Children, Soils, and Health: How Do Polluted Soils Influence Children's Health?

Mapping the Chemical Environment of Urban Areas

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 134-150

  Mielke, Howard W ^a   Alexander, Jan ^b   Langedal, Marianne ^c   Ottesen, Rolf Tore ^d  

^a TULANE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Norway)

^c City of Trondheim   (Norway)

^d GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORWAY   (Norway)

Author keywords

Children, Soils, and Health; Exposure, uptake and health effects; Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); Sources of arsenic, lead, BaP and PCB in urban soils

Indexed keywords

EID: 84863799833     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470670071.ch10     Document Type: Chapter

References (95)

1. Aceto, M. and Fedele, A., 1994. Rain water effect on the release of arsenic, chromium and copper from treated wood. Fresenius' Environmental Bulletin, 3, 389-394.
2. Airborne Lead Reduction Act, 1984. A bill to amend the clean air act with regard to mobile sources emission control. US Senate Hearing Committee on Environment and Public Works, US Government Printing Office, S.2609, Washington, DC.
3. Alexander, J., 2007. Anbefalte kvalitetskriterier for jord i barnehager, lekeplasser og skolegá rder pá industristeder basert pá helsevurderinger (Health-based soil quality criteria for day-care centers playgrounds and school yards in industrial towns), Nasjonalt folkehelseinstitutt, Oslo.
4. Alexander, J., Frøyland, L., Hemre, G.-I. et al., 2006. Et helhetssyn pá fisk og annen sjømat i norsk kosthold. Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, 171 pp.
5. Andersson, M. and Ottesen, R.T., 2008. Levels of dioxins and furans in urban soils in Trondheim, Norway. Environmental Pollution, 152, 553-558.
6. Andersson, M., Ottesen, R.T. and Volden, T., 2004. Building materials as a source of PCB pollution in Bergen, Norway. Science of the Total Environment, 325, 139-144.
7. ATSDR, 2000. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov (last access 22 January 2010).
8. Blom, D.A., Nolan, T.A. and Storey, J.M.E., 2000. Characterization of exhaust emission particulate matter by transmission electron microscopy. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy. http://www.osti. gov/bridge/purl.cover.jsp?purl1/4/827863-JeNKoY/native/(last access 22 January 2010).
9. Calabrese, E.J., Barnes, R., Stanek, E.J. et al., 1989. How much soil do young children ingest: an epidemiologic study? Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 10, 123-139.
10. Campbell, J.R., Rosier, R.N., Novotny, L. and Puzas, J.E., 2004. The association between environmental lead exposure and bone density in children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(11), 1200-1203.
11. Canfield, R.L., Henderson, C.R. Jr, Cory-Slechta, D.A. et al., 2003. Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microgram per deciliter. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 1517-1526.
12. Chaney, R.L. and Mielke, H., 1986. Standards for soil lead limitations in the United States, in Proceedings of the University of Missouri's 20th Annual Conference on Trace Substances in Environmental Health (eds D. Delbert and D.D. Hemphill), University of Missouri Press, pp. 357-377.
13. Chlopecka, A., Bacon, J.R., Wilson, M.J. and Kay, J., 1996. Forms of cadmium, lead and zinc in contaminated soils from south west Poland. Journal of Environmental Quality, 25, 69-79.
14. Davis, B.E., 1995. Lead, in Heavy Metals in Soil (ed. B.J. Alloway), Blackie Academic & Professional, London, Chapter 9, pp. 206-223.
15. Dawson, B.S.W., Parker, G.F., Cowan, F.J. and Hong, S.O., 1991. Inter-laboratory determination of copper, chromium and arsenic in timber treated with preservative. Analyst, 116, 339-346.
16. EFSA, 2006. European Food Safety Authority. http://www. efsa.europa.eu/en/publications/scientific.html (last access 22 November 2008).
17. Fadrowski, J.J., Navas-Acien, A., Tellez-Plaza, M. et al., 2010. Blood lead level and kidney function in US adolescents: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Archives of International Medicine, 170(1), 75-82.
18. Fremo, G., 2008. Biooppløselighet av tungmetaller og arsen i barnehagejord i Oslo. Masters thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 63 pp.
19. Grøn, C. and Andersen, L., 2003. Human bioaccessibility of heavy metals and PAH from soil, Danish Ministry of the Environment, Environmental Project No. 840 2003 Technology Programme for Soil and Groundwater Contamination. http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/Publications/2003/87-7972-877-4/pdf/87-7972-878-2.PDF (last accessed 22 January 2010).
20. Gustavsson, N., Bølviken, B., Smith, D.B. and Severson, R.C., 2001. Geochemical Landscapes of the Conterminous United States-New Map Presentations for 22 Elements, US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1648, US Geological Survey, Denver, CO.
21. Haugland, T., Ottesen, R.T. and Volden, T., 2008. Lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soil from day care centres in the city of Bergen, Norway. Environmental Pollution, 153, 266-272.
22. Health Effects Institute, 2010. Traffic-related air pollution: a critical review of the literature on emissions, exposure, and health effects, HEI Special Report 17, Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA. http://pubs.healtheffects.org/view.php? id1/4334 (last access 22 January 2010).
23. Healthy People, 2010. Environmental health. http://www. healthypeople.gov/Document/HTML/Volume1/08Environmental. htm#_Toc490564710 (last access 22nd January 2010).
24. IGRAC, 2004. Arsenic in groundwater world wide., International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre. http://www.igrac.net/publications/142# (last access 12 November 2010).
25. Jartun, M., Ottesen, R.T., Volden, T. et al., 2002. Forbyggende arbeid-Jordforurensning i smá barns utlekemiljø i Tromsø, Rapport 2002.053. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse.
26. Jartun, M., Ottesen, R.T. and Steinnes, E., 2003. Urban soil pollution and the playfields of small children. Journal de Physique IV (France), 107, 671-674.
27. Jartun, M., Ottesen, R.T., Steinnes, E. and Volden, T., 2008a. Runoff of particle bound pollutants from urban impervious surfaces studied by analysis of sediments from storm water traps. Science of the Total Environment, 393, 147-163.
28. Jartun, M., Ottesen, R.T., Steinnes, E. and Volden, T., 2008b. Painted surfaces-important sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contamination to the urban environment. Science of the Total Environment, 396, 147-163.
29. Jartun, M., Eggen, O.A., Volden, T. and Ottesen, R.T., 2008c. Nasjonalt estimat pá problemomfang og mengdeberegning for PCB i stá ende bygningsmasse i Norge. Geological Survey of Norway Report 2008.080.
30. JECFA, 2005. Summary and Conclusions, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Sixty-fourth Meeting, Rome, 8-17 February 2005. http://www.who.int/ipcs/food/jecfa/summaries/summary_report_64_final.pdf (last access 22 January 2010).
31. Jensen, H., Reimann, C., Finne, T.E. et al., 2007. PAHconcentrations and compositions in the top 2 cm of forest soils along a 120 km long transact through agricultural areas, forests and the city of Oslo, Norway. Environmental Pollution, 145, 829-838.
32. Johannesson,M., 2002. A review of risks associated to arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury and zinc, in The Market Implication of Integrated Management for Heavy Metals Flows for Bioenergy Use in the European Union (exec. ed. M. Johannesson), Kalmar University, Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Sweden, Appendix A, p. 62.
33. Johnson, D.L. and Bretsch, J.K., 2002. Soil lead and children's blood lead levels in Syracuse, NY, USA. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 24, 375-385.
34. Khan, A., Ishaq, M. and Khan, M.A., 2008. Effect of vehicle exhaust on the quality of polcyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 137, 363-369.
35. Kissell, J.C., Shirai J.H., Richter, K.Y. and Fenske, R.A., 1998. Empirical Investigation of Hand-to-Mouth Transfer of Soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 60, 379-386.
36. Knutsen, H.K. and Alexander J., 2004. Miljøgifter og helserisiko. Norsk Epidemiologi, 14, 161-166.
37. Laidlaw, M.S., Mielke, H.W., Filippelli, G.M. et al., 2005. Seasonality and children's blood lead levels: developing a predictive model using climatic variables and blood lead data from Indianapolis, Indiana, Syracuse, New York and New Orleans, Louisiana (USA). Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 793-800.
38. Langedal, M. and Hellesnes, I., 1997. Innhold av tungmetaller i overflatejord og bakterier i sandkasser i barnehager i Trondheim (Content of heavy metals in surface soil and bacteria in sandboxes of the kindergartens in Trondheim: Health risk evaluation), Miljøavdelingen,TM97/03, Trondheim kommune, Trondheim.
39. Lee, P.-K., Touray, J.C., Baillif, P. and Idfonse, J.P., 1997. Heavy metal contamination of settling particles in a retention pond long the A-71 motorway in Sologne, France. Science of the Total Environment, 201, 1-15.
40. Lin, J.L., Lin-Tan, D.T., Hsu, K.H. and Yu, C.C., 2003. Environmental lead exposure and progression of chronic renal diseases in patients without diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 277-286.
41. Menke, A., Muntner, P., Batuman, V. et al., 2006. Blood lead below 0.48 mmol/L (10 mg/dL) and mortality among US adults. Circulation, 114, 1388-1394.
42. Mielke, H.W., 1993. Lead dust contaminated U.S.A. communities: comparison of Louisiana and Minnesota. Applied Geochemistry, 8 (Suppl. Issue No. 2), 257-261.
43. Mielke, H., 1994. Lead in New Orleans soils: new images of an urban environment. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 16, 123-128.
44. Mielke, H.W., 1999. Lead in the inner cities. American Scientist, 87, 62-73.
45. Mielke, H.W. and Reagan, P.L., 1998. Soil is an important source of pathway of human lead exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106, 217-229.
46. Mielke, H.W., Anderson, J.C., Berry, K.J. et al., 1983. Lead concentrations in inner-city soils as a factor in the child lead problem. American Journal Public Health, 73(12), 1366-1369.
47. Mielke, H.W., Dugas, D., Mielke, P.W. et al., 1997. Associations between lead dust contaminated soil and childhood blood lead: a case study of urban New Orleans and rural Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, USA. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105(9), 950-954.
48. Mielke, H.W., Smith, M.K., Gonzales, C.R. and Mielke, P.W., 1999. The urban environment and children's health: soils as an integrator of lead, zinc and cadmium in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. Environmental Research, 80(2), 117-129.
49. Mielke, H.W., Gonzales, C.R., Smith, M.K. and Mielke, P.W., 2000. Quantities and associations of lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, chromium, nickel, vanadium, and copper in fresh Mississippi alluvium and New Orleans alluvial soils. The Science of the Total Environment, 246(2-3), 249-259.
50. Mielke, H.W., Powell, E., Shah, A. et al., 2001. Multiple metal contamination from house paints: consequences of power sanding and paint scraping in New Orleans. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109, 973-978.
51. Mielke, H.W., Wang, G., Gonzales, C.R. et al., 2004. PAHs and metals in soils of inner city and suburban New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 18, 243-247.
52. Mielke, H.W., Berry, K.J., Mielke, P.W. et al., 2005a. Multiple metal accumulation as a factor in learning achievement within various New Orleans communities. Environmental Research, 97(1), 67-75.
53. Mielke, H.W., Gonzales, C., Powell, E. and Mielke, P.W. Jr, 2005b. Changes of multiple metal accumulation (MMA) in New Orleans soil: preliminary evaluation of differences between survey I (1992) and survey II (2000). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2(2), 84-90.
54. Mielke, H.W., Gonzales, C.R., Powell E. et al., 2007a. Nonlinear association between soil lead and blood lead of children in metropolitan New Orleans, Louisiana: 2000-2005. Science of the Total Environment, 388, 43-53.
55. Mielke, H.W., Powell, E.T., Gonzales, C.R. and Mielke, P.W. Jr, 2007b. Potential lead on play surfaces: evaluation of the "PLOPS" sampler as a new tool for primary lead prevention, Environmental Research, 103, 154-159.
56. Mielke, H.W., Gonzales, C.R., Cahn, E. et al., 2010. Soil arsenic surveys of New Orleans: localized hazards in children's play areas. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 32(5), 431-440. DOI: 10.1007/s10653-010-9286-x.
57. Miranda, M.L., Dohyeong, K., Overstreet Galeano, M.A. et al., 2007. The relationship between early childhood blood lead levels and performance on end-of-grade tests. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 1242-1247.
58. Moya, J., Bearer, C.F. and Etzel, R.A., 2004. Children's behavior and physiology and how it affects exposure to environmental contaminants. Pediatrics, 113(4), 996-1006.
59. Needleman, H.L., Gunnoe, C., Leviton, A. et al., 1979. Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels. New England Journal of Medicine, 300, 689-695.
60. Needleman, H., Riess, J., Tobin, M. et al., 1996. Bone lead levels and delinquent behaviour. Journal of the American Medical Association, 257, 363-369.
61. Needleman, H., McFarland, C., Ness, R. et al., 2003. Bone lead levels in adjudicated delinquents: a case control study. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 24, 711-717.
62. Neilson, A.N. (ed.), 1998. PAHs and Related Compounds: Chemistry, first edn, Springer.
63. Nevin, R., 2007. Understanding international crime trends: the legacy of preschool lead exposure. Environmental Research, 104, 315-336.
64. O'Meara, M., 1999. Reinventing cities for people and the planet, World Watch Paper 147, 94 pp.
65. Ottesen, R.T. and Langedal, M., 2001. Urban geochemistry in Trondheim, Norway. Geological Survey of Norway, Bulletin, 438, 63-69.
66. Ottesen, R.T. and Volden, T., 1999. Jordforurensning i Bergen (Urban soil pollution in Bergen), NGU-report. 99.022, p. 27.
67. Ottesen, R.T., Almklov, P.G. and Tijhuis, L., 1995. Innhold av tungetaller og organiske miljøgifter I overflatedjord fra Trondheim (Content of heavy metals and POPs in surface soil samples from Trondheim), Miljøavedlingen, TM 95/06. Trondheim commune, Trondheim.
68. Ottesen, R.T., Volden, T., Haugland, T. and Alexander, J., 2000. Jordforurensning i Bergen-Oppfølgende undersøkelser av jordforurensning i barns lekemiljø i Sentrum-Laksevá g-, Løvstakken-, Sandviken og Landá s bydeler. Helserisikovurderinger (Soil pollution in Bergen-continuing studies of soil pollution in children's play areas in the town areas: centre of Bergen, Laksevá g, Løvstakken, Sandviken and Landá s), Geological Survey of Norway Report 2000.089.
69. Ottesen, R.T., Alexander, J., Langedal, M. and Høygaard, E., 2008. Soil pollution in day-care centres and playgrounds in Norway: national action plan for mapping and remediation. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 30, 623-637.
70. Oomen, A.G., Hack, A., Mans, M. et al., 2002. Comparison of five in vitro digestion models to study the bioaccessibility of soil contaminants. Environmental Science Technology, 36, 3326-3334.
71. Oomen, A.G., Rompelberg, C.J.M., Bruil, M.A. et al., 2003. Development of an in vitro digestion model for estimating the bioaccessibility of soil contaminants. Archives of Environmental and Contamination Toxicology, 44, 281-287.
72. Pirkle, J.L., Brody, D.J., Gunter, E.W. et al., 1994. The decline in blood lead levels in the United States: the National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys NHANES. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 284-291.
73. Rothenberg, S.J. and Rothenberg, J.C., 2005. Testing the dose-response specification in epidemiology: public health and policy consequences for lead. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 1190-1195.
74. Ruby, M.V., Schoof, R., Brattin, W. et al., 1999. Advances in evaluating the oral bioavailability of inorganics in soil for use in human health risk assessment. Environmental Science Technology, 33(21), 3697-3705.
75. Salminen, R., Batista, M.J., Bidovec, M. et al., 2005. Geochemical Atlas of Europe. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo. http://www.gtk.fi/publ/foregsatlas/(last access 21 March 2010).
76. Samsøe-Petersen, L., Larsen, E.H., Andersen, N. L., and Larsen, P.B., 2000. Optagelse av metaller og PAH-forbindelse i grøntsager og frugt. Miljøstyrelsen, Miljøprojekt Nr. 571 2000, 172 pp.
77. Schaumberg, D.A., Mendes, F., Balaram, M. et al., 2004. Accumulated lead exposure and risk of age-related cataracts in men. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 2750-2754.
78. Schwartz, B.S. and Hu, H., 2007. Adult lead exposure: time for change. In Lead Exposure and Health Effects in Adults: Evidence, Management, and Implications for Policy. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(31), 451-492.
79. Shih, R.A., Hu, H.,Weisskopf, M.G. and Schwartz, B.S., 2007. Cumulative lead dose and cognitive function in adults: a review of studies that measured both blood lead and bone lead. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 483-492.
80. Skarn, J.S., 2008. Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in soils in Oslo, Norway. MSc. thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 111 pp.
81. Stretesky, P.B. and Lynch, M.J., 2001. The relationship between lead exposure and homicide. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 155(5), 579-582.
82. Tong, S., 1990. Roadside dusts and soils contamination in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Environmental Management, 14, 107-113.
83. Tijhuis, L., Brattli, B. and Sæther, O.M., 2002. A geochemical survey of topsoil in the city of Oslo, Norway. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 24, 67-94.
84. Tsaih, S.-W., Korrick, S., Schwartz, J. et al., 2004. Lead, diabetes, hypertension, and renal function: the normative aging study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(11), 1178-1182.
85. USEPA, 2001. Lead; identification of dangerous levels of lead; final rule. Federal Register, Part III. [US] Environmental Protection Agency, 40 CFR part 745, 66(4), 1206-1240.
86. http://www.epa.gov/EPA-TOX/2001/January/Day-05/t84. pdf (last access 22 January 2010).
87. USEPA, 1998. Documentation of 7-PAH and 16-PAH. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/112c6/final2.pdf (last access 12 November 2010).
88. US HUD, 1999. Requirements for notification, evaluation and reduction of lead-based paint hazards in federally owned residential property and housing receiving federal assistance. US Housing and Urban Development Agency. Fedral Register, 64(178), 50140-231.
89. Van Metre, P.C., Mahler, B.J., Scoggins, M. and Hamilton, P.A., 2006. Parking lot sealcoat: a major source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban and suburban environments. US Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3147. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3147/pdf/fs2005-3147.pdf (last access 22 January 2010).
90. Walsh, M.P., 2007. The global experience with lead in gasoline and the lessons we should apply to the use of MMT. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 50, 853-860.
91. Wang, G., Zhang, Q., Ma, P. et al., 2008. Sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils: case studies of Detroit and New Orleans. Soil and Sediment Contamination, 17(6), 547-563.
92. WHO, 1992. Inorganic arsenic compounds other than arsine, health safety guide. World Health Organization Health and Safety Guide No. 70, Geneva. http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hsg070.htm (last access 22 January 2010).
93. Wild, S.R. and Jones, K.C., 1995. Polynuclear aromatic, hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom environment: a preliminary source inventory and budget. Environmental Pollution, 88(1), 91-108.
94. Wright, J.P., Dietrich, K.N., Ris, M.D. et al., 2008. Association of prenatal and childhood blood lead concentrations with criminal arrests in early adulthood. PLoS Medicine, 5(5), 0732-0740. http://medicine.plosjournals.org/archive/1549-1676/5/5/pdf/10.1371_journal.pmed.0050101-S.pdf (last access 22 January 2010).
95. Zahran, S., Mielke, H.W., Weiler, S. et al., 2009. Children's blood lead and standardised test performance response as indicators of neurotoxicity in metropolitan New Orleans elementary schools. NeuroToxicology, 30, 888-897.