Monte Carlo simulations of electron thermalization in alkali iodide and alkaline-earth fluoride scintillators

Journal of Applied Physics

Volumn 112, Issue 1, 2012, Pages

  Wang, Zhiguo ^a   Xie, Yulong ^a   Campbell, Luke W ^a   Gao, Fei ^a   Kerisit, Sebastien ^a  

^a PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTIC PHONONS; ALKALINE EARTH; ALKALINE EARTH FLUORIDES; ATOMIC DENSITY; DISTANCE DISTRIBUTIONS; ELECTRON HOLE PAIRS; ELECTRON MEAN FREE PATH; ELECTRON THERMALIZATION; ELECTRON TRAPPING; INITIAL DENSITY; INORGANIC SCINTILLATOR; INTERNAL ELECTRIC FIELDS; KEY FACTORS; LO PHONONS; LONGITUDINAL OPTICAL; MONTE CARLO MODEL; MONTE CARLO SIMULATION; PURE MATERIALS; SELF-TRAPPED HOLES; THERMALIZATION DISTANCE; THERMALIZATION TIME; TWO-MATERIALS;

ALKALI HALIDES; BARIUM COMPOUNDS; CESIUM; ELECTRIC FIELDS; IONIZATION; MATERIALS; MONTE CARLO METHODS; PHONONS; SCINTILLATION; SCINTILLATION COUNTERS; SODIUM; THALLIUM;

ELECTRONS;

EID: 84864123780     PISSN: 00218979     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1063/1.4736088     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. J. E. Jaffe, D. V. Jordan, and A. J. Peurrung, Nucl. Instrum Methods A 570, 72 (2007). 10.1016/j.nima.2006.09.097
2. S. Kerisit, K. M. Rosso, B. D. Cannon, F. Gao, and Y. Xie, J. Appl. Phys. 105, 114915 (2009). 10.1063/1.3143786
3. P. Dorenbos, J. T. M. de Haas, and C. W. E. van Eijk, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 42, 2190 (1995). 10.1109/23.489415
4. W. W. Moses, S. A. Payne, W.-S. Choong, G. Hull, and B. W. Reutter, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 55, 1049 (2008). 10.1109/TNS.2008.922802
5. R. B. Murray and A. Meyer, Phys. Rev. 122, 815 (1961). 10.1103/PhysRev.122.815
6. R. T. Williams, K. B. Ucer, J. Q. Grim, K. C. Lipke, L. M. Trefilova, and W. W. Moses, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 57, 1187 (2010). 10.1109/TNS.2009.2033184
7. R. T. Williams, Q. Li, J. Q. Grim, K. B. Ucer, G. Bizarri, and W. W. Moses, Proc. SPIE 7805, 78050 K (2010). 10.1117/12.861820
8. Q. Li, J. Q. Grim, R. T. Williams, G. A. Bizarri, and W. W. Moses, J. Appl. Phys. 109, 123716 (2011). 10.1063/1.3600070
9. R. T. Williams, J. Q. Grim, Q. Li, K. B. Ucer, and W. W. Moses, Phys. Status Solidi B 248, 426 (2011). 10.1002/pssb.201000610
10. J. Singh, J. Appl. Phys. 110, 024503 (2011). 10.1063/1.3607247
11. F. Gao, L. W. Campbell, R. Devanathan, Y. Xie, L. R. Corrales, A. J. Peurrung, and W. J. Weber, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 579, 292 (2007). 10.1016/j.nima.2007.04.063
12. F. Gao, L. W. Campbell, R. Devanathan, Y. Xie, Y. Zhang, A. J. Peurrung, and W. J. Weber, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 255, 286 (2007). 10.1016/j.nimb.2006. 11.031
13. F. Gao, L. W. Campbell, Y. Xie, R. Devanathan, A. J. Peurrung, and W. J. Weber, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 55, 1079 (2008). 10.1109/TNS.2007.908917
14. F. Gao, Y. Xie, S. Kerisit, L. W. Campbell, and W. J. Weber, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 652, 564 (2011). 10.1016/j.nima.2010.08.063
15. S. Kerisit, K. M. Rosso, and B. D. Cannon, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 55, 1251 (2008). 10.1109/TNS.2008.922830
16. Z. Wang, Y. L. Xie, B. D. Cannon, L. W. Campbell, F. Gao, and S. Kerisit, J. Appl. Phys. 110, 064903 (2011). 10.1063/1.3632969
17. R. Hofstadter, Phys. Rev. 74, 100 (1948). 10.1103/PhysRev.74.100
18. M. Laval, M. Moszyski, R. Allemand, E. Cormoreche, P. Guinet, R. Odru, and J. Vacher, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 206, 169 (1983). 10.1016/0167-5087(83) 91254-1
19. J. Menefee, C. F. Swinehart, and E. W. ODell, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 13, 720 (1966). 10.1109/TNS.1966.4324036
20. S. L. Adler, Phys. Rev. 126, 413 (1962). 10.1103/PhysRev.126.413
21. N. Wiser, Phys. Rev. 129, 62 (1963). 10.1103/PhysRev.129.62
22. X. Gonze, J. M. Beuken, R. Caracas, F. Detraux, M. Fuchs, G. M. Rignanese, L. Sindic, M. Verstraete, G. Zerah, F. Jollet, M. Torrent, A. Roy, M. Mikami, P. Ghosez, J. Y. Raty, and D. C. Allan, Comput. Mater. Sci. 25, 478 (2002). 10.1016/S0927-0256(02)00325-7
23. L. Hedin, Phys. Rev. 139, A796 (1965). 10.1103/PhysRev.139.A796
24. A. Akkerman, T. Boutboul, A. Breskin, R. Chechik, and A. Gibrekhterman, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 4656 (1994). 10.1063/1.357303
25. T. Boutboul, A. Akkerman, A. Gibrekhterman, A. Breskin, and R. Chechik, J. Appl. Phys. 86, 5841 (1999). 10.1063/1.371601
26. J. P. Ganachaud, C. Attard, and R. Renoud, Phys. Status Solidi B 199, 175 (1997). 10.1002/1521-3951(199701)199:1<175::AID-PSSB175>3.0.CO;2-#
27. J. Llacer and E. L. Garwin, J. Appl. Phys. 40, 2766 (1969). 10.1063/1.1658075
28. M. Sparks, D. L. Mills, R. Warren, T. Holstein, A. A. Maradudin, L. J. Sham, E. Loh, Jr., and D. F. King, Phys. Rev. B 24, 3519 (1981). 10.1103/PhysRevB.24.3519
29. J. N. Bradford and S. Woolf, J. Appl. Phys. 70, 490 (1991). 10.1063/1.350254
30. See supplementary material at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4736088 E-JAPIAU-112-066214 for the formulation employed to model electron thermalization, distributions of the fractions of recombined electron-hole pairs for CsI for incident γ-rays of energies 2, 5, and 10 keV and values of the fitting parameters, thermalization distance, and time distributions for the stopped electrons as obtained for incident γ-ray with different energies, and distributions of the nearest electron-hole distances for the stopped electrons after thermalization for a 2-keV incident γ-ray.
31. M. V. Fischetti, D. J. DiMaria, S. D. Brorson, T. N. Theis, and J. R. Kirtley, Phys. Rev. B 31, 8124 (1985). 10.1103/PhysRevB.31.8124
32. M. V. Fischetti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1755 (1984). 10.1103/PhysRevLett. 53.1755
33. A. L. Ankudinov, B. Ravel, J. J. Rehr, and S. D. Conradson, Phys. Rev. B 58, 7565 (1998). 10.1103/PhysRevB.58.7565
34. T. Boutboul, A. Akkerman, A. Breskin, and R. Chechik, J. Appl. Phys. 84, 2890 (1998). 10.1063/1.368395
35. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th ed. (Wiley, 2005).
36. C. J. Carlile and B. T. M. Willis, Acta Crystallogr. Sec. A 45, 708 (1989). 10.1107/S0108767389006094
37. J. C. Ashley, R. H. Ritchie, and O. H. Crawford, in Proceedings of the 10th Werner Brandt Conference (1988), p. 329.
38. M. Moszyski, M. Balcerzyk, W. Czarnacki, M. Kapusta, W. Klamra, P. Schotanus, A. Syntfeld, M. Szawlowski, and V. Kozlov, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 537, 357 (2005). 10.1016/j.nima.2004.08.043
39. A. Syntfeld-Kauch, M. Moszyski, Ł. Widerski, W. Klamra, and A. Nassalski, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 55, 1246 (2008). 10.1109/TNS.2008.922805
40. M. M. Hamada, F. E. Costa, M. C. C. Pereira, and S. Kubota, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 48, 1148 (2001). 10.1109/23.958740
41. H. B. Dietrich and R. B. Murray, J. Lumin. 5, 155 (1972). 10.1016/0022-2313(72)90039-7
42. T. P. de Silans, I. Maurin, P. C. D. Segundo, S. Saltiel, M. P. Gorza, M. Ducloy, D. Bloch, D. D. S. Meneses, and P. Echegut, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21, 255902 (2009). 10.1088/0953-8984/21/25/255902
43. C. Andeen, J. Fontanel, and D. Schuele, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41, 1573 (1970). 10.1063/1.1684344
44. S. Eros and J. R. Reitz, J. Appl. Phys. 29, 683 (1958). 10.1063/1.1723250
45. K. Reinitz, Phys. Rev. 123, 1615 (1961). 10.1103/PhysRev.123.1615
46. S. Speziale and T. S. Duffy, Phys. Chem. Miner. 29, 465 (2002). 10.1007/s00269-002-0250-x
47. J. M. Leger, J. Haines, A. Atouf, O. Schulte, and S. Hull, Phys. Rev. B 52, 13247 (1995). 10.1103/PhysRevB.52.13247
48. I. Richman, J. Chem. Phys. 41, 2836 (1964). 10.1063/1.1726360
49. R. T. Williams and K. S. Song, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 51, 679 (1990). 10.1016/0022-3697(90)90144-5
50. T. Tsujibayashi, K. Toyoda, S. Sakuragi, M. Kamada, and M. Itoh, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 2883 (2002). 10.1063/1.1471939