Stratum corneum dysfunction in dandruff

International Journal of Cosmetic Science

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 298-306

  Turner, Graham A ^a   Hoptroff, M ^a   Harding, C R ^a  

^a UNILEVER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

dandruff; fatty acids; Malassezia; scalp; stratum corneum

Indexed keywords

ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; CICLOPIROX; COAL TAR; COSMETIC; KERATOLYTIC AGENT; KETOCONAZOLE; PIROCTONE ETHANOLAMINE; PYRITHIONE ZINC; SALICYLIC ACID; SELENIUM SULFIDE;

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MATURATION; DANDRUFF; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG MECHANISM; HUMAN; HYDRATION; KERATINOCYTE; MALASSEZIA; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SCALP; SEBUM SECRETION; SKIN DISEASE; SKIN FUNCTION; SKIN STRUCTURE; SKIN WATER LOSS; STRATUM CORNEUM; TAXONOMY;

DERMATITIS, SEBORRHEIC; EPIDERMIS; HUMANS; MALASSEZIA; SEBUM; WATER LOSS, INSENSIBLE;

EID: 84863725596     PISSN: 01425463     EISSN: 14682494     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00723.x     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Saint Léger, D.,. Dandruff (pityriasis capitis simplex): of yeasts and men. In: The science of Hair Care, 2nd edn (, Bouillon, C., and, Wilkinson, J., eds), pp. 609-631. Tailor and Francis Boca Raton, New York (2005).
2. Hay, R.J., and, Graham-Brown, R.A.C., Dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis: causes and management. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 22, 3-6 (1997). (Pubitemid 27368396)
3. Piérard-Franchimont, C., and, Piérard, G.E., Certitudes, controversies et confusions sémantiques autour des pellicules. Skin. 1, 16-19 (1998).
4. Brzezinska-Wcislo, L., Wcislo-Dziadecka, D., Lis-Swiety, A., and, Trzmiel, D., Dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp-pathogenesis, clinical picture and therapeutic aspects. Postep. Derm. Alergol. 24, 59-64 (2007). (Pubitemid 46845299)
5. Faergemann, J., Borgers, M., and, Degreef, H., A new ketoconazole topical gel formulation in seborrhoeic dermatitis: an updated review of the mechanism. Expert. Opin. Pharmacol. 8, 1365-1371 (2007). (Pubitemid 47034422)
6. Hay, R.J., Malassezia, dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis: an overview. Brit J Dermatol. 165 (suppl. 2), 2-8 (2011).
7. Pochi, P.E., and, Strauss, J.S., Endocrinologic control of the development and activity of the human sebaceous gland. J. Invest. Dermatol. 62, 191-201 (1974).
8. Malassez, R., Note sur les champignon du pityriasis simplex. Arch. Physiol. 1, 451 (1874).
9. McGinley, K.J., Leyden, J.J., Marples, R.R., and, Kligman, A.M., Quantitative microbiology of the scalp in non-dandruff, dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis. J. Investig. Dermatol. 64, 401-405 (1975).
10. Kligman, A.M., Marples, R.R., Lantis, L.R., and, McGinley, K.J., Appraisal of efficacy of antidandruff formulations. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 25, 73-91 (1974).
11. Piérard, G.E., Arrese, J.E., Piérard-Franchimont, C., and, De Doncker, R.P., Prolonged effect of antidandruff shampoos-time to recurrence of Malassezia ovalis colonization of the skin. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 19, 111-117 (1997). (Pubitemid 27303815)
12. Marks, R., Pearse, A.D., and, Walker, A.P., The effects of a shampoo containing zinc pyrithione on the control of dandruff. Br. J. Dermatol. 112, 415-422 (1985). (Pubitemid 15148485)
13. Pierard-Franchimont, C., Xhauflaire-Uhoda, E., and, Pierard, G.E., Revisiting dandruff. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 28, 311-318 (2006). (Pubitemid 44423007)
14. Harding, C.R., Moore, A.E., Rogers, J.S., Meldrum, H., Scott, A.E., and, McGlone, F.P., Dandruff: a condition characterized by decreased levels of intercellular lipids in scalp stratum corneum and impaired barrier function. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 294, 221-230 (2002). (Pubitemid 34762297)
15. Warner, R.R., Schwartz, J.R., Boissy, Y., et al. Dandruff has an altered stratum corneum ultrastructure that is improved with zinc pyrithione shampoo. J. Am. Acad. Derm. 45, 897-903 (2001). (Pubitemid 33096631)
16. Imokawa, G., and, Okamoto, K., The inhibitory effect of zinc pyrithione on the epidermal proliferation of animal skin. Acta. Dermato-Venereologica. 62, 471-475 (1982). (Pubitemid 13203754)
17. Jang, S.-J., Lim, S.-H., Ko, J.-H., et al. The investigation on the distribution of Malassezia yeasts on the normal Korean skin by 26S rDNA PCR-RFLP. Ann. Dermatol. (Seoul). 21, 18-26 (2009).
18. Shuster, S., The aetiology of dandruff and the mode of action of therapeutic agents. Br. J. Dermatol. 111, 235-242 (1984).
19. Gueho, E., Midgley, G., and, Guillot, J., The genus Malassezia with description of four new species. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 69, 337-355 (1996).
20. Gaitanis, G., Magiatis, P., and, Hantschke, M., The Malassezia genus in Skin and Systemic Diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 25, 106-141 (2012).
21. Ashbee, H.R., Update on the genus Malassezia. Med. Mycol. 45, 287-303 (2002). (Pubitemid 46839800)
22. Hay, R.J., and, Midgely, G., Chapter 1 Introduction: Malassezia yeasts from a historical perspective. In: Malassezia and the skin (, Boekhout, T., Gueho, E., Mayser, P., and, Velegraki, A., eds), pp. 1-16. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2010).
23. Tajima, M., Sugita, T., Nishikawa, A., and, Tsuboi, R., Molecular analysis of Malassezia microflora in seborrheic dermatitis patients: comparison with other diseases and healthy subjects. J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 345-351 (2008).
24. Mayer, L.E., Otberg, H-J., Tietz, W., and, Lademann, J., In vivo imaging of Malassezia yeasts on human skin using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Laser Phys. Lett. 2, 148-152 (2005).
25. Rutherford, T., and, Black, J.G., The use of autoradiography to study the localization of germicides in skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 81 (suppl. S4), 75-87 (1969).
26. Schwartz, J.R., Shah, R., Krigbaum, H., Sacha, J., Vogt, A., and, Blume-Peytavi, U., New insights on dandruff/seborrhoeic dermatitis: the role of the scalp follicular infundibulum in effective treatment strategies. Br. J. Dermatol. 165 (suppl. 2), 18-23 (2011).
27. Plotkin, L.I., Mathov, I., Sguiquera, L., and, Leoni, J., Arachidonic acid release from epithelial cells by Malassezia furfur phospholipase A2: a potential pathophysiologic mechanism. Mycologia 90, 163-169 (1998). (Pubitemid 28181378)
28. Cafarchia, C., and, Otranto, D., Association between phospholipase production by Malassezia pachydermatis and skin lesions. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 4868-4869 (2004). (Pubitemid 39362428)
29. Cafarchia, C., Gasser, R.B., Latrofa, M.S., Parisi, A., Campbell, B.E., and, Otranto, D., Genetic variants of Malassezia pachydermatis from canine skin:body distribution and phospholipase activity. FEMS Yeast Res. 8, 451-459 (2008). (Pubitemid 351579658)
30. Machado, M.L.S., Cafarchia, C., Otranto, D., et al. Genetic variability and phospholipase production of Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from dogs with diverse grades of skin lesions. Med. Mycol. 48, 889-892 (2010).
31. Pini, G., and, Faggi, E., Extracellular phospholipase activity of Malassezia strains isolated from individuals with and without dermatological disease. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 28, 179-182 (2011).
32. Xu, J., Saunders, C.W., Hu, P., et al. Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 104, 18730-18735 (2007). (Pubitemid 350210765)
33. DeAngelis, Y.M., Gemmer, C.M., Kaczvinsky, J.R., Kenneally, D.C., Schwartz, J.R., and, Dawson, T.L., Three etiologic facets of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis: Malassezia fungi, sebaceous lipids, and individual sensitivity. J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 10, 295-297 (2005).
34. Dawson, T.L., Malassezia globosa and restricta: breakthrough understanding of the etiology and treatment of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis through whole-genome analysis. J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 12, 15-19 (2007).
35. Xu, J., Boekhout, T., and, DeAngelis, Y., et al.,. Genomics and pathophysiology: dandruff as a paradigm. In: Malassezia and the Skin (, Boekhout, T., Gueho, E., Mayser, P., and, Velegraki, A., eds), pp. 253-270. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2010).
36. Troller, J.A., Model system for the investigation of dandruff. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 22, 187-198 (1971).
37. Ro, B.I., and, Dawson, T.L., The role of sebaceous gland activity and scalp microfloral metabolism in the etiology of seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff. J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 10, 194-197 (2005).
38. DeAngelis, Y.M., Saunders, C.W., Johnstone, K.R., et al. Isolation and expression of a Malassezia globosa lipase gene, LIP1. J. Invest. Dermatol. 127, 2138-2146 (2007). (Pubitemid 47258487)
39. Dawson, T., Dary, T., DeAngelis, Y., and, Whitaker, S., Malassezia require saturated, not unsaturated, fatty acids for growth: role of Malassezia lipid metabolism in seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff). J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 54, AB133 (2006).
40. Marples, R.R., Kligman, A.M., Lantis, L.R., and, Downing, D.T., The role of aerobic microflora in the genesis of fatty acids in human surface lipids. J. Invest. Derm. 55, 173-178 (1970).
41. Marples, R.R., Downing, D.T., and, Kligman, A.M., Control of free fatty acids in human surface lipids by Corynebacterium acnes. J. Invest. Derm. 56, 127-131 (1971).
42. Marples, R.R., Downing, D.T., and, Kligman, A.M., The influence of Pityrosporum species in the generation of free fatty acids in human surface lipids. J. Invest. Dermatol. 58, 155-159 (1972).
43. Priestly, G.C., and, Savin, J.A., The microbiology of dandruff. Br. J. Dermatol. 94, 469-471 (1976).
44. Kligman, A.M., McGinley, K.J., and, Leyden, J.L., The nature of dandruff. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 27, 111-139 (1976).
45. Del Rosso, J.Q., Seborrheic dermatitis and Malassezia species. J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol. 2, 14-17 (2009).
46. Rogers, J.S., Moore, A.E., Meldrum, H., and, Harding, C.R., Increased scalp lipids in response to antidandruff treatment containing zinc pyrithione. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 295, 127-129 (2003). (Pubitemid 36960543)
47. James, A.G., Cox, D., and, Abraham, K., Metabolic analysis of the cutaneous fungi Malassezia globosa and M. restricta for insights on scalp condition and dandruff. Oral presentation. 21st International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists Conference, Bangkok, Thailand (2011).
48. Gaitanis, G., Magiatis, P., Stathopoulou, K., Bassukas, I.D., Alexopoulos, E.C., Velegraki, A., and, Skaltsounis, A.L., AhR ligands, malassezin, and indolo [3,2-b] carbazole are selectively produced by Malassezia furfur strains isolated from seborrheic dermatitis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 1620-1625 (2008). (Pubitemid 351847379)
49. Harding, C.R., The stratum corneum: structure and function in health and disease. Dermatol. Ther. 17, 6-15 (2004).
50. Jacobi, O., About the mechanism of moisture regulation in the horny layer of the skin. Proc. Scient. Sect. Toilet. Goods. Assoc. 31, 22-26 (1959).
51. Elias, P.M., Epidermal lipids, barrier function and desquamation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 80 (suppl.), 44-49 (1983).
52. Schaefer, H., and, Redelmeier, T.E., Skin Barrier: Principles of Percutaneous Absorption. Karger, Basel, Switzerland pp. 310-336 (1996).
53. Wertz, P.W., and, van den Bergh, B., The physical, chemical and functional properties of lipids in the skin and other biological barriers. Chem. Phys. Lipids 91, 85-96 (1998). (Pubitemid 28142956)
54. Madison, K.C., Swartzendruber, D.C., Wertz, P.W., and, Downing, D.T., Presence of intact intercellular lipid lamellae in the upper layers of the stratum corneum. J. Invest. Dermatol. 88, 714-718 (1987). (Pubitemid 17077742)
55. Williams, M.L., Lipids in normal and pathological desquamation. In: Skin Lipids. Vol. 24. (, Elias, P.M., ed.), pp. 211-262. Academic Press, New York, NY (1991).
56. Lampe, M.A., Burlingame, A.I., Whitney, J., Williams, M.L., Brown, B.E., Roitman, E., and, Elias, P.M., Human stratum corneum lipids; characterization and regional variations. J. Lipid Res. 24, 120-130 (1982).
57. Mckenzie, I.C., The cellular architecture of the stratum corneum. In: Stratum Corneum (, Marks, R., and, Plewig, G., eds), pp. 146-152. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (1983).
58. Ya-Zian, Z., Suetake, T., and, Tagami, H., Number of cell layers of the stratum corneum in normal skin-relationship to the anatomical location on the body, age, sex and physical parameters. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 291, 555-559 (1999).
59. Lundstrom, A., Serre, G., Haftek, M., and, Egelrud, T., Evidence for a role of corneodesmosin, a protein which may serve to modify desmosomes during cornification, in stratum corneum cell cohesion and desquamation. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 286, 369-375 (1994). (Pubitemid 24272314)
60. Harding, C.R., Watkinson, A., Rawlings, A.V., and, Scott, I.R., Dry skin, moisturization and corneodesmolysis. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 22, 21-52 (2000). (Pubitemid 30166882)
61. Lundstrom, A., and, Egelrud, T., Evidence that cell shedding from plantar stratum corneum in vitro involves endogenous proteolysis of the desmosomal protein desmoglein 1. J. Invest. Dermatol. 94, 216-220 (1990). (Pubitemid 20059165)
62. Suzuki, Y., Nonura, J., Hori, J., Koyama, J., Takahashi, M., and, Horii, I., Detection and characterization of endogenous proteases associated with desquamation of stratum corneum. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 285, 327-337 (1993).
63. Caubet, C., Jonca, N., Brattand, M., et al. Degradation of corneodesmosome proteins by two serine proteases of the kallikrein family, SCTE/KLK5/hK5 and SCCE/KLK7/hK7. J. Invest. Dermatol. 122, 1235-1244 (2004). (Pubitemid 38651099)
64. Hachem, J.P., Crumrine, D., Fluhr, J., Brown, B.E., Feingolg, K.R., and, Elias, P.M., pH directly regulates epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis, and stratum corneum integrity/cohesion. J. Invest. Dermatol. 121, 345-353 (2003). (Pubitemid 36969909)
65. Simon, M., Bernard, D., Minondo, A.M., et al. Persistence of both peripheral and non-peripheral corneodesmosomes in the upper stratum corneum of winter xerosis skin vs. only peripheral in normal skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 116, 23-30 (2001). (Pubitemid 32108750)
66. Simon, M., Tazi-Ahnini, R., Jonca, N., Caubet, C., Cork, M.J., and, Serre, G., Alterations in the desquamation-related proteolytic cleavage of corneodesmosin and other corneodesmosomal proteins in psoriatic lesional epidermis. Br. J. Dermatol. 159, 77-85 (2008). (Pubitemid 351874466)
67. Sheu, H.M., Chao, S.C., Wong, T.W., Lee, J.Y.Y., and, Tsai, J.C., Human skin surface lipid film: an ultrastructural study and interaction with corneocytes and intercellular lipid lamellae of the stratum corneum. Br. J. Dermatol. 140, 385-391 (1999).
68. Rogers, J.S., Harding, C.R., Mayo, A., and, Rawlings, A.V., Stratum corneum lipids: the effect of ageing and the seasons. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 288, 765-770 (1996). (Pubitemid 26388135)
69. Choi, E.H., Brown, B.E., Crumrine, D., Chang, S., Man, M.-Q., Elias, P.M., and, Feingold, K.R., Mechanisms by which psychologic stress alters cutaneous permeability barrier homeostasis and stratum corneum integrity. J. Invest. Dermatol. 124, 587-595 (2005). (Pubitemid 40381582)
70. Wood, L.C., Elias, P.M., Calhoun, C., Tsai, J.C., Grunfeld, C., and, Feingold, K.R., Barrier disruption stimulates Il-1 alpha expression and release from a pre-formed pool in murine epidermis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 106, 397-403 (1996). (Pubitemid 26116482)
71. Feingold, K.R., The regulation of epidermal lipid biosynthesis by permeability barrier requirements. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 8, 193-210 (1991).
72. Braff, M.H., Di Nardo, A., and, Gallo, R.L., Keratinocytes store the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin in lamellar bodies. J. Invest. Dermatol. 124, 394-400 (2005). (Pubitemid 40175887)
73. Karin, M.A., Man, M-Q., Gallo, R.L., et al. Co-regulation and interdependence of the mammalian epidermal permeability and antimicrobial barriers. J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 917-925 (2008). (Pubitemid 351374295)
74. Elias, P.M., Ansel, J.C., Woods, L.D., and, Feingold, K.R., Signaling networks in barrier homeostasis: the mystery widens. Arch. Dermatol. 132, 1505-1506 (1996). (Pubitemid 26424553)
75. Elias, P.M., Woods, L.D., and, Feingold, K.R., Epidermal pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses. Am. J. Contact. Dermat. 10, 119-126 (1999). (Pubitemid 29416060)
76. Denda, M., Sato, J., Tsuchiya, T., Elias, P.M., and, Feingold, K.R., Low humidity stimulates epidermal DNA synthesis and amplifies the hyperproliferative response to barrier disruption: implications for seasonal exacerbations of inflammatory dermatoses. J. Invest. Dermatol. 111, 873-878 (1998). (Pubitemid 28509332)
77. Del Rosso, J.Q., and, Levin, J., The clinical relevance of maintaining the functional integrity of the stratum corneum in both healthy and disease-affected skin. J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol. 4, 22-42 (2011).
78. Elias, P.M., Yutaka, H., and, Williams, M.L., Basis for the barrier abnormality in atopic dermatitis: outside-inside-outside pathogenic mechanisms. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 121, 1337-1343 (2008).
79. Palmer, C.A.N., Irvine, A.D., Terron-Kwiatkowski, A., et al. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat. Genet. 38, 441-446 (2006).
80. Smith, F.J.D., Irvine, A.D., Terron-Kwiatkowski, A., et al. Loss of function mutations in the gene encoding filaggrin causes ichthyosis vulgaris. Nat. Genet. 38, 337-342 (2006).
81. Billhimer, W., Erb, J., and, Bacon, R., Shampooing with pyrithione zinc reduces transepidermal water loss in scalp of dandruff-involved patients. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 54 (suppl 3S), AB131 (2006).
82. Rukwied, R., Zeck, S., Schmelz, M., and, McGlone, F., Sensitivity of human scalp to pruritic stimuli investigated by intradermal microdialysis in vivo. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 47, 245-250 (2002).
83. Kerr, K., Schwartz, J.R., Filloon, T., Fieno, A., Wehmeyer, K., Szepietowski, J.C., and, Mills, K.J., Scalp stratum corneum histamine levels: novel sampling method reveals association with itch resolution in dandruff/seborrheic dermatitis treatment. Acta. Dermat-Venereologica. 91, 404-408 (2011).
84. Kerr, K., Darcy, T., Henry, J., et al. Epidermal changes associated with symptomatic resolution of dandruff: biomarkers of scalp health. Int. J. Dermatol. 50, 102-113 (2011).
85. Perkins, M.A., Cardin, C.W., Osterhues, M.A., and, Robinson, M.K., A non-invasive tape absorption method for recovery of inflammatory mediators to differentiate normal from compromised scalp conditions. Skin. Res. Tech. 8, 187-193 (2001).
86. Chandler, C.J., and, Segel, I.H., Mechanism of the antimicrobial action of pyrithione-effects on membrane transport, ATP levels and protein synthesis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 14, 60-68 (1978). (Pubitemid 8370708)
87. Yasokawa, D., Murata, S., Iwahashi, Y., Kitagawa, E., Kishi, K., Okumura, Y., and, Iwahashi, H., DNA microarray analysis suggests that zinc pyrithione causes iron starvation to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bioscience. Bioengineering. 109, 479-486 (2010).
88. Reeder, N.L., Xu, J., Youngquist, R.S., Schwartz, J.R., Rust, R.C., and, Saunders, C.W., The antifungal mechanism of action of zinc pyrithione. Br. J. Dermatol. 165 (suppl. 2), 9-12 (2011).
89. Hickman, J.G., Chapter 6: Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis: use of medicated shampoos. In: Hair and Scalp Diseases (, McMichael, A.J., and, Hordinsky, M.K., eds), pp. 73-90. Informa Healthcare, New York, NY (2008).
90. Mitchell, S.C., Nickson, R.M., and, Waring, R.H., The biological activity of selenium sulfide. Sulfur Reports. 13, 279-289 (1993).
91. Suszcynsky-Meister, E.M., Kincaid, E.M., Copas, M.A., Burton, D.E., and, Mills, K.J., Ceramide insufficiency in dandruff/seborrheic dermatitis is reversed by potentiated micronized platelet pyrithione zinc shampoo treatment. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 58 (suppl 2), AB41 (2008).
92. Schepky, A.G., Holtzmann, U., Siegner, R., et al. Influence of cleansing on stratum corneum tryptic enzyme in human skin. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 26, 245-253 (2004). (Pubitemid 39389253)
93. Ananthapadmanabhan, K.P., Moore, D.J., Subramanyan, K., Misra, M., and, Meyer, F., Cleansing without compromise: the impact of cleansers on the skin barrier and the technology of mild cleansing. Dermatol. Ther. 17 (Suppl 1), 16-25 (2004).
94. Lips, A., Ananthapadmanabhan, K.P., Vetamuthu, M., Hua, X.Y., Lang, L., and, Vincent, C., Role of surfactant micelle charge in protein denaturation and surfactant induced skin irritation. In: Surfactants in Personal Care Products and Decorative Cosmetics, 3rd edn (, Rhein, L.D., Schlossman, M., and, O'Lenick, A., et al., eds), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Surfactant Science Series; 135, 177-187 (2006)
95. Ananthapadmanabhan, K.P., Yang, L., Vincent, C., et al. A novel technology in mild and moisturizing cleansing liquids. Cosmet. Dermatol. 22, 307-316 (2009).
96. Misra, M., Ananthapadmanabhan, K.P., Hoyberg, K., Gursky, R.P., Prowell, S., and, Aronson, M., Correlation between surfactant-induced ultrastructural changes in epidermis and transepidermal water loss. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 48, 219-234 (1997).
97. Mukherjee, S., Edmunds, M., Lei, X., Ottaviani, M.F., Ananthapadmanabhan, K.P., and, Turro, N.J., Stearic acid delivery to corneum from a mild and moisturizing cleanser. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 9, 202-210 (2010).