslo region, Norway. Applied Geochemistry, 24, 1862-1874.
90. Rhodes, A.L.; Newton, R.M., and Pufall, A.A., 2001. Influence ofland use on water quality of a diverse New England watershed. Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 3640-3645. (Pubitemid 32868408)
91. Richards, C.; Johnson, L.B., and Host, G.E., 1996. Landscape scale influences on stream habitats and biota. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 53, 295-311.
92. Ritchie, J.C.; Zimba, P.V., and Everitt, J.H., 2003. Remote sensing techniques to assess water quality. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 69, 695-704. (Pubitemid 36684871)
93. Roberts, A.D. and Prince, S.D., 2010. Effects of urban and non-urban land cover on nitrogen and phosphorus runoff to Chesapeake Bay. Ecological Indicator, 10, 459-474.
94. Rothenberger, M.B.; Burkholder, J.M., and Brownie, C., 2009. Long- term effects ofchanging land use practices on surface water quality in a coastal river and lagoonal estuary. Environmental Manage- ment, 44, 505-523.
95. Santillan, J.; Makinano, M., and Paringit, E., 2011. Integrated Landsat image analysis and hydrologic modeling to detect impacts of 25-year land-cover change on surface runoff in a Philippine watershed. Remote Sensing, 3, 1067-1087.
96. Sawyer, J.A.; Stewart, P.M.; Mullen, M.M.; Simon, T.P., and Bennett, H.H., 2004. Influence of habitat, water quality, and land use on macro-invertebrate and fish assemblages of a southeastern coastal plain watershed, USA. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Manage- ment, 7(1), 85-99. (Pubitemid 39526884)
97. Schalles, J.F.; Gitelson, A.A.; Yacoby, Y.Z., and Kroenke, A.E., 1998. Estimation of chlorophyll-a from time series measurements ofhigh spectral resolution reflectance in an eutrophic lake. Journal of Phycology, 34, 383-390. (Pubitemid 28209524)
98. Schmidt, K.S.; Skidmore, A.K.; Kloosterman, E.H.; Van Oosten, H.; Kumar, L., and Janssen, J.A.M., 2004. Mapping coastal vegetation using an expert system and hyperspectral imagery. Photogram- metric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 70, 703-716.
99. Scott, J.M.; Davis, B.F.; Csuti, B.B.; Groves, H.C.; Anderson, S.C.; D'Erchia, F.; Edwards, T.C.; Ulliman, J., and Wright, G., 1993. Gap Analysis: A Geographic Approach to Protection of Biological Diversity, Wildlife Monographs 123. Washington, DC: The Wildlife Society, 41p.
100. Shan, J. and Hussain, E., 2010. Object-based data integration and classification for high-resolution coastal mapping. Wang, J. (ed.), Remote Sensing of Coastal Environment. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
101. Shen, Y.; Lv, J.; Chen, D., and Shi, Y., 2011. Response of stream pollution characteristics to catchment land cover in Cao-E River basin, China. Pedosphere, 21(1), 115-123.
102. Simis, S.G.H., 2005. Remote sensing of the cyanobacterial pigment phycocyanin in turbid inland waters. Limnology and Oceanogra- phy, 50, 237-245. (Pubitemid 40199043)
103. Sliva, L. and Williams, D.D., 2001. Buffer zone versus whole catchment approaches to studying land use impact on river water quality. Water Research, 35(14), 3462-3472. (Pubitemid 32727959)
104. Space Imaging, 2003. IKONOS Imagery Products and Product Guide, version 1.3. Thornton, Colorado: Space Imaging.
105. Sun, R.; Chen, L., and Chen, W., 2011. Effect ofland-use patterns on total nitrogen concentration in the upstream regions of the Haihe River Basin, China. Environmental Management, doi:10.1007/ s00267-011-9764-7.
106. Sun, Q.; Huang, J.; Hong, H., and Feng, Y., 2011a. Study on the linkage of urban built-up land and water quality in the Jiulong River watershed. Environmental Science, 32(10), 33-38.
107. Sun, Q.; Huang, J.; Hong, H.; Li, Q.; Lin, J., and Feng, Y., 2011b. Analysis on linkage between farm landscape and water quality in Jiulong River watershed. Transactions of the CSAE, 27(4), 54-59.
108. Thanapura, P.; Heider, D.L.; Burckhard, S.; Warmath, E.; O'Neill, M., and Galster, D., 2007. Mapping urban land cover using Quick Bird NDVI and GIS partial modeling for runoffcoefficient determination. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 73, 57-65. (Pubitemid 46048002)
109. Tiner, R.W.; Bergquist, H.C.; De Alessio, G.P. and Starr, M.J., 2002. Geographically Isolated Wetlands: A Preliminary Assessment of Their Characteristics and Status in Selected Areas of the United States. Hadley, Massachusetts: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region.
110. Tong, S.T.Y. and Chen, W., 2002. Modeling the relationship between land use and surface water quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 66(4), 377-393. (Pubitemid 35378847)
111. Tran, C.P.; Bode, R.W.; Smith, A.J., and Kleppel, G.S., 2010. Land-use proximity as a basis for assessing stream water quality in New York State (USA). Ecological Indicators, 10, 727-733.
112. Tu, J., 2011. Spatially varying relationships between land use and water quality across an urbanization gradient explored by geo-graphically weighted regression. Applied Geography, 31, 376-392.
113. Tu, J. and Xia, Z., 2008. Examining spatially varying relationships between land use and water quality using geographically weighted regression I: model design and evaluation. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 358-378.
114. Tu, J.; Xia, Z-G.; Clarke, K.C., and Frei, A., 2007. Impact of urban sprawl on water quality in Eastern Massachusetts, USA. Environ-mental Management, 40, 183-200. (Pubitemid 47101557)
115. Ucuncuoglu, E.; Arli, O., and Eronat, A.H., 2006. Evaluating the impact of coastal land uses on water-clarity conditions from Landsat TM/ETM+ imagery: Candarli Bay, Aegean Sea. Interna-tional Journal of Remote Sensing, 27, 3627-3644.
116. USGS LCI (U.S. Geological Survey Land Cover Institute), 2010. National Land Cover Data. U.S. Department of the Interior-U.S. Geological Survey. http://landcover.usgs.gov/prodescription.php (accessed July 11, 2011).
117. Uuemaa, E.; Roosaare, J., and Mander, U., 2005. Scale dependence of landscape metrics and their indicatory value for nutrient and organic matter losses from catchments. Ecological Indicators, 5, 350-369. (Pubitemid 41329180)
118. Uuemaa, E.; Roosaare, J., and Mander, U., 2007. Landscape metrics as indicators of river water quality at catchment scale. Nordic Hydrology, 38(2), 125-138. (Pubitemid 46746127)
119. Vogelmann, J.E; Sohl, T., and Howard, S.M., 1998. Regional characterization of land cover using multiple sources of data, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 61, 45-57. (Pubitemid 28111148)
120. Vogelmann, J.E.; Howard, S.M.; Yang, L.; Larson, C.R.; Wylie, B.K., and Van Driel, N., 2001. Completion of the 1990s national land cover data set for the conterminous United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and ancillary data sources. Photogrammet-ric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 67, 650-662. (Pubitemid 32515847)
121. Wang, L.; Sousa, W.P., and Gong, P., 2004. Integration of object-based and pixel-based classification for mapping mangroves with IKONOS imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25, 5655-5668. (Pubitemid 40008559)
122. Wardlow, B.D. and Egbert, S.L., 2003. A state-level comparative analysis of the GAP and NLCD land-cover data sets. Photogram-metric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 69, 1387-1397. (Pubitemid 37481439)
123. Wazniak, C.E.; Hall, M.R.; Carruthers, T.J.B.; Sturgis, B.; Dennison, W.C., and Orth, R.J., 2007. Linkingwaterquality to livingresources in a Mid-Atlantic Lagoon System, USA. Ecological Applications, 17, S64-S78. (Pubitemid 351323507)
124. Wiens, J.A., 2002. Riverine landscapes: taking landscape ecology into the water. Freshwater Biology, 47(4), 501-515. (Pubitemid 34315698)
125. Wilen, B.O. and Bates, M.K., 1995. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Inventory Project. Vegetatio, 118, 153-169.
126. Wilson, C. and Weng, Q., 2010. Assessing surface water quality and its relation with urban land cover changes in the Lake Calumet area, Greater Chicago. Environmental Management, 45, 1096-1111.
127. Withers, P.J.A.; Jarvie, H.P, and Stoate, C., 2011. Quantifying the impact of septic tank systemson eutrophication risk in rural headwaters. Environmental International, 37, 644-653.
128. Wu, J., 2007. Landscape Ecology: Pattern, Process, Scale, and Hierarchy. Beijing: Higher Education Press, pp. 96-119.
129. Xiao, H., and Ji, W., 2007. Relating landscape characteristics to non-point source pollution in mine waste-located watersheds using geospatial techniques. Journal of Environmental Management, 88, 529-551.
130. Yang, C.; Everitt, J.H.; Fletcher, R.S.; Jensen, J.R., and Mausel, P.W., 2009. Mapping black mangrove along the south Texas Gulf Coast using AISA+ hyperspectral imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 75, 425-436.
131. Yang, X., 2012. An assessment of landscape characteristics affecting estuarine nitrogen loading in an urban watershed. Journal of Environmental Management, 94, 50-60.
132. Yasuhara, M.; Yamzaki, H.; Tsujimoto, A., and Hirose, K., 2007. The effect of long-term spatiotemporal variations in urbanization-induced eutrophication on a benthic ecosystem, Osaka Bay, Japan. Limnology and Oceanography, 52, 1633-1644. (Pubitemid 47121573)
133. Young, S.S. and Wang, C.Y., 2001. Land-cover change analysis of China using global-scale Pathfinder AVHRR Land Cover (PAL) data, 1982-92. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 22, 1457-1477. (Pubitemid 32464441)
134. Yuan, D.; Elvidge, C.D., and Lunetta, R.S., 1998. Survey of multispectral methods for land cover change analysis. Lunetta, R.S. and Elvidge, C.D. (eds.), Remote Sensing Change Detection: Environmental Monitoring Methods and Applications. Chelsea, Michigan: Ann Arbor Press.
135. Zhao, J., 2008. Landscape Pattern Change and Its Environmental Response Across Multiple Spatial Scales in Tidal Plain. Shanghai, China: East China Normal University, 107p.