Rapid processing of emotional expressions without conscious awareness

Cerebral Cortex

Volumn 22, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 1748-1760

  Smith, Marie L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

awareness; emotion; event related potentials; facial expressions; N170

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; AWARENESS; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN REGION; CONSCIOUSNESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISGUSTED; ELECTRODE; EMOTION; EMOTIONALITY; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; EVOKED RESPONSE; FACE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEAR; FEMALE; FRONTAL CORTEX; HAPPINESS; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NERVE CELL; NORMAL HUMAN; OCCIPITAL CORTEX; OCCIPITOTEMPORAL CORTEX; PERCEPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TASK PERFORMANCE; TEMPORAL CORTEX; VISUAL INFORMATION;

ADULT; AWARENESS; BRAIN; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EMOTIONS; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; SIGNAL PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; TIME; VISUAL PERCEPTION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84863664293     PISSN: 10473211     EISSN: 14602199     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr250     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Ashley V, Vuilleumier P, Swick D. 2004. Time course and specificity of event-related potentials to emotional expressions. Neuroreport. 15:211-216. (Pubitemid 41615001)
2. Bar M. 2003. A cortical mechanism for triggering top-down facilitation in visual object recognition. J Cogn Neurosci. 15:600-609. (Pubitemid 36530093)
3. Bar M, Kassam KS, Ghuman AS. 2006. Boshyan J, Schmidt AM, Dale AM, Hamalainen M, Marinkovic K, Schacter DL, Rosen BR, et al. 2006. Top-down facilitation of visual recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103:449-454. (Pubitemid 43122421)
4. Bar M, Tootell RB, Schacter DL, Greve DN, Fischl B, Mendola JD, Rosen BR, Dale AM. 2001. Cortical mechanisms specific to visual object recognition. Neuron. 29:529-535. (Pubitemid 32206489)
5. Barrett LF, Bar M. 2009. See it with feeling: affective predictions during object perception. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 364: 1325-1334.
6. Batty M, Taylor M. 2003. Early processing of the six basic facial expressions of emotion. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 17:613-620. (Pubitemid 38373367)
7. Bentin S, Allison T, Puce A, Perez A, McCarthy G. 1996. Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans. J Cogn Neurosci. 8:551-565. (Pubitemid 27075436)
8. Blau VC, Maurer U, Tottenham N, McCandliss BD. 2007. The face specific N170 component is modulated by emotional facial expression. Behav Brain Funct. 3:7.
9. Bradley BP, Mogg K, Falla SJ, Hamilton LR. 1998. Attentional bias for threatening facial expressions in anxiety: manipulation of stimulus duration. Cogn Emot. 12:737-753. (Pubitemid 128467177)
10. Dailey M, Cottrell GW, Reilly J. 2001. California facial expressions, CAFE, unpublished digital images. UCSD Computer Science and Engineering Department. San Diego (CA): University of California.
11. Deffke I, Sander T, Heidenreich J, Sommer W, Curio G, Trahms L, Lueschow A. 2007. MEG/EEG sources of the 170-ms response to faces are co-localized in the fusiform gyrus. Neuroimage. 35: 1495-1501. (Pubitemid 46562575)
12. Delorme A, Makeig S. 2004. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics. J Neurosci Methods. 134:9-21.
13. Eimer M, Holmes A. 2002. An ERP study on the time course of emotional face processing. Neuroreport. 13:427-431. (Pubitemid 34293183)
14. Eimer M, Holmes A. 2007. Event related brain potential correlates of emotional face processing. Neuropsychologia. 45:15-31. (Pubitemid 44821228)
15. Eimer M, Holmes A, McGlone FP. 2003. The role of spatial attention in the processing of facial expression: an ERP study of rapid brain responses to six basic emotions. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 3:97-110. (Pubitemid 37517026)
16. Eimer M, Kiss M, Holmes A. 2008. Links between rapid ERP responses to fearful faces and conscious awareness. J Neuopsychol. 2:165-181.
17. Ekman P, Friesen WV. 1975. Unmasking the face. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice Hall.
18. Esteves F, O? hman A. 1993. Masking the face: recognition of emotional facial expressions as a function of the parameters of backward masking. Scand J Psychol. 34:118.
19. Etkin A, Egner T, Kalish R. 2011. Emotional processing in anterior cingulated and medial prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci. 15:85-93.
20. de Gelder B, Vroomen J, Pourtois G, Weiskrantz L. 1999. Non-conscious recognition of affect in the absence of striate cortex. Neuroreport. 10:3759-3763. (Pubitemid 30004829)
21. Green DM, Swets JA. 1966. Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley.
22. Grill-Spector K, Kushnir T, Hendler T, Malach R. 2000. The dynamics of object-selective correlate with recognition performance in humans. Nat Neurosci. 3:837-843.
23. Harms MB, Martin A, Wallace GL. 2010. Facial emotion recognition in autism spectrum disorders: a review of behavioral and neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychol Rev. 20:290-322.
24. Holmes A, Nielsen M, Green S. 2008. Effects of anxiety on the processing of fearful and happy faces: an event-related potential study. Biol Psychol. 77:159-173.
25. Japee S, Crocker L, Carver F, Pessoa L, Ungerleider L. 2009. Individual difference in valence modulation of face selective M170 response. Emotion. 9:59-69.
26. Kanwisher NG, McDermott J, Chun MM. 1997. The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J Neurosci. 17:4302-4311. (Pubitemid 27220621)
27. Kawasaki H, Adolphs R, Kaufman O, Damasio H, Damasio A, Granner M, Bakken H, Tomokatsu H, Howard MA. 2001. Single neuron responses to emotional visual stimuli recorded in human ventral prefrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci. 4:15-16. (Pubitemid 32095520)
28. Killgore WDS, Yurgelun-Todd DA. 2004. Activation of the amygdala and anterior cingulate during nonconscious processing of sad versus happy faces. Neuroimage. 21:1215-1223. (Pubitemid 38446552)
29. Kiss M, Eimer M. 2008. ERPs reveal the subliminal processing of fearful faces. Psychophysiology. 45:318-326. (Pubitemid 351197150)
30. Kleinhans NM, Richards T, Johnson LC, Weaver KE, Greenson J, Dawson G, Aylward E. 2011. fMRI evidence of neural abnormalities in the subcortical face processing system in ASD. Neuroimage. 54:697-704.
31. Krolak-Salmon P, Fischer C, Vighetto A, Mauguiere F. 2001. Processing of facial emotion expression: spatio-temporal data as assessed by scalp event related potentials. Eur J Neurosci. 13:987-994. (Pubitemid 32229130)
32. Kveraga K, Boshyan J, Bar M. 2007. Magnocellular projections as the trigger of top-down facilitation in recognition. J Neurosci. 27: 13232-13240. (Pubitemid 350220496)
33. Liddell BJ, Williams LM, Rathjen J, Shevrin H, Gordon EA. 2004. Temporal dissociation of subliminal versus supraliminal fear perception: an event-related potential study. J Cogn Neurosci. 16:479-486. (Pubitemid 38392405)
34. Mechelli A, Price CJ, Friston KJ, Ishai A. 2004. Where bottom-up meets top-down: neuronal interactions during perception and imagery. Cereb Cortex. 14:1256-1265. (Pubitemid 39391203)
35. Morris JS, Ohman A, Dolan RJ. 1998. Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature. 393:467-470. (Pubitemid 28292192)
36. Morris JS, Ohman A, Dolan RJ. 1999. A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating 'unseen' fear. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96: 1680-1685. (Pubitemid 29098511)
37. Mueller EM, Hofmann SG, Santesso DL, Meuret AE, Bitran S, Pizzagalli DA. 2009. Electrophysiological evidence of attentional biases in social anxiety disorder. Psychol Med. 39:1141-1152.
38. Oliva A, Schyns PG. 1999. Dr Angry and Mr Smile: when categorization flexibly modifies the perception of faces in rapid visual presentations. Cognition. 69:243-265.
39. Pegna AJ, Khateb A, Lazeyras F, Seghier ML. 2005. Discriminating emotional faces without primary visual cortices involves the right amygdala. Nat Neurosci. 8:24-25. (Pubitemid 41236727)
40. Pegna AJ, Landis T, Khateb A. 2008. Electrophysiological evidence for the non-conscious processing of fearful facial expressions. Int J Psychophysiol. 70:127-136.
41. Pessoa L, Adolphs R. 2010. Emotion processing and the amygdala: from a 'low road' to 'many roads' of evaluating biological significance. Nat Rev Neurosci. 11:773-782.
42. Pessoa L, Japee S, Sturman D, Ungerleider LG. 2006. Target visibility and visual awareness modulate amygdala responses to fearful faces. Cereb Cortex. 16:366-375. (Pubitemid 43209211)
43. Rempel-Clower NL, Barbas H. 2000. The laminar pattern of connections between prefrontal and anterior temporal cortices in the Rhesus monkey is related to cortical structure and function. Cereb Cortex. 10:851-865.
44. Rotstein P, Richardson M, Winston JS, Kiebel SJ, Vuilleumier P, Eimer M, Driver J, Dolan RJ. 2010. Amygdala damage affects event related potentials for fearful faces at specific time windows. Hum Brain Mapp. 31:1089-105.
45. Schacht A, Sommer W. 2009. Emotions in word and face processing: early and late cortical responses. Brain Cogn. 69:538-550.
46. Schupp HT, Jungho? fer M, Weike AI, Hamm AO. 2003. Emotional facilitation of sensory processing in the visual cortex. Psychol Sci. 14:7-13. (Pubitemid 37283109)
47. Schupp HT, Jungho? fer M, Weike AI, Hamm AO. 2004. The selective processing of briefly presented affective pictures: an ERP analysis. Psychophysiology. 41:441-449. (Pubitemid 38715399)
48. Schupp HT, Stockburger J, Bublatzky F, Junghoefer M, Weike AI, Hamm AO. 2007. Explicit attention interferes with selective emotion processing in human extrastriate cortex. BMC Neurosci. 8:16.
49. Schupp HT, Stockburger J, Codispoti M, Junghofer M, Weike AI, Hamm AO. 2007. Selective visual attention to emotion. J Neurosci. 27:1082-1089. (Pubitemid 46203315)
50. Schyns PG, Petro L, Smith ML. 2007. Dynamics of visual information integration in the brain for categorizing facial expressions. Curr Biol. 17:1580-1585. (Pubitemid 47380403)
51. Schyns PG, Petro L, Smith ML. 2009. Transmission of facial expressions of emotion co-evolved with their efficient decoding in the brain: behavioral and brain evidence. PLoS One. 4:e5625.
52. Skrandies W. 1990. Global field power and topographic similarity. Brain Topogr. 3:137-141.
53. Smith ML, Gosselin F, Cottrel G, Schyns PG. 2005. Transmitting and decoding facial expressions of emotion. Psychol Sci. 16:184-189. (Pubitemid 40447719)
54. Summerfield C, Egner T, Greene M, Koechlin E, Mangels K, Hirsch J. 2006. Predictive codes for forthcoming information in the frontal cortex. Science. 314:1311-1314. (Pubitemid 44848245)
55. Summerfield C, Egner T, Mangels J, Hirsch J. 2005. Mistaking a house for a face: neural correlates of misperception in healthy humans. Cereb Cortex. 16:500-508.
56. Szczepanowski R, Pessoa L. 2007. Fear perception: can objective and subjective awareness measures be dissociated? J Vis. 7:1-17.
57. Tamietto M, de Gelder B. 2010. Neural bases of the non-conscious perception of emotional signals. Nat Rev Neurosci. 11:697-709.
58. Tanskanen T, Nasanen R, Ojanpaa H, Hari R. 2007. Face recognition and cortical responses: effect of stimulus duration. Neuroimage. 35: 1636-1644. (Pubitemid 46561354)
59. Vuilleumier P, Armony JL, Clarke K, Husain M, Driver J, Dolan RJ. 2002. Neural response to emotional faces with and without awareness: event-related fMRI in a parietal patient with visual extinction and spatial neglect. Neuropsychologia. 40:2156-2166.
60. Whalen PJ, Kagan J, Cook RG, Davis FC, Kim H, Polis S, McLaren DG, Somerville LH, McLean AA, Maxwell JS, et al. 2004. Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science. 306:2061. (Pubitemid 40007651)
61. Whalen PJ, Rauch SL, Etcoff NL, McInerney SC, Lee MB, Jenike MA. 1998. Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. J Neurosci. 18:411-418. (Pubitemid 28046798)
62. Wild HA, Busey TA. 2004. Seeing faces in the noise: stochastic activity in perceptual regions of the brain may influence the perception of ambiguous stimuli. Psychon Bull Rev. 11:475-481. (Pubitemid 39234117)