Planktonic and benthic cyanobacteria of European brackish waters: A perspective on estuaries and brackish seas

European Journal of Phycology

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 292-304

  Lopes, Viviana R ^a,b   Vasconcelos, Vitor M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PORTO   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PORTO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Benthos; Brackish waters; Cyanobacteria; Cyanotoxin production; Europe; Food chain transfer; Intoxication incidents; Plankton; Toxins

Indexed keywords

ALGAL BLOOM; BENTHIC ENVIRONMENT; BIOACCUMULATION; BIOACTIVITY; BIOTECHNOLOGY; BIOTOPE; BRACKISH WATER; CYANOBACTERIUM; ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT; FOOD CHAIN; FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENT; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; PLANKTON; TOXICITY; TOXIN;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; BALTIC SEA; EUROPE; MEDITERRANEAN SEA;

ANABAENA; ANIMALIA; APHANIZOMENON; CYANOBACTERIA; MICROCYSTIS; NODULARIA; NODULARIA SPUMIGENA; PHORMIDIUM;

EID: 84863789001     PISSN: 09670262     EISSN: 14694433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09670262.2011.602429     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. ABOAL, M. & PUIG, M.A. (2005). Intracellular and dissolved microcystin in reservoirs of the River Segura basin, Murcia, SE Spain. Toxicon, 45: 509-518.
2. ADAMS, D.G. (2000). Heterocyst formation in cyanobacteria. Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 3: 618-624.
3. ANDERSON, K., MCSHARRY, C.P., CLARK, C., CLARK, C.J., BARCLAY, G.R. & MORRIS, G.P. (1996). Sump bay fever: Inhalational fever associated with a biologically contaminated water aerosol. Occup. Environ. Med., 53: 106-111.
4. ANNADOTTER, H., CRONBERG, G., NYSTRAND, R. & RYLANDER, R. (2005). Endotoxins from cyanobacteria and gram-negative bacteria as the cause of an acute influenza-like reaction after inhalation of aerosols. EcoHealth, 2: 209-221.
5. BADGER, M.R., PRICE, G.D., LONG, B.M. & WOODGER, F.J. (2006). The environmental plasticity and ecological genomics of the cyanobacterial CO2 concentrating mechanism. J. Exp. Bot., 57: 249-265.
6. BERGMAN, B., GALLON, J.R., RAI, A.N. & STAL, L.J. (1997). N2 fixation by non-heterocystous cyanobacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 19: 139-185.
7. BOTES, D.P., WESSELS, P.L., KRUGER, H., RUNNEGAR, M.T.C., SANTIKARN, S., SMITH, R.J., BARNA, J.C.J. & WILLIAMS, D.H. (1985). Structural studies on cyanoginosins-LR, -YR, -YA, and -YM, peptide toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans., 1: 2747-2748.
8. BUENZ, E.J. & HOWE, C.L. (2007). Beta-methylamino-alanine (BMAA) injures hippocampal neurons in vivo. NeuroToxicology, 28: 702-704.
9. BURGER-WIERSMA, T., STAL, L.J. & MUR, L.R. (1989). Prochlorothrix hollandica gen. nov.: a filamentous oxygenic photoantotrophic prokaryote containing chlorophylls a and b: assignment to Prochlorothrichaceae fam. nov. and order Prochlorales Flonrenzano, Balloni and Materassi 1986, with emendation of the ordinal description. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 39: 250-257.
10. BURJA, A.M., BANAIGS, B., ABOU-MANSOUR, E., GRANT BURGESS, J. & WRIGHT, P.C. (2001). Marine cyanobacteria - a prolific source of natural products. Tetrahedron, 57: 9347-9377.
11. CALVO, S. & RBARA, I. (2003). Cyanophyceae from Galician saltmarshes (NW Spain). Algological Studies, 109: 139-170.
12. CARMICHAEL, W.W. (1994). Toxins of cyanobacteria. Sci. Am., 270: 78-86.
13. CARMICHAEL, W.W., BEASLEY, V., BUNNER, D.L., ELOFF, J.N., FALCONER, I., GORHAM, P., HARADA, K.I., KRISHNAMURTHY, T., YU, M.J., MOORE, R.E., RINEHART, K., RUNNEGAR, M., SKULBERG, O.M. & WATANABE, M. (1988). Naming of cyclic heptapeptide toxins of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Toxicon, 26: 971-973.
14. CARPENTER, S.R., CARACO, N.F., CORRELL, D.L., HOWARTH, R.W., SHARPLEY, A.N. & SMITH, V.H. (1998). Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecol. Appl., 8: 559-568.
15. CHAN, F., MARINO, R.L., HOWARTH, R.W. & PACE, M.L. (2006). Ecological constraints on planktonic nitrogen fixation in saline estuaries. II. Grazing controls on cyanobacterial population dynamics. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 309: 41-53.
16. COX, P.A., BANACK, S.A., MURCH, S.J., RASMUSSEN, U., TIEN, G., BIDIGARE, R.R., METCALF, J.S., MORRISON, L.F., CODD, G.A. & BERGMAN, B. (2005). Diverse taxa of cyanobacteria produce beta- N-methylamino-L-alanine, a neurotoxic amino acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102: 5074-5078.
17. CRONBERG, G. & ANNADOTTER, H. (2006). Manual on Aquatic Cyanobacteria - a Photo Guide and a Synopsis of their Toxicology. International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae, Lund University, Sweden.
18. DAVIS, J.R. & KOOP, K. (2006). Eutrophication in Australian rivers, reservoirs and estuaries - A southern hemisphere perspective on the science and its implications. Hydrobiologia, 559: 23-76.
19. DE FIGUEIREDO, D.R., AZEITEIRO, U.M., ESTEVES, S.M., GONÁALVES, F.J.M. & PEREIRA, M.R.J. (2004). Microcystin-producing blooms - a serious global public health issue. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 59: 151-163.
20. DE MAGALHAES, V.F., SOARES, R.M. & AZEVEDO, S. (2001). Microcystin contamination in fish from the Jacarepagua Lagoon (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): ecological implication and human health risk. Toxicon, 39: 1077-1085.
21. DOMINGUES, R.B. & GALVÃO, H. (2007). Phytoplankton and environmental variability in a dam regulated temperate estuary. Hydrobiologia, 586: 117-134.
22. DOMINGUES, R.B., SOBRINO, C. & GALVÃO, H. (2007). Impact of reservoir filling on phytoplankton succession and cyanobacteria blooms in a temperate estuary (Guadiana, south-western Iberia). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 74: 31-43.
23. DOW, C.S. & SWOBODA, U.K. (2000). Cyanotoxins. Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
24. EDWARDS, C., BEATTIE, K.A., SCRIMGEOUR, C.M. & CODD, G.A. (1992). Identification of anatoxin-A in benthic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and in associated dog poisonings at Loch Insh, Scotland. Toxicon, 30: 1165-1175.
25. ENGSTRÖ M-Ö ST, J. (2002). Effects of cyanobacteria on plankton and planktivores. Walter and AndrÉe de Nottbeck Foundation Scientific Reports, Helsinki.
26. ENGSTRÖ M-Ö ST, J., LEHTINIEMI, M., GREEN, S., KOZLOWSKYSUZUKI, B. & VIITASALO, M. (2002). Does cyanobacterial toxin accumulate in mysid shrimps and fish via copepods? J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 276: 95-107.
27. FINNI, T., KONONEN, K., OLSONEN, R. & WALLSTROM, K. (2001). The history of cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea. Ambio, 30: 172-178.
28. FRANCIS, G. (1878). Poisonous Australian lake. Nature, 18: 11-12.
29. GALAT, D.L., VERDIN, J.P. & SIMS, L.L. (1990). Large-scale patterns of Nodularia spumigena blooms in Pyramid Lake, Nevada, determined from Landsat imagery: 1972-1986. Hydrobiologia, 197: 147-164.
30. GEISS, U., BERGMANN, I., BLANK, M., SCHUMANN, R., HAGEMANN, M. & SCHOOR, A. (2003). Detection of Prochlorothrix in brackish waters by specific amplification of pcb genes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69: 6243-6249.
31. GOLUBIC, S., ABED, R.M.M., PALINSKA, K., PAUILLAC, S., CHINAIN, M. & LAURENT, D. (2010). Marine toxic cyanobacteria: Diversity, environmental responses and hazards. Toxicon, 56: 836-841.
32. HAJDU, S., HÖGLANDER, H. & LARSSON, U. (2007). Phytoplankton vertical distributions and composition in Baltic Sea cyanobacterial blooms. Harmful Algae, 6: 189-205.
33. HALINEN, K., FEWER, D.P., SIHVONEN, L.M., LYRA, C., ERONEN, E. & SIVONEN, K. (2008). Genetic diversity in strains of the genus Anabaena isolated from planktonic and benthic habitats of the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea). FEMS Microb. Ecol., 64: 199-208.
34. HALINEN, K., JOKELA, J., FEWER, D.P., WAHLSTEN, M. & SIVONEN, K. (2007). Direct evidence for production of microcystins by Anabaena strains from the Baltic Sea. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 73: 6543-6550.
35. HÄLLFORS, G. (2004). Checklist of Baltic Sea phytoplankton species (including some heterotrophic protistan groups). Baltic Sea Environ. Proc., 95: 1208.
36. HALLOCK, P. (2005). Global change and modern coral reefs: New opportunities to understand shallow-water carbonate depositional processes. Sediment. Geol., 175: 19-33.
37. HEATH, M.W., WOOD, S.A. & RYAN, K.G. (2010). Polyphasic assessment of fresh-water benthic mat-forming cyanobacteria isolated from New Zealand. FEMS Microb. Ecol., 73: 95-109.
38. HERBERT, A., CARVALHEIRO, M., RUBENOWITZ, E., BAKE, B. & RYLANDER, R. (1992). Reduction of alveolar-capillary diffusion after inhalation of endotoxin in normal subjects. Chest, 102: 1095-1098.
39. HERESZTYN, T. & NICHOLSON, B.C. (1997). Nodularin concentrations in Lakes Alexandrina and Albert, South Australia, during a bloom of the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Nodularia spumigena and degradation of the toxin. Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual., 12: 273-282.
40. HERFINDAL, L., OFTEDAL, L., SELHEIM, F., WAHLSTEN, M., SIVONEN, K. & DOSKELAND, S.O. (2005). A high proportion of Baltic Sea benthic cyanobacterial isolates contain apoptogens able to induce rapid death of isolated rat hepatocytes. Toxicon, 46: 252-260.
41. HOBSON, P. & FALLOWFIELD, H.J. (2003). Effect of irradiance, temperature and salinity on growth and toxin production by Nodularia spumigena. Hydrobiologia, 493: 7-15.
42. HOWARTH, R.W., SWANEY, D., MARINO, R., BUTLER, T. & CHU, C.R. (1995). Turbulence does not prevent nitrogen fixation by plankton in estuaries and coastal seas (reply to the comment by Paerl et al.). Limnol. Oceanogr., 40: 639-643.
43. IBELINGS, B.W. & HAVENS, K.E. (2008). Cyanobacterial toxins: a qualitative meta-analysis of concentrations, dosage and effects in freshwater, estuarine and marine biota. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 619: 675-732.
44. JOKELA, J., HERFINDAL, L., WAHLSTEN, M., PERMI, P., SELHEIM, F., VASCONÇ ELOS, V., DØSKELAND, S.O. & SIVONEN, K. (2010). A novel cyanobacterial nostocyclopeptide is a potent antitoxin against microcystins. ChemBioChem, 11: 1594-1599.
45. JONASSON, S., ERIKSSON, J., BERNTZON, L., RASMUSSEN, U. & BERGMAN, B. (2008). A novel cyanobacterial toxin (BMAA) with potential neurodegenerative effects. Plant Biotechnol. J., 25: 227-232.
46. JONES, G.J., BLACKBURN, S.I. & PARKER, N.S. (1994). A toxic bloom of Nodularia spumigena Mertens in Orielton Lagoon, Tasmania. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res., 45: 787-800.
47. Jóźwiak, T, MAZUR-MARZEC, H. & PLIŃSKI, M. (2008). Cyanobacterial blooms in the Gulf of Gdansk (southern Baltic): the main effect of eutrophication. Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Studies, 37: 115-121.
48. KAEBERNICK, M. & NEILAN, B.A. (2001). Ecological and molecular investigations of cyanotoxin production. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 35: 1-9.
49. KANKAANPÄÄ, H., LEINIÖ, S., OLIN, M., SJÖVALL, O., MERILUOTO, J. & LEHTONEN, K.K. (2007). Accumulation and depuration of cyanobacterial toxin nodularin and biomarker responses in the mussel Mytilus edulis. Chemosphere, 68: 1210-1217.
50. KANKAANPÄÄ, H., TURUNEN, A.K., KARLSSON, K., BYLUND, G., MERILUOTO, J. & SIPIÄ, V. (2005). Heterogeneity of nodularin bioaccumulation in northern Baltic Sea flounders in 2002. Chemosphere, 59: 1091-1097.
51. KARJALAINEN, M., ENGSTROM-OST, J., KORPINEN, S., PELTONEN, H., PAAKKONEN, J.P., RONKKONEN, S., SUIKKANEN, S. & VIITASALO, M. (2007). Ecosystem consequences of cyanobacteria in the northern Baltic Sea. Ambio, 36: 195-202.
52. KARJALAINEN, M., REINIKAINEN, M., SPOOF, L., MERILUOTO, J.A.O., SIVONEN, K. & VIITASALO, M. (2005). Trophic transfer of cyanobacterial toxins from zooplankton to planktivores: Consequences for pike larvae and mysid shrimps. Environ. Toxicol., 20: 354-362.
53. KARLSSON, K.M., KANKAANPAA, H., HUTTUNEN, M. & MERILUOTO, J. (2005). First observation of microcystin-LR in pelagic cyanobacterial blooms in the northern Baltic Sea. Harmful Algae, 4: 163-166.
54. KEIL, C., FORCHERT, A., FASTNER, J., SZEWZYK, U., ROTARD, W., CHORUS, I. & KRATKE, R. (2002). Toxicity and microcystin content of extracts from a Planktothrix bloom and two laboratory strains. Water Res., 36: 2133-2139.
55. LAAMANEN, M.J., FORSSTROM, L. & SIVONEN, K. (2002). Diversity of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (cyanobacterium) populations along a Baltic Sea salinity gradient. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68: 5296-5303.
56. LEHMAN, P.W., BOYER, G., HALL, C., WALLER, S. & GEHRTS, K. (2005). Distribution and toxicity of a new colonial Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in the San Francisco Bay Estuary, California. Hydrobiologia, 541: 87-99.
57. LEHTIMÄKI, J., LYRA, C., SUOMALAINEN, S., SUNDMAN, P., ROUHIAINEN, L., PAULIN, L., SALKINOJA-SALONEN, M. & SIVONEN, K. (2000). Characterization of Nodularia strains cyanobacteria from brackish waters, by genotypic and phenotypic methods. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 50: 1043-1053.
58. LEHTIMAKI, J., MOISANDER, P., SIVONEN, K. & KONONEN, K. (1997). Growth, nitrogen fixation, and nodularin production by two Baltic sea cyanobacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63: 1647-1656.
59. LEHTIMÄKI, J., SIVONEN, K., LUUKKAINEN, R. & NIEMELA, S.I. (1994). The effects of incubation time, temperature, light, salinity, and phosphorus on growth and hepatotoxin production by Nodularia strains. Arch. Hydrobiol., 130: 269-282.
60. LEHTONEN, K.K., KANKAANPAA, H., LEINIO, S., SIPIA, V.O., PFLUGMACHER, S. & SANDBERG-KILPI, E. (2003). Accumulation of nodularin-like compounds from the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena and changes in acetylcholinesterase activity in the clam Macoma balthica during short-term laboratory exposure. Aquat. Toxicol., 64: 461-476.
61. LIPPY, E.C. & ERB, J. (1976). Gastrointestinal illness at Sewickley, Pa. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 68: 606-610.
62. LOPES, V.R. & VASCONCELOS, V.M. (2011). Bioactivity of benthic and picoplanktonic estuarine cyanobacteria on growth of photoautotrophs: inhibition versus stimulation. Mar. Drugs, 9: 790-802.
63. LOPES, V., FERNÁNDEZ, N., MARTINS, R. & VASCONCELOS, V. (2010). Primary screening of the bioactivity of brackishwater cyanobacteria: toxicity of crude extracts to Artemia salina larvae and Paracentrotus lividus embryos. Mar. Drugs, 8: 471-482.
64. LOPES, V.R., SCHMIDTKE, M., HELENA FERNANDES, M., MARTINS, R.R. & VASCONCELOS, V. (2011). Cytotoxicity in L929 fibroblasts and inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 Kupka by estuarine cyanobacteria extracts. Toxicol. in Vitro, 25: 944-950.
65. MARINO, R., CHAN, F., HOWARTH, R.W., PACE, M.L. & LIKENS, G.E. (2006). Ecological constraints on planktonic nitrogen fixation in saline estuaries. I. Nutrient and trophic controls. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 309: 25-39.
66. MATTHIENSEN, A., BEATTIE, K.A., YUNES, J.S., KAYA, K. & CODD, G.A. (2000). [D-Leu1] Microcystin-LR, from the cyanobacterium Microcystis RST 9501 and from a Microcystis bloom in the Patos Lagoon estuary, Brazil. Phytochemistry, 55: 383-387.
67. MAZUR-ARZEC, H., SPOOF, L., KOBOS, J., PLINSKI, M. & MERILUOTO, J. (2008). Cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, microcystins and nodularins, in fresh and brackish waters of the Pomeranian Province, northern Poland. Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Studies, 37: 3-21.
68. Mazur-Marzec, H., TYMINSKA, A., SZAFRANEK, J. & PLINSKI, M. (2007). Accumulation of nodularin in sediments, mussels, and fish from the Gulf of Gdansk, southern Baltic Sea. Environ. Toxicol., 22: 101-111.
69. MCLUSKY, D.S. (1999). Estuarine benthic ecology: a European perspective. Aust. J. Ecol., 24: 302-311.
70. MEZ, K., BEATTIE, K., CODD, G., HANSELMANN, K., HAUSER, B., NAEGELI, H. & PREISIG, H. (1997). Identification of a microcystin in benthic cyanobacteria linked to cattle deaths on alpine pastures in Switzerland. Eur. J. Phycol., 32: 111-117.
71. MILLER, M.A., KUDELA, R.M., MEKEBRI, A., CRANE, D., OATES, S.C., TINKER, M.T., STAEDLER, M., MILLER, W.A., TOYCHOUTKA, S., DOMINIK, C., HARDIN, D., LANGLOIS, G., MURRAY, M., WARD, K. & JESSUP, D.A. (2010). Evidence for a novel marine harmful algal bloom: cyanotoxin (microcystin) transfer from land to sea otters. PLoS One, 5: e12576.
72. MORAIS, J., AUGUSTO, M., CARVALHO, A., VALE, M. & VASCONCELOS, V. (2008). Cyanobacteria hepatotoxins, microcystins: bioavailability in contaminated mussels exposed to different environmental conditions. Eur. Food Res. Technol. A, 227: 949-952.
73. NEHRING, S. (1993). Mortality of dogs associated with a mass development of Nodularia spumigena (Cyanophyceae) in a brackish lake at the German North Sea coast. J. Plankton Res., 15: 867-872.
74. OFTEDAL, L., SELHEIM, F., WAHLSTEN, M., SIVONEN, K., DOSKELAND, S.O. & HERFINDAL, L. (2010). Marine benthic cyanobacteria contain apoptosis-inducing activity synergizing with daunorubicin to kill leukemia cells, but not cardiomyocytes. Mar. Drugs, 8: 2659-2672.
75. ORR, P.T., JONES, G.J. & DOUGLAS, G.B. (2004). Response of cultured Microcystis aeruginosa from the Swan River, Australia, to elevated salt concentration and consequences for bloom and toxin management in estuaries. Mar. Freshw. Res., 55: 277-283.
76. PAERL, H.W. (1988). Nuisance phytoplankton blooms in coastal, estuarine and inland waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 33: 823-847.
77. PAERL, H.W., PINCKNEY, J.L. & KUCERA, S.A. (1995). Clarification of the structural and functional roles of heterocysts and anoxic microzones in the control of pelagic nitrogen-fixation. Limnol. Oceanogr., 40: 634-638.
78. PALINSKA, K.A. & SUROSZ, W. (2008). Population of Aphanizomenon from the Gulf of Gdansk (Southern Baltic Sea): differences in phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Hydrobiologia, 607: 163-173.
79. PAOLI, A., CELUSSI, M., VALERI, A., LARATO, C., BUSSANI, A., UMANI, S.F., VADRUCCI, M.R., MAZZIOTTI, C. & DEL NEGRO, P. (2007). Picocyanobacteria in Adriatic transitional environments. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 75: 13-20.
80. PEARSON, L., MIHALI, T., MOFFITT, M., KELLMANN, R. & NEILAN, B. (2010). On the chemistry, toxicology and genetics of the cyanobacterial toxins, microcystin, nodularin, saxitoxin and cylindrospermopsin. Mar. Drugs, 8: 1650-1680.
81. PERÉZ, M.D.C. & CARRILO, A. (2005). Picocyanobacteria distribution in the Ebro estuary (Spain). Acta Bot. Croat., 64: 237-246.
82. PFLUGMACHER, S., OLIN, M. & KANKAANPAA, H. (2007). Nodularin induces oxidative stress in the Baltic Sea brown alga Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae). Mar. Environ. Res., 64: 149-159.
83. REINIKAINEN, M., LINDVALL, F., MERILUOTO, J., REPKA, S., SIVONEN, K., SPOOF, L. & WAHLSTEN, M. (2002). Effects of dissolved cyanobacterial toxins on the survival and egg hatching of estuarine calanoid copepods. Mar. Biol., 140: 577-583.
84. REPKA, S., MEYERHOFER, M., VON BROCKEL, K. & SIVONEN, K. (2004). Associations of cyanobacterial toxin, nodularin, with environmental factors and zooplankton in the Baltic Sea. Microb. Ecol., 47: 350-358.
85. RIETSCHEL, E., KIRIKAE, T., SCHADE, F., MAMAT, U., SCHMIDT, G., LOPPNOW, H., ULMER, A., ZAHRINGER, U., SEYDEL, U. & DI PADOVA, F. (1994). Bacterial endotoxin: molecular relationships of structure to activity and function. FASEB J., 8: 217-225.
86. RINEHART, K.L., HARADA, K., NAMIKOSHI, M., CHEN, C., HARVIS, C.A., MUNRO, M.H.G., BLUNT, J.W., MULLIGAN, P.E., BEASLEY, V.R., DAHLEM, A.M. & CARMICHAEL, W.W. (1988). Nodularin, microcystin, and the configuration of Adda. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110: 8557-8558.
87. ROCHA, C., GALVAO, H. & BARBOSA, A. (2002). Role of transient silicon limitation in the development of cyanobacteria blooms in the Guadiana estuary, south-western Iberia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 228: 35-45.
88. SABOUR, B., LOUDIKI, M., OUDRA, B., VASCONCELOS, V., MARTINS, R., OUBRAIM, S. & FAWZI, B. (2002). Toxicology of a Microcystis ichthyoblabe waterbloom from Lake Oued Mellah (Morocco). Environ. Toxicol., 17: 24-31.
89. SECKBACH, J. (2007). Algae and Cyanobacteria in Extreme Environments (Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology). Dordrecht: Springer.
90. SEGAL, R.D., WAITE, A.M. & HAMILTON, D.P. (2006). Transition from planktonic to benthic algal dominance along a salinity gradient. Hydrobiologia, 556: 119-135.
91. SEVERIN, I., ACINAS, S.G. & STAL, L.J. (2010). Diversity of nitrogenfixing bacteria in cyanobacterial mats. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 73: 514-525.
92. SEVERIN, I. & STAL, L.J. (2008). Light dependency of nitrogen fixation in a coastal cyanobacterial mat. ISME J., 2: 1077-1088.
93. SIPIÄ, V., KANKAANPAA, H., LAHTI, K., CARMICHAEL, W.W. & MERILUOTO, J. (2001). Detection of nodularin in flounders and cod from the Baltic Sea. Environ. Toxicol., 16: 121-126.
94. SIPIÄ, V., KANKAANPAA, H., PELTONEN, H., VINNI, M. & MERILUOTO, J. (2007). Transfer of nodularin to three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.), herring (Clupea harengus L.), and salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the northern Baltic Sea. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 66: 421-425.
95. SIPIÄ, V.O., KANKAANPÄA, H.T., PFLUGMACHER, S., FLINKMAN, J., FUREY, A. & JAMES, K.J. (2002). Bioaccumulation and detoxication of nodularin in tissues of flounder (Platichthys flesus), mussels (Mytilus edulis, Dreissena polymorpha), and clams (Macoma balthica) from the northern Baltic Sea. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 53: 305-311.
96. SIPIÄ, V.O., SJOVALL, O., VALTONEN, T., BARNABY, D.L., CODD, G.A., METCALF, J.S., KILPI, M., MUSTONEN, O. & MERILUOTO, J.A.O. (2006). Analysis of nodularin-R in eider (Somateria mollissima), roach (Rutilus rutilus L.), and flounder (Platichthys flesus L.) liver and muscle samples from the western Gulf of Finland, northern Baltic Sea. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 25: 2834-2839.
97. SIPIÄ, V.O., NEFFLING, M.-R., METCALF, J.S., NYBOM, S.M.K., MERILUOTO, J.A.O. & CODD, G.A. (2008). Nodularin in feathers and liver of eiders (Somateria mollissima) caught from the western Gulf of Finland in June-September 2005. Harmful Algae, 7: 99-105.
98. SIVONEN, K. & JONES, G. (1999). Cyanobacterial toxins. In Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A Guide to their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management (Chorus, I. & Bartram, J., editors), 55-71.E. & F.N. Spoon, London.
99. SIVONEN, K., KONONEN, K., CARMICHAEL, W.W., DAHLEM, A.M., RINEHART, K.L., KIVIRANTA, J. & NIEMELA, S.I. (1989). Occurrence of the hepatotoxic Nodularia-spumigena in the Baltic Sea and structure of the toxin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55: 1990-1995.
100. SMITH, J.L., BOYER, G.L. & ZIMBA, P.V. (2008). A review of cyanobacterial odorous and bioactive metabolites: Impacts and management alternatives in aquaculture. Aquaculture, 280: 5-20.
101. SMITH, V.H., TILMAN, G.D. & NEKOLA, J.C. (1999). Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Environ. Pollut., 100: 179-196.
102. SOBRINO, C., MATTHIENSEN, A., VIDAL, S. & GALVÃO, H. (2004). Occurrence of microcystins along the Guadiana estuary. Limnetica, 23: 133-144.
103. STAL, L.J., ALBERTANO, P., BERGMAN, B., VON BROCKEL, K., GALLON, J.R., HAYES, P.K., SIVONEN, K. & WALSBY, A.E. (2003). BASIC: Baltic Sea cyanobacteria. An investigation of the structure and dynamics of water blooms of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea - responses to a changing environment. Cont. Shelf Res., 23: 1695-1714.
104. STAL, L.J. & KRUMBEIN, W.E. (1985). Nitrogenase activity in the non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. grown under alternating light-dark cycles. Arch. Microbiol., 143: 67-71.
105. STEWART, I., WEBB, P.M., SCHLUTER, PJ. & SHAW, G.R. (2006). Recreational and occupational field exposure to freshwater cyanobacteria - a review of anecdotal and case reports, epidemiological studies and the challenges for epidemiologic assessment. Environ. Health, 5: 6-19.
106. STROGYLOUDI, E., GIANNAKOUROU, A., LEGRAND, C., RUEHL, A. & GRANELI, E. (2006). Estimating the accumulation and transfer of Nodularia spumigena toxins by the blue mussel Mytilus edulis: an appraisal from culture and mesocosm experiments. Toxicon, 48: 359-372.
107. SURAKKA, A., SIHVONEN, L.M., LEHTIMAKI, J.M., WAHLSTEN, M., VUORELA, P. & SIVONEN, K. (2005). Benthic cyanobacteria from the Baltic Sea contain cytotoxic Anabaena, Nodularia, and Nostoc strains and an apoptosis-inducing Phormidium strain. Environ. Toxicol., 20: 285-292.
108. TAN, L.T. (2007). Bioactive natural products from marine cyanobacteria for drug discovery. Phytochemistry, 68: 954-979.
109. TANGO, P.J. & BUTLER, W. (2008). Cyanotoxins in tidal waters of Chesapeake Bay. Northeast. Nat., 15: 403-416.
110. TELESH, I.V. (2004). Plankton of the Baltic estuarine ecosystems with emphasis on Neva Estuary: a review of present knowledge and research perspectives. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 49: 206-219.
111. THOMAS, W.H. & GIBSON, C.H. (1990). Effects of small-scale turbulence on microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol., 2: 71-77.
112. UYSAL, Z. (2001). Chroococcoid cyanobacteria Synechococcus spp. in the Black Sea: pigments, size, distribution, growth and diurnal variability. J. Plankton Res., 23: 175-189.
113. VAN APELDOORN, M.E., VAN EGMOND, H.P., SPEIJERS, G.J.A. & BAKKER, G.J.I. (2007). Toxins of cyanobacteria. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 51: 7-60.
114. VASCONCELOS, V.M. & CERQUEIRA, M. (2001). Phytoplankton community of River Minho (international section). Limnetica, 20: 77-83.
115. VEGA, A., BELL, E.A. & NUNN, P.B. (1968). The preparation of L- and D- α-amino-β-methylaminopropionic acid and the identification of the compound isolated from Cycas circinalis as the L-isomer. Phytochemistry, 7: 1885-1887.
116. VERSPAGEN, J.M.H., PASSARGE, J., JOHNK, K.D., VISSER, P.M., PEPERZAK, L., BOERS, P., LAANBROEK, H.J. & HUISMAN, J. (2006). Water management strategies against toxic Microcystis blooms in the Dutch delta. Ecol. Appl., 16: 313-327.
117. WASE, N.V. & WRIGHT, P.C. (2008). Systems biology of cyanobacterial secondary metabolite production and its role in drug discovery. Expert Opin. Drug Discov., 3: 903-929.
118. WELKER, M. & VON DÖHREN, H. (2006). Cyanobacterial peptides - Nature's own combinatorial biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiology Rev., 30: 530-563.
119. WHITTON, B.A. & POTTS, M. (2000). Ecology of Cyanobacteria: Their Diversity in Time and Space. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
120. WILLÉN, T. & MATTSSON, R. (1997). Water-blooming and toxinproducing cyanobacteria in Swedish fresh and brackish waters, 1981-1995. Hydrobiologia, 353: 181-192.
121. YUNES, J.S., SALOMON, P.S., MATTHIENSEN, A., BEATTIE, K.A., RAGGETT, S.L. & CODD, G.A. (1996). Toxic blooms of cyanobacteria in the Patos Lagoon Estuary, southern Brazil. J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health, 5: 223-229.