A review of hypothesized determinants associated with bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) die-offs

Veterinary Medicine International

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Miller, David S ^a   Hoberg, Eric ^b   Weiser, Glen ^c   Aune, Keith ^d,e   Atkinson, Mark ^d,e   Kimberling, Cleon ^f  

^a USDA Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory BARC ^*  (United States)

^b AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO   (United States)

^d WILDLIFE AND PARKS   (United States)

^e WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY   (United States)

^f Veterinary Dentistry and Oral Surgery   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OVIS ARIES; OVIS CANADENSIS;

EID: 84863965395     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20420048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2012/796527     Document Type: Review

References (237)

1. Leopold A., Game Management 1930 Madison, Wis, USA University of Wisconsin Press
2. Gross J. E., Evaluating effects of an expanding mountain goat population on native bighorn sheep: a simulation model of competition and disease Biological Conservation 2001 101 2 171 185 (Pubitemid 32770384)
3. Colchero F., Medellin R. A., Clark J. S., Lee R., Katul G. G., Predicting population survival under future climate change: density dependence, drought and extraction in an insular bighorn sheep Journal of Animal Ecology 2009 78 3 666 673
4. Spraker T. R., Adrian W. J., Problems with multiple land use dealing with bighorn sheep and domestic livestock Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1990 7 Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 67 75
5. United States Geologic Survey/Bureau of Reclamation Office, Payette National Forest Science Panel Discussion on risk for disease transmission analysis between bighorn and domestic sheep 2006 Boise, Idaho, USA United States Geologic Survey/Bureau of Reclamation Office
6. Toweill D. E., Geist V., Return of Royalty: Wild Sheep of North America 1999 Missoula, Mont, USA Boone and Crockett Club and Foundation for North American Wild Sheep
7. Buechner H. K., The bighorn sheep in the United States, its past, present, and future Wildlife Monographs 1960 4 1 174
8. Gross J. E., Singer F. J., Moses M. E., Krausman P. R., Effects of disease, dispersal, and area on bighorn sheep restoration Restoration Ecology 2000 8 4 25 37 (Pubitemid 32140075)
9. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST), Pasteurellosis Transmission Risks between Domestic and Wild Sheep 2008 Ames, Iowa, USA CAST CAST Commentary QTA2008-1
10. Hodo C., Pnuemonia kills bighorn sheep SCWDS Briefs 2010 26 1 5 6
11. Pillmore R. E., Life cycle of the lungworm genus Protostrongylus in Colorado Journal of the Colorado-Wyoming Academy of Science 1958 4 44 45
12. Forrester D. J., Davis J. W., Anderson R. C., Bighorn sheep lungworm-pneumonia complex Parasitic Diseases of Wild Mammals 1971 Ames, Iowa, USA The Iowa State University Press 158 173
13. Onderka D. K., Rawluk S. A., Wishart W. D., Susceptibility of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep and domestic sheep to pneumonia induced by bighorn and domestic livestock strains of Pasteurella haemolytica Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 1988 52 4 439 444
14. Foreyt W. J., Snipes K. P., Kasten R. W., Fatal pneumonia following inoculation of healthy bighorn sheep with Pasteurella haemolytica from healthy domestic sheep Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1994 30 2 137 145
15. Dassanayake R. P., Shanthalingam S., Herndon C. N., Lawrence P. K., Frances Cassirer E., Potter K. A., Foreyt W. J., Clinkenbeard K. D., Srikumaran S., Mannheimia haemolytica serotype A1 exhibits differential pathogenicity in two related species, Ovis canadensis and Ovis aries Veterinary Microbiology 2009 133 4 366 371
16. Lawrence P. K., Shanthalingam S., Dassanayake R. P., Subramaniam R., Herndon C. N., Knowles D. P., Rurangirwa F. R., Foreyt W. J., Wayman G., Marciel A. M., Highlander S. K., Srikumaran S., Transmission of Mannheimia haemolytica from domestic sheep (Ovis aries) to bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis): unequivocal demonstration with green fluorescent protein-tagged organisms Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2010 46 3 706 717
17. Aune K., Anderson N., Worley D. E., Stackhouse L., Henderson J., Daniel J., A comparison of population and health histories among seven Montana bighorn sheep populations Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1998 11 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 46 69
18. Rudolph K. M., Hunter D. L., Rimler R. B., Cassirer E. F., Foreyt W. J., DeLong W. J., Weiser G. C., Ward A. C. S., Microorganisms associated with a pneumonic epizootic in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 2007 38 4 548 558
19. George J. L., Martin D. J., Lukacs P. M., Miller M. W., Epidemic pasteurellosis in a bighorn sheep population coinciding with the appearance of a domestic sheep Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2008 44 2 388 403 (Pubitemid 351695058)
20. Andryk T. A., Irby L. R., Population characteristics and habitat use by mountain sheep prior to a pneumonia die-off Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1986 5 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 272 291
21. Wobesor G. A., Investigation and Management of Disease in Wild Animals 1994 New York, NY, USA Plenum Press
22. Schwabe C. W., Riemann H. P., Franti C. E., Epidemiology in Veterinary Practice 1977 Philadelphia, Pa, USA Lea Febiger
23. Yates W. D. G., A review of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, shipping fever pneumonia and viral-bacterial synergism in respiratory disease of cattle Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 1982 46 3 225 263 (Pubitemid 12027866)
24. Czuprynski C. J., Leite F., Sylte M., Kuckleburg C., Schultz R., Inzana T., Behling-Kelly E., Corbeil L., Complexities of the pathogenesis of Mannheimia haemolytica and Haemophilus somnus infections: challenges and potential opportunities for prevention? Animal Health Research Reviews 2004 5 2 277 282
25. Zecchinon L., Fett T., Desmecht D., How Mannheimia haemolytica defeats host defence through a kiss of death mechanism Veterinary Research 2005 36 2 133 156 (Pubitemid 40352596)
26. Dabo S. M., Taylor J. D., Confer A. W., Pasteurella multocida and bovine respiratory disease Animal Health Research Reviews 2007 8 2 129 150
27. Packard F. M., An ecological study of the bighorn sheep in Rocky Mountain National Park Journal of Mammalogy 1946 27 1 3 28
28. Jones F. L., A survey of the Sierra Nevada bighorn Sierra Club Bulletin 1950 35 6 29 76
29. Ross P. I., Jalkotzy M. G., FestaBianchet M., Cougar predation on bighorn sheep in southwestern Alberta during winter Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de Zoologie 1997 75 5 771 775
30. Festa-Bianchet M., Coulson T., Gaillard J. M., Hogg J. T., Pelletier F., Stochastic predation events and population persistence in bighorn sheep Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2006 273 1593 1537 1543 (Pubitemid 47308743)
31. Kamler J. F., Lee R. M., DeVos J. C., Ballard W. B., Whitlaw H. A., Survival and cougar predation of translocated bighorn sheep in Arizona The Journal of Wildlife Management 2002 66 4 1267 1272 (Pubitemid 35456704)
32. McKinney T., Devos J. C., Ballard W. B., Boe S. R., Mountain lion predation of translocated desert bighorn sheep in Arizona Wildlife Society Bulletin 2006 34 5 1255 1263 (Pubitemid 46213306)
33. Schaefer R. J., Torres S. G., Bleich V. C., Survivorship and cause-specific mortality in sympatric populations of mountain sheep and mule deer California Fish and Game 2000 86 2 127 135 (Pubitemid 32217961)
34. Hayes C. L., Rubin E. S., Jorgensen M. C., Botta R. A., Boyce W. M., Mountain lion predation of bighorn sheep in the Peninsular Ranges, California The Journal of Wildlife Management 2000 64 4 954 959
35. Ernest H. B., Rubin E. S., Boyce W. M., Fecal DNA analysis and risk assessment of mountain lion predation of bighorn sheep The Journal of Wildlife Management 2002 66 1 75 85 (Pubitemid 34179389)
36. Wehausen J. D., Effects of mountain lion predation on bighorn sheep in the Sierra Nevada and Granite Mountains of California Wildlife Society Bulletin 1996 24 3 471 479
37. Legg K., Irby L. R., Lempke T., An analysis of potential factors responsible for the decline in bighorns in the Tom Miner Basin Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1996 10 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 26 34
38. Rominger E. M., Whitlaw H. A., Weybright D. L., Dunn W. C., Ballard W. B., The influence of mountain lion predation on bighorn sheep translocations The Journal of Wildlife Management 2004 68 4 993 999 (Pubitemid 40107306)
39. Mooring M. S., Fitzpatrick T. A., Nishihira T. T., Reisig D. D., Vigilance, predation risk, and the Allee effect in desert bighorn sheep The Journal of Wildlife Management 2004 68 3 519 532 (Pubitemid 39039942)
40. Chamberlin T. C., The method of multiple working hypotheses Science 1965 148 3671 754 759
41. Cassirer E. F., Sinclair A. R. E., Dynamics of pneumonia in a bighorn sheep metapopulation The Journal of Wildlife Management 2007 71 4 1080 1088
42. Goodson N. J., Stevens D. R., Bailey J. A., Effects of snow on foraging ecology and nutrition of bighorn sheep The Journal of Wildlife Management 1991 55 2 214 222
43. Ryder T. J., Williams E. S., Mills K. W., Bowles K. H., Thorne E. T., Effect of pneumonia on population size and lamb recruitment in Whisky Mountain bighorn sheep Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1992 8 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 136 146
44. Dunn W. C., Evaluation of Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep Habitat in New Mexico 1993 Santa Fe, NM, USA New Mexico Department of Game and Fish
45. Risenhoover K. L., Bailey J. A., Foraging ecology of mountain sheep: implications for habitat management The Journal of Wildlife Management 1985 49 3 797 804 (Pubitemid 17244823)
46. Festa-Bianchet M., Seasonal range selection in bighorn sheep: conflicts between forage quality, forage quantity, and predator avoidance Oecologia 1988 75 4 580 586 (Pubitemid 20420061)
47. Geist V., Mountain Sheep, a Study in Behavior and Evolution 1971 Chicago, Ill, USA University of Chicago Press
48. Risenhoover K. L., Bailey J. A., Wakelyn L. A., In My Opinion. Assessing the Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep management problem Wildlife Society Bulletin 1988 16 3 346 352 (Pubitemid 19325620)
49. Enk T. A., Picton H. D., Williams J. S., Factors limiting a bighorn sheep population in Montana following a dieoff Northwest Science 2001 75 3 280 291 (Pubitemid 32752342)
50. Douglas C. L., Leslie D. M., Influence of weather and density on lamb survival of desert mountain sheep The Journal of Wildlife Management 1986 50 1 153 156 (Pubitemid 17247976)
51. Douglas C. L., Weather, disease, and bighorn lamb survival during 23 years in Canyonlands National Park Wildlife Society Bulletin 2001 29 1 297 305 (Pubitemid 32368446)
52. Merwin D. S., Brundige G. C., An unusual contagious ecthyma outbreak in Rock Mountain bighorn sheep Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 2000 12 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 75 82
53. Turner J. C., Douglas C. L., Hallum C. R., Krausman P. R., Ramey R. R., Determination of critical habitat for the endangered Nelson's bighorn sheep in southern California Wildlife Society Bulletin 2004 32 2 427 448 (Pubitemid 38946348)
54. Longshore K. M., Lowrey C., Thompson D. B., Compensating for diminishing natural water: predicting the impacts of water development on summer habitat of desert bighorn sheep Journal of Arid Environments 2009 73 3 280 286
55. Whiting J. C., Bowyer R. T., Flinders J. T., Annual use of water sources by reintroduced Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis canadensis: effects of season and drought Acta Theriologica 2009 54 2 127 136
56. Rosenstock S. S., Hervert J. J., Bleich V. C., Krausman P. R., Muddying the water with poor science: a reply to Broyles and Cutler Wildlife Society Bulletin 2001 29 2 734 738 (Pubitemid 32656862)
57. Broyles B., Cutler T. L., Reply to Rosenstock et al. (2001) regarding effects of water on desert bighorn sheep at Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona Wildlife Society Bulletin 2001 29 2 738 743 (Pubitemid 32656863)
58. Cain J. W., Krausman P. R., Morgart J. R., Jansen B. D., Pepper M. P., Responses of desert bighorn sheep to removal of water sources Wildlife Monographs 2008 171 1 30
59. Portier C., Festa-Bianchet M., Gaillard J. M., Jorgenson J. T., Yoccoz N. G., Effects of density and weather on survival of bighorn sheep lambs (Ovis canadensis) Journal of Zoology 1998 245 3 271 278 (Pubitemid 28395413)
60. McKinney T., Smith T. W., DeVos J. C., Evaluation of factors potentially influencing a desert bighorn sheep population Wildlife Monographs 2006 164 1 36 (Pubitemid 44437548)
61. Goodson N. J., Stevens D. R., Bailey J. A., Winter-spring foraging ecology and nutrition of bighorn sheep on montane ranges The Journal of Wildlife Management 1991 55 3 422 433
62. Bender L. C., Weisenberger M. E., Precipitation, density, and population dynamics of desert bighorn sheep on San Andres National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico Wildlife Society Bulletin 2005 33 3 956 964 (Pubitemid 43059716)
63. Deyoung R. W., Hellgren E. C., Fulbright T. E., Robbins W. F., Humphreys I. D., Krausman P. R., Modelling nutritional carrying capacity for translocated desert bighorn sheep in Western Texas Restoration Ecology 2000 8 4 57 65 (Pubitemid 32145461)
64. Rominger E. M., Goldstein E. J., Evans M. A., Biological and statistical errors make inferences circumspect: response to Bender and Weisenberger The Journal of Wildlife Management 2008 72 2 580 582 (Pubitemid 351273036)
65. Wehausen J. D., Vernon C. B., Blong B., Russi T. L., Recruitment dynamics in a Southern California mountain sheep population The Journal of Wildlife Management 1987 51 1 86 98
66. Brewer C. E., Harveson L. A., Diets of bighorn sheep in the Chihuahuan Desert, Texas Southwestern Naturalist 2007 52 1 97 103 (Pubitemid 46493711)
67. Ganskopp D., Bohnert D., Nutritional dynamics of 7 northern great basin grasses Journal of Range Management 2001 54 6 640 647 (Pubitemid 34108066)
68. Nordheim-Viken H., Volden H., Effect of maturity stage, nitrogen fertilization and seasonal variation on ruminal degradation characteristics of neutral detergent fibre in timothy (Phleum pratense L.) Animal Feed Science and Technology 2009 149 1-2 30 59
69. Cook J. G., Johnson B. K., Cook R. C., Riggs R. A., Delcurto T., Bryant L. D., Irwin L. L., Wisdom M. J. T. E., Nutrition and parturition date effects on elk: potential implications for research and management The Starkey Project: A Synthesis of Long-Term Studies of Elk and Mule Deer 2005 Lawrence, Kan, USA Alliance Communications Group 113 126
70. Hnilicka P., Mioncznski J., Mincher B. J., States J., Hinschberger M., Oberlie S., Thompson C., Yates B., Siemer D. D., Bighorn sheep lamb survival, trace minerals, rainfall, and air pollution: are there any connections? Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 2002 13 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 69 94
71. Keating K. A., Bone chewing by Rocky-Mountain Bighorn sheep Great Basin Naturalist 1990 50 1 89
72. Stelfox J. G., Bighorn sheep in the Canadian Rockies: a history 18001970 Canadian Field-Naturalist 1971 85 2 101 122
73. Dibb A. D., Quinn M. S., Response of bighorn sheep to restoration of Winter Range: revisited Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 2008 16 Cody, Wyoming, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 129 136
74. Holl S. A., Bleich V. C., Torres S. G., Population dynamics of bighorn sheep in the San Gabriel Mountains, California, 19672002 Wildlife Society Bulletin 2004 32 2 412 426 (Pubitemid 38946347)
75. Bleich V. C., Johnson H. E., Holl S. A., Konde L., Torres S. G., Krausman P. R., Fire history in a chaparral ecosystem: implications for conservation of a native ungulate Rangeland Ecology and Management 2008 61 6 571 579
76. Bentz J. A., Woodard P. M., Vegetation characteristics and bighorn sheep use on burned and unburned areas in Alberta Wildlife Society Bulletin 1988 16 2 186 193 (Pubitemid 19322252)
77. Epps C. W., McCullough D. R., Wehausen J. D., Bleich V. C., Rechel J. L., Effects of climate change on population persistence of Desert-Dwelling Mountain sheep in California Conservation Biology 2004 18 1 102 113 (Pubitemid 38215595)
78. Wright G. M., Dixon J. S., Thompson B. H., Fauna of the National Parks of the Unites States 1933 Washington, DC, USA Unites States Government Printing Office
79. Ostermann-Kelm S., Atwill E. R., Rubin E. S., Jorgensen M. C., Boyce W. M., Interactions between feral horses and desert bighorn sheep at water Journal of Mammalogy 2008 89 2 459 466 (Pubitemid 351631414)
80. Festa-Bianchet M., Jorgenson J. T., Selfish mothers: reproductive expenditure and resource availability in bighorn ewes Behavioral Ecology 1998 9 2 144 150 (Pubitemid 28159432)
81. Bissonette J. A., Steinkamp M. J., Bighorn sheep response to ephemeral habitat fragmentation by cattle Great Basin Naturalist 1996 56 4 319 325 (Pubitemid 27025097)
82. Enk T. A., Population dynamics of bighorn sheep on the Beartooth Wildlife Management Area, Montana, Ph.D. dissertation 1999 Montana State University
83. McKinney T., Boe S. R., DeVos J. C., GIS-based evaluation of escape terrain and desert bighorn sheep populations in Arizona Wildlife Society Bulletin 2003 31 4 1229 1236 (Pubitemid 38127027)
84. Alvarez-Crdenas S., Guerrero-Crdenas I., Daz S., Galina-Tessaro P., Gallina S., The variables of physical habitat selection by the desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis weemsi) in the Sierra del Mechudo, Baja California Sur, México Journal of Arid Environments 2001 49 2 357 374 (Pubitemid 33011571)
85. Beyer A. C., Habitat comparisons of historically stable and less stable bighorn sheep populations, M.S. thesis 2008 Bozeman, Mont, USA Montana State University
86. Horejsi B., Some thoughts and observations on harassment and bighorn sheep Proceedings of the Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1976 4 Jackson, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep Council 149 155
87. Stockwell C. A., Bateman G. C., Berger J., Conflicts in national parks: a case study of helicopters and bighorn sheep time budgets at the grand canyon Biological Conservation 1991 56 3 317 328
88. Bleich V. C., Wehausen J. D., Holl S. A., Desert-dwelling mountain sheepconservation Implications of a Naturally Fragmented Distribution Conservation Biology 1990 4 4 383 390
89. Bear G. D., Jones G. W., History and distribution of bighorn sheep in Colorado Colorado Division of Wildlife Federal Aid Project W-41-R-22, Job and Final Report 1973 Fort Collins, Colo, USA Colorado Division of Wildlife
90. Pillmore R. E., Problems of lungworm infection in wild sheep Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 1958 2 57 63
91. Keller B. J., Bender L. C., Bighorn sheep response to road-related disturbances in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado The Journal of Wildlife Management 2007 71 7 2329 2337
92. Bailey J. A., The increase and die-off of Waterton Canyon bighorn sheep: biology, management, and dismanagement Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1986 5 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 325 340
93. Spraker T. R., Hibler C. P., Schoonveld G. G., Adney W. S., Pathologic changes and microorganisms found in bighorn sheep during a stress-related die-off Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1984 20 4 319 327
94. Berwick S. H., Observations on the decline of the Rock Creek, Montana population of bighorn sheep, M.S. thesis 1968 Missoula, Mont, USA University of Montana
95. Broyles B., Desert wildlife water developments: questioning use in the Southwest Wildlife Society Bulletin 1995 23 4 663 675 (Pubitemid 27206258)
96. Krausman P. R., Etchberger R. C., Response of desert ungulates to a water project in Arizona The Journal of Wildlife Management 1995 59 2 292 300 (Pubitemid 26448335)
97. Broyles B., Cutler T. L., Effect of surface water on desert bighorn sheep in the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, southwestern Arizona Wildlife Society Bulletin 2000 27 4 1082 1088 (Pubitemid 30097811)
98. McKinney T., Smith T. W., Hanna J. D., Precipitation and desert bighorn sheep in the Mazatzal Mountains, Arizona Southwestern Naturalist 2001 46 3 345 353 (Pubitemid 33037430)
99. McKinney T., Smith T. W., Diets of adults and lambs of desert bighorn sheep during years of varying rainfall in Central Arizona Southwestern Naturalist 2007 52 4 520 527
100. Skipworth J. P., Ingestion of Grit by Bighorn sheep The Journal of Wildlife Management 1974 38 4 880 883
101. Warrick G., Krausman P. R., Bone-Chewing by desert Bighorn sheep Southwestern Naturalist 1986 31 3 414
102. Hebert D. M., Forage and serum phosphorus values for Bighorn sheep Journal of Range Management 1972 25 4 292
103. Schuerholz G., Annual ecological cycles of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep populations with high elevation winter ranges in the east Kootenays Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1984 4 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 192 210
104. Mahon C. L., Mineral deficiencies in desert bighorns and domestic livestock in San Juan County Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 1969 13 27 32
105. Mincher B. J., Ball R. D., Houghton T. P., Mionczynski J., Hnilicka P. A., Some aspects of geophagia in Wyoming bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) European Journal of Wildlife Research 2008 54 2 193 198 (Pubitemid 351571230)
106. Festa-Bianchet M., A pneumonia epizootic in bighorn sheep with comments on preventative management Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1988 6 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 66 76
107. Gallizoli S., Overgrazing on desert bighorn ranges Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 1977 21 21 23
108. McQuivey R. P., The Desert Bighorn Sheep of Nevada 1978 Elko, Nev, USA Nevada Department of Fish and Game Biological Bulletin no. 6
109. Bailey V., Mammals of oregon: Ovis canadensis canadensis Shaw North American Fauna 1936 55 64 70
110. Davis W. B., Taylor W. P., The bighorn sheep of Texas Journal of Mammalogy 1939 20 4 440 445
111. Honess R. F., Frost N. M., A Wyoming Bighorn Sheep Study 1942 Cheyenne, Wyo, USA Wyoming Game and Fish Department Bulletin Number 1
112. Feuerstein V., Schmidt R. L., Hibler C. P., Rutherford W. H., Bighorn sheep mortality in the Taylor River-Almont Triangle area, 19781979: a case study Special Report 1980 Number 48 Fort Collins, Colo, USA Colorado Division of Wildlife
113. Marsh H., Pneumonia in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep Journal of Mammalogy 1938 19 2 214 219
114. Semmens W. J., Seasonal movements and habitat use of the Highlands/Pioneer Mountains bighorn sheep herd of southwest Montana, M.S. thesis 1996 Bozeman, Montanta, USA Montana State University
115. Thorne E. T., Butler G., Varcalli T., Becker K., Hayden-Wing S., The status, mortality and response to management of the bighorn sheep of Whisky Mountain Wildlife Technical Report Number 7 1979 Cheyenne, Wyo, USA Wyoming Game and Fish
116. Cook J. G., Habitat, nutrition, and population ecology of two transplanted bighorn sheep populations in southcentral Wyoming, M.S. dissertation 1990 Laramie, Wyo, USA University of Wyoming
117. Couey F. M., Montana bighorn sheep Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western Association of State Game and Fish Commissionser 1955 35 Cheyenne, Wyo, USA Western Association State Game and Fish Commissioners 162 166
118. Mills H. B., A preliminary study of the bighorn of Yellowstone National Park Journal of Mammalogy 1937 18 205 212
119. McCann L. J., Ecology of the mountain sheep The American Midland Naturalist 1956 56 2 297 325
120. Demarchi R. A., Demarchi D. A., Status of the Rocky Mountain bighorn Wildlife Review 1967 4 4 10 13
121. Stelfox J. G., Range ecology of bighorn sheep in relation to self-regulation theories Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep Council 1974 3 Great Falls, Mont, USA Northern Wild Sheep Council 67 76
122. Honess R. F., Winters K., What about the bighorn Wyoming Wildlife 1956 20 2 20 23
123. Boyce W. M., Hedrick P. W., Muggli-Cockett N. E., Kalinowski S., Penedo M. C. T., Ramey R. R., Genetic variation of major histocompatibility complex and microsatellite loci: a comparison in bighorn sheep Genetics 1997 145 2 421 433 (Pubitemid 27068393)
124. Gutierrez-Espeleta G. A., Hedrick P. W., Kalinowski S. T., Garrigan D., Boyce W. M., Is the decline of desert bighorn sheep from infectious disease the result of low MHC variation? Heredity 2001 86 4 439 450 (Pubitemid 32745305)
125. Goldstein E. J., Millspaugh J. J., Washburn B. E., Brundige G. C., Raedeke K. J., Relationships among fecal lungworm loads, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, and lamb recruitment in free-ranging Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2005 41 2 416 425 (Pubitemid 41245647)
126. Malmberg J. L., Nordeen T., Butterfield C., The effects of disease, stress, and distribution on bighorn sheep restoration in nebraska Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 2008 16 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 198 207
127. Barker I. K., Beveridge I., Bradley A. J., Lee A. K., Observations on spontaneous stress-related mortality among males of the dasyurid marsupial Antechinus stuartii Australian Journal of Zoology 1978 26 435 447
128. Miller D. S., Weiser G. C., Aune K., Roeder B., Atkinson M., Anderson N., Roffe T. J., Keating K. A., Chapman P. L., Kimberling C., Rhyan J. C., Clarke P. R., Shared bacterial and viral respiratory agents in bighorn (Ovis canadensis) and domestic sheep (Ovis aries) in Montana Veterinary Medicine International 2011 2011 12
129. Thorne E. T., Kingston N., Jolley W. R., Bergstrom R. C., Diseases of Wildlife in Wyoming 1982 2 Cheyenne, Wyo, USA Wyoming Game and Fish Department
130. Hornaday W. T., Notes on the mountain sheep of North America with a description of a new species New York Zoological Society Annual Report 1901 5 77 122
131. Baillie-Grohman W. A., Baillie-Grohman W. A., Camps on the trail of the bighorn Camps in the Rockies 1902 New York, NY, USA Charles Scribner's Sons 154 181
132. Grinnell G. B., Grinnell G. B., The mountain sheep and its range American Big Game in Its Haunts 1904 New York, NY, USA Forest and Stream Publishing 270 348
133. Wright F. C., Riner J. C., Fisher W. F., Comparison of lengths of outer opisthosomal setae of male psoroptic mites collected from various hosts Journal of Parasitology 1984 70 1 141 143
134. Boyce W., Elliott L., Clark R., Jessup D., Morphometric analysis of Psoroptes spp. mites from bighorn sheep, mule deer, cattle, and rabbits Journal of Parasitology 1990 76 6 823 828
135. Boyce W. M., Brown R. N., Antigenic characterization of Psoroptes spp. (Acari: Psoroptidae) mites from different hosts Journal of Parasitology 1991 77 5 675 679
136. Graham O. H., Hourrigan J. L., Eradication programs for the arthropod parasites of livestock Journal of Medical Entomology 1977 13 6 629 658
137. Pugh D. G., Sheep and Goat Medicine 2002 1st Philadelphia, Pa, USA W. B.Saunders Company
138. van den Broek A. H. M., Huntley J. F., Machell J., Taylor M. A., Miller H. R. P., Temporal pattern of isotype-specific antibody responses in primary and challenge infestations of sheep with Psoroptes ovis the sheep scab mite Veterinary Parasitology 2003 111 2-3 217 230 (Pubitemid 36071554)
139. Sandoval A. V., Management of a psoroptic scabies epizootic in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) in New Mexico Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 1980 24 21 28
140. Foreyt W., Coggins V., Fowler P., Psoroptic scabies in bighorn sheep in Washington and Oregon Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1990 7 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 135 142
141. Muschenheim A. L., Thorne E. T., Williams E. S., Anderson S. H., Wright F. C., Psoroptic scabies in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) from Wyoming Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1990 26 4 554 557
142. Boyce W. M., Jessup D. A., Clark R. K., Serodiagnostic antibody responses to Psoroptes sp. infestations in bighorn sheep Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1991 27 1 10 15
143. Welsh G. W., Bunch T. D., Psoroptic scabies in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) from northwestern Arizona Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1983 19 4 342 344
144. Russo J. P., The Desert Bighorn Sheep in Arizona 1956 Phoenix, Ariz, USA Arizona Game and Fish Department
145. Allen R. W., Present status of lungworm and tapeworm in desert bighorn sheep Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 1971 15 7 11
146. Spraker T. R., Hibler C. P., Summer lamb mortality of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 1977 21 Las Vegas, Nev, USA Desert Bighorn Council 11 12
147. Spraker T. R., Fibrinous pneumonia of bighorn sheep Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 1977 21 17 18
148. Forrester D. J., Littell R. C., Influence of rainfall on lungworm infections in bighorn sheep Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1976 12 1 48 51
149. Kistner T. P., Matlock S. M., Wyse D., Mason G. E., Helminth parasites of bighorn sheep in Oregon Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1977 13 2 125 130
150. Pillmore R. E., Investigation of Disease and Parasites Affecting Game Animals: Study of the Lung Nematodes of Bighorn Sheep 1961 Fort Collins, Colo, USA Colorado Division of Wildlife Colo W-095-R-04
151. Onderka D. K., Wishart W. D., A major sheep die-off from pneumonia in southern Alberta Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1984 4 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 356 363
152. Cassirer E. F., Oldenburg L. E., Coggins V., Fowler P., Rudolph K. M., Hunter D. L., Foreyt W., Overview and preliminary analysis of a bighorn sheep dieoff, Hells Canyon 1995-96 Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1996 10 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 78 86
153. Foreyt W. J., Jessup D. A., Fatal pneumonia of bighorn sheep following association with domestic sheep Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1982 18 2 163 168
154. Samson J., Holmes J. C., Jorgenson J. T., Wishart W. D., Experimental infections of free-ranging Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep with lungworms (Protostrongylus spp.; Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1987 23 3 396 403
155. Forrester D. J., Senger C. M., A survey of lungworm infection in bighorn sheep of Montana The Journal of Wildlife Management 1964 28 3 481 491
156. Miller M. W., Vayhinger J. E., Bowden D. C., Roush S. P., Verry T. E., Torres A. N., Jurgens V. D., Drug treatment for lungworm in bighorn sheep: reevaluation of a 20-year-old management prescription The Journal of Wildlife Management 2000 64 2 505 512 (Pubitemid 30221444)
157. Potts M. K., Observations on diseases of bighorn in Rocky Mountain National Park Transactions of the North American Wildlife Conference 1938 3 893 897
158. Meleney W. P., Wright F. C., Guillot F. S., Identification and control of psoroptic scabies in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association 1980 84 403 407
159. Kinzer H. G., Houghton W. E., Reeves J. M., Psoroptes ovis research with bighorn sheep in New Mexico Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 1983 27 Las Vegas, Nev, USA Desert Bighorn Council 6 8
160. Boyce W. M., Clark R. K., Jessup D. A., Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of psoroptic scabies in bighorn sheep Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1990 7 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 125 128
161. Boyce W. M., Weisenberger M. E., The rise and fall of psoroptic scabies in bighorn sheep in the San Andres Mountains, New Mexico Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2005 41 3 525 531 (Pubitemid 41622856)
162. Rush W. M., Diseases in mountain sheep Outdoor Life 1928 62 4 36
163. Wishart W. D., Jorgenson J., Hilton M., A minor die-off of bighorns from pneumonia in southern Alberta Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1980 2 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 229 246
164. Clark R. K., Jessup D. A., Kock M. D., Weaver R. A., Survey of desert bighorn sheep in California for exposure to selected infectious diseases Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1985 187 11 1175 1179
165. Woodward T., Hibler C. P., Rutherford W. H., Bighorn lamb mortality investigations in Colorado Transactions of the Northern Wild Sheep Council 1972 2 Hinton, Canada Northern Wild Sheep Council 44 48
166. Evans H. F., Bighorn at many glacier Glacial Drift 1937 10 1 2 3
167. Arnett E. B., Irby L. R., Cook J. G., Sex- and age-specific lungworm infection in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep during winter Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1993 29 1 90 93
168. Allen R. W., Additional notes on parasites of bighorn sheep on the Desert Game Range, Nevada Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 1964. 8 Las Vegas, Nev, USA Desert Bighorn Council 5 9
169. Rogerson J. D., Fairbanks W. S., Cornicelli L., Ecology of gastropod and bighorn sheep hosts of lungworms on isolated, semiarid mountain ranges in Utah, USA Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2008 44 1 28 44 (Pubitemid 351575048)
170. Honess R. F., Lungworms of Domestic Sheep and Bighorn Sheep in Wyoming 1942 Laramie, Wyo, USA University of Wyoming, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin no. 255
171. Pybus M. J., Shave H., Muellerius capillaris (Mueller, 1889) (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae): an unusual finding in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis Shaw) in South Dakota Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1984 20 4 284 288
172. Jaworski M. D., Hunter D. L., Ward A. C. S., Biovariants of isolates of Pasteurella from domestic and wild ruminants Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1998 10 1 49 55 (Pubitemid 128656703)
173. WeIser G. C., DeLong W. J., Paz J. L., Shafii B., Price W. J., Ward A. C. S., Characterization of Pasteurella multocida associated with pneumonia in bighorn sheep Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2003 39 3 536 544 (Pubitemid 38836280)
174. Dunbar M. R., Ward A. C., Power G., Isolation of Pasteurella haemolytica from tonsillar biopsies of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1990 26 2 210 213
175. Taylor R. E., Mortality of Nevada bighorn sheep from pneumonia Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 1976 20 Las Vegas, Nev, USA Desert Bighorn Council 51 52
176. Coggins V., The Lostine Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep die-off and domestic sheep Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1988 6 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 57 64
177. Coggins V., Matthews P. E., Lamb survival and herd status of the Lostine bighorn herd following a Pasteurella die-off Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1992 8 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 147 154
178. Jansen B. D., Heffelfinger J. R., Noon T. H., Krausman P. R., deVos J. C., Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in Bighorn sheep, Silver Bell Mountains, Arizona, USA Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2006 42 2 407 411 (Pubitemid 44317398)
179. Besser T. E., Cassirer E. F., Potter K. A., VanderSchalie J., Fischer A., Knowles D. P., Herndon D. R., Rurangirwa F. R., Weiser G. C., Srikumaran S., Association of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection with population-limiting respiratory disease in free-ranging Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2008 46 2 423 430 (Pubitemid 351231281)
180. Meagher M., Quinn W. J., Stackhouse L., Chlamydial-caused infectious keratoconjunctivitis in bighorn sheep of Yellowstone National Park Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1992 28 2 171 176
181. Schwantje H., A comparative study of bighorn sheep herds in southeastern British Columbia Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1986 5 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 231 252
182. Clark R. K., Boyce W. M., Jessup D. A., Elliott L. F., Survey of pathogen exposure among population clusters of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in California Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 1993 24 1 48 53
183. Clark R. K., Whetstone C. A., Castro A. E., Jorgensen M. M., Jensen J. F., Jessup D. A., Restriction endonuclease analysis of herpesviruses isolated from two peninsular bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis cremnobates) Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1993 29 1 50 56
184. Parks J. B., England J. J., A serological survey for selected viral infections of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1974 10 2 107 110
185. Dunbar M. R., Jessup D. A., Evermann J. F., Foreyt W. J., Seroprevalence of respiratory syncytial virus in free-ranging bighorn sheep Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1985 187 11 1173 1174
186. Spraker T. R., Collins J. K., Adrian W. J., Olterman J. H., Isolation and serologic evidence of a respiratory syncytial virus in bighorn sheep from Colorado Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1986 22 3 416 418
187. Noon T. H., Wesche S. L., Cagle D., Mead D. G., Bicknell E. J., Bradley G. A., Riplog-Peterson S., Edsall D., Reggiardo C., Hemorrhagic disease in bighorn sheep in Arizona Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2002 38 1 172 176 (Pubitemid 135692483)
188. Robinson R. M., Hailey T. L., Livingston C. W., Thomas J. W., Bluetongue in desert Bighorn sheep The Journal of Wildlife Management 1967 31 1 165 168
189. Samuel W. M., Chalmers G. A., Stelfox J. G., Loewen A., Thomsen J. J., Contagious ecthyma in bighorn sheep and mountain goat in western Canada Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1975 11 1 26 31
190. Blood D. A., Contagious ecthyma in Rocky-Mountain Bighorn sheep The Journal of Wildlife Management 1971 35 2 270 275
191. Ezenwa V. O., Hines A. M., Archie E. A., Hoberg E. P., Asmundsson I. M., Hogg J. T., Muellerius capillaris dominates the lungworm community of bighorn sheep at the national bison range, Montana Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2010 46 3 988 993
192. Hoberg E. P., Brooks D. R., A macroevolutionary mosaic: episodic host-switching, geographical colonization and diversification in complex host-parasite systems Journal of Biogeography 2008 35 9 1533 1550
193. Huby-Chilton F., Gajadhar A. A., Mansfield K., Foreyt W. J., Chilton N. B., Bighorn sheep, a new host record for Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2006 42 4 877 882 (Pubitemid 46231860)
194. Jenkins E. J., Veitch A. M., Kutz S. J., Bollinger T. K., Chirino-Trejo J. M., Elkin B. T., West K. H., Hoberg E. P., Polley L., Protostrongylid parasites and pneumonia in captive and wild thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli) Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2007 43 2 189 205 (Pubitemid 46916833)
195. Hibler C. P., Metzger C. J., Spraker T. R., Lange R. E., Further observations on Protostrongylus sp. infection by transplacental transmission in bighorn sheep Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1974 10 1 39 41
196. Samuel W. M., Gray J. B., Evaluation of the Baermann technic for recovery of lungworm (Nematoda, Protostrongylidae) larvae from wild ruminants Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1982 3 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 232 243
197. Beane R. D., Hobbs N. T., The Baermann technique for estimating Protostrongylus infection in bighorn sheep: effect of laboratory procedures Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1983 19 1 7 9
198. Uhazy L. S., Holmes J. C., Stelfox J. G., Lungworms in the Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep of Western Canada Canadian Journal of Zoology 1973 51 8 817 824
199. Forrester S. G., Lankester M. W., Extracting protostrongylid nematode larvae from ungulate feces Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1997 33 3 511 516 (Pubitemid 127714500)
200. Kutz S. J., Asmundsson I., Hoberg E. P., Appleyard G. D., Jenkins E.J., Beckmen K., Branigan M., Butler L., Chilton N. B., Cooley D., Elkin B., Huby-Chilton F., Johnson D., Kuchboev A., Nagy J., Oakley M., Polley L., Popko R., Scheer A., Simard M., Veitch A., Serendipitous discovery of a novel protostrongylid (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) in caribou, muskoxen, and moose from high latitudes of North America based on DNA sequence comparisons Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de Zoologie 2007 85 11 1143 1156 (Pubitemid 351287850)
201. Paul S. R., Bunch T. D., Chronic frontal sinusitis and osteolysis in desert bighorn sheep Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1978 173 9 1178 1180 (Pubitemid 9050143)
202. Uhazy L. S., Mahrt J. L., Holmes J. C., Coccidia of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep in Western Canada Canadian Journal of Zoology 1971 49 11 1461 1464
203. Worley D.E., Seesee F., Gastrointestinal parasites of bighorn sheep in western Montana and their relationship to herd health Colorado Division of Wildlife Federal Aid Project W-41-r-22, Job and Final Report 1992
204. de la Fuente J., Atkinson M. W., Hogg J. T., Miller D. S., Naranjo V., Almazn C., Anderson N., Kocan K. M., Genetic characterization of Anaplasma ovis strains from Bighorn sheep in Montana Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2006 42 2 381 385 (Pubitemid 44317393)
205. Kutz S. J., Hoberg E. P., Polley L., Jenkins E. J., Global warming is changing the dynamics of Arctic host-parasite systems Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2005 272 1581 2571 2576 (Pubitemid 41796559)
206. Jenkins E. J., Veitch A. M., Kutz S. J., Hoberg E. P., Polley L., Climate change and the epidemiology of protostrongylid nematodes in northern ecosystems: Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei and Protostrongylus stilesi in Dall's sheep (Ovis d. dalli) Parasitology 2006 132 3 387 401 (Pubitemid 43376227)
207. Hoberg E. P., Polley L., Jenkins E. J., Kutz S. J., Pathogens of domestic and free-ranging ungulates: global climate change in temperate to boreal latitudes across North America OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique 2008 27 2 511 528
208. Brogden K. A., Lehmkuhl H. D., Cutlip R. C., Pasteurella haemolytica complicated respiratory infections in sheep and goats Veterinary Research 1998 29 3-4 233 254 (Pubitemid 128528106)
209. Ackermann M. R., Brogden K. A., Response of the ruminant respiratory tract to Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica Microbes and Infection 2000 2 9 1079 1088 (Pubitemid 30664222)
210. Kehrenberg C., Schulze-Tanzil G., Martel J. L., Chaslus-Dancla E., Schwarz S., Antimicrobial resistance in Pasteurella and Mannheimia: epidemiology and genetic basis Veterinary Research 2001 32 3-4 323 339 (Pubitemid 32595215)
211. Miller M. W., Wolfe L. L., Pasteurellaceae from Colorado Bighorn Sheep Herds Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2011 47 3 800 804
212. Callan R. J., Bunch T. D., Workman G. W., Mock R. E., Development of pneumonia in desert bighorn sheep after exposure to a flock of exotic wild and domestic sheep Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1991 198 6 1052 1056
213. Miller M. W., Williams E. S., Barker I. K., Pasteurellosis Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals 2001 3rd Ames, Iowa, USA Iowa State University Press 330 349
214. Miller M. W., Hobbs N. T., Williams E. S., Spontaneous pasteurellosis in captive Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis): clinical, laboratory, and epizootiological observations Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1991 27 4 534 542
215. Foreyt W. J., Fatal Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia in bighorn sheep after direct contact with clinically normal domestic sheep American Journal of Veterinary Research 1989 50 3 341 344
216. Rudolph K. M., Hunter D. L., Foreyt W. J., Cassirer E. F., Rimler R. B., Ward A. C. S., Sharing of Pasteurella spp. between free-ranging bighorn sheep and feral goats Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2003 39 4 897 903 (Pubitemid 38933353)
217. Ward A. C. S., Hunter D. L., Jaworski M. D., Benolkin P. J., Dobel M. P., Jeffress J. B., Tanner G. A., Pasteurella spp. in sympatric bighorn and domestic sheep Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1997 33 3 544 557 (Pubitemid 127714504)
218. Tomassini L., Gonzales B., Weiser G. C., Sischo W., An ecologic study comparing distribution of Pasteurella trehalosi and Mannheimia haemolytica between sierra nevada bighorn sheep, white mountain bighorn sheep, and domestic sheep Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2009 45 4 930 940
219. Kraabel B. J., Miller M. W., Effect of simulated stress on susceptibility of bighorn sheep neutrophils to Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1997 33 3 558 566 (Pubitemid 127714505)
220. Ward A. C. S., Weiser G. C., Anderson B. C., Cummings P. J., Arnold K. F., Corbeil L. B., Haemophilus sommus (Histophilus Somni) in bighorn sheep Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 2006 70 1 34 42 (Pubitemid 43257373)
221. Coggins V., Mathews P. E., Field treatment of bighorns during pneumonia die-offs Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1998 11 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 41 45
222. Kraabel B. J., Miller M. W., Conlon J. A., McNeil H. J., Evaluation of a multivalent Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine in bighorn sheep: protection from experimental challenge Journal of Wildlife Diseases 1998 34 2 325 333 (Pubitemid 128689333)
223. Cassirer E. F., Rudolph K. M., Fowler P., Coggins V. L., Hunter D. L., Miller M. W., Evaluation of ewe vaccination as a tool for increasing bighorn lamb survival following pasteurellosis epizootics Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2001 37 1 49 57 (Pubitemid 33614759)
224. Rice J. A., Carrasco-Medina L., Hodgins D. C., Shewen P. E., Mannheimia haemolytica and bovine respiratory disease Animal Health Research Reviews 2007 8 2 117 128
225. Goodwin-Ray K. A., Stevenson M. A., Heuer C., Effect of vaccinating lambs against pneumonic pasteurellosis under New Zealand field conditions on their weight gain and pneumonic lung lesions at slaughter Veterinary Record 2008 162 1 9 11
226. Unites States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Revised Guidelines for Managment of Domestic Sheep and Goats in Native Wild Sheep Habitats 1998 Washington, DC, USA Bureau of Land Management Instruction Memorandum no. 98-140
227. DaMassa A. J., Wakenell P. S., Brooks D. L., Mycoplasmas of goats and sheep Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1992 4 1 101 113
228. Ruffin D. C., Mycoplasma infections in small ruminants The Veterinary clinics of North AmericaFood animal practice 2001 17 2 315 332
229. Brogden K. A., Rose D., Cutlip R. C., Lehmkuhl H. D., Tully J. G., Isolation and identification of mycoplasmas from the nasal cavity of sheep American Journal of Veterinary Research 1988 49 10 1669 1672
230. Lapinsky S. E., Epidemic viral pneumonia Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2010 23 2 139 144
231. Hansen D. E., McCoy R. D., Armstrong D. A, Six vaccination trials in feedlot lambs for the control of lamb respiratory disease complex Agri-Practice 1995 16 9 19 25
232. Vinten-Johansen P., Cholera, Chloroform, and the Science of Medicine: A Life of John Snow 2003 New York, NY, USA Oxford University Press
233. Lubin J. H., Blot W. J., Berrino F., Modifying risk of developing lung cancer by changing habits of cigarette smoking British Medical Journal 1984 288 6435 1953 1956 (Pubitemid 14081771)
234. Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Levels of evidence 2009. http://www.cebm.net/?o=1025
235. Zepeda C., Salman M., Ruppanner R., International trade, animal health and veterinary epidemiology: challenges and opportunities Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2001 48 4 261 271 (Pubitemid 32247605)
236. Budd L., Morag Bell, Brown T., Of plagues, planes and politics: controlling the global spread of infectious diseases by air Political Geography 2009 28 7 426 435
237. Pybus M. J., Fenton R. A., Lange H., A health protocol for domestic sheep on forest grazing allotments in Alberta and British Colombia Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 1994 9 Cody, Wyo, USA Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 20 24