Clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections: Asymptomatic bacteriuria, uncomplicated & complicated urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis

Infection and Chemotherapy

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 1-25

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

Asymptomatic bacteriuria; Bacterial prostatitis; Complicated urinary tract infection; Cystitis; Guideline; Pyelonephritis

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL PROSTATITIS; COMPLICATED URINARY TRACT INFECTION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROSTATITIS; UNCOMPLICATED URINARY TRACT INFECTION; URINARY TRACT INFECTION;

EID: 84863535953     PISSN: 20932340     EISSN: 20926448     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3947/ic.2011.43.1.1     Document Type: Article

References (234)

1. Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, Rice JC, Schaeffer A, Hooton TM Infectious Diseases Society of America; American Society of Nephrology; American Geriatric Society. Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:643-54.
2. Shin JC, Yoo JH, Park JW, Park S, Ahn SJ, Park CI. Difference of organism and their antibiotics sensitivity from urine culture in symptomatic urinary tract infection of spinal cord injury patients. J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2008;32:38-44.
3. Smaill F, Vazquez JC. Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(2):CD000490.
4. Villar J, Lydon-Rochelle MT, Gülmezoglu AM, Roganti A. Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD000491.
5. Bayrak O, Cimentepe E, Inegöl I, Atmaca AF, Duvan CI, Koç A, Turhan NO. Is single-dose fosfomycin trometamol a good alternative for asymptomatic bacteriuria in the second trimesterof pregnancy? Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2007;18:525-9.
6. Tal S, Guller V, Levi S, Bardenstein R, Berger D, Gurevich I, Gurevich A. Profile and prognosis of febrile elderly patients with bacteremic urinary tract infection. J Infect 2005;50:296-305.
7. Nicolle LE. Urinary tract infections in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 2009;25:423-36.
8. Hedin K, Petersson C, Widebäck K, Kahlmeter G, Mölstad S. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in a population of elderly in municipal institutional care. Scand J Prim Health Care 2002;20:166-8.
9. Nicolle LE. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997;11:647-62.
10. Rodhe N, Löfgren S, Matussek A, André M, Englund L, Kühn I, Mölstad S. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly: high prevalence and high turnover of strains. Scand J Infect Dis 2008; 40:804-10.
11. Wing DA, Rumney PJ, Preslicka CW, Chung JH. Daily cranberry juice for the prevention of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a randomized, controlled pilot study. J Urol 2008; 180:1367-72.
12. Lumbiganon P, Villar J, Laopaiboon M, Widmer M, Thinkhamrop J, Carroli G, Duc Vy N, Mignini L, Festin M, Prasertcharoensuk W, Limpongsanurak S, Liabsuetrakul T, Sirivatanapa P World Health Organization Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Trial Group. One-day compared with 7-day nitrofurantoin for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2009;113:339-45.
13. Harding GK, Zhanel GG, Nicolle LE, Cheang M Manitoba Diabetes Urinary Tract Infection Study Group. Antimicrobial treatment in diabetic women with asymptomatic bacteriuria. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1576-83.
14. Dalal S, Nicolle L, Marrs CF, Zhang L, Harding G, Foxman B. Long-term Escherichia coli asymptomatic bacteriuria among women with diabetes mellitus. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:491-7.
15. Boscia JA, Kobasa WD, Knight RA, Abrutyn E, Levison ME, Kaye D. Therapy vs no therapy for bacteriuria in elderly ambulatory nonhospitalized women. JAMA 1987;257:1067-71.
16. Abrutyn E, Mossey J, Berlin JA, Boscia J, Levison M, Pitsakis P, Kaye D. Does asymptomatic bacteriuria predict mortality and does antimicrobial treatment reduce mortality in elderly ambulatory women? Ann Intern Med 1994;120:827-33.
17. Nicolle LE, Bjornson J, Harding GK, MacDonell JA. Bacteriuria in elderly institutionalized men. N Engl J Med 1983;309:1420-5.
18. Nicolle LE, Mayhew WJ, Bryan L. Prospective randomized comparison of therapy and no therapy for asymptomatic bacteriuria in institutionalized elderly women. Am J Med 1987;83:27-33.
19. Ouslander JG, Schapira M, Schnelle JF, Uman G, Fingold S, Tuico E, Nigam JG. Does eradicating bacteriuria affect the severity of chronic urinary incontinence in nursing home residents? Ann Intern Med 1995;122:749-54.
20. Mohler JL, Cowen DL, Flanigan RC. Suppression and treatment of urinary tract infection in patients with an intermittently catheterized neurogenic bladder. J Urol 1987;138:336-40.
21. Maynard FM, Diokno AC. Urinary infection and complications during clean intermittent catheterization following spinal cord injury. J Urol 1984;132:943-6.
22. Harding GK, Nicolle LE, Ronald AR, Preiksaitis JK, Forward KR, Low DE, Cheang M. How long should catheter-acquired urinary tract infection in women be treated? A randomized controlled study. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:713-9.
23. Warren JW, Anthony WC, Hoopes JM, Muncie HL Jr. Cephalexin for susceptible bacteriuria in afebrile, long-term catheterized patients. JAMA 1982;248:454-8.
24. Leone M, Perrin AS, Granier I, Visintini P, Blasco V, Antonini F, Albanèse J, Martin C. A randomized trial of catheter change and short course of antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in catheterized ICU patients. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:726-9.
25. Hooton TM, Bradley SF, Cardenas DD, Colgan R, Geerlings SE, Rice JC, Saint S, Schaeffer AJ, Tambayh PA, Tenke P, Nicolle LE Infectious Diseases Society of America. Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:625-63.
26. Grabe M, Forsgren A, Björk T, Hellsten S. Controlled trial of a short and a prolonged course with ciprofloxacin in patients undergoing transurethral prostatic surgery. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1987;6:11-7.
27. Olsen JH, Friis-Møller A, Jensen SK, Korner B, Hvidt V. Cefotaxime for prevention of infectious complications in bacteriuric men undergoing transurethral prostatic resection. A controlled comparison with methenamine. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1983;17: 299-301.
28. Grabe M, Forsgren A, Hellsten S. The effect of a short antibiotic course in transurethral prostatic resection. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1984;18:37-42.
29. Allan WR, Kumar A. Prophylactic mezlocillin for transurethral prostatectomy. Br J Urol 1985;57:46-9.
30. Rao PN, Dube DA, Weightman NC, Oppenheim BA, Morris J. Prediction of septicemia following endourological manipulation for stones in the upper urinary tract. J Urol 1991;146:955-60.
31. Cafferkey MT, Falkiner FR, Gillespie WA, Murphy DM. Antibiotics for the prevention of septicaemia in urology. J Antimicrob Chemother 1982;9:471-7.
32. Nicolle LE. Urinary tract infection: traditional pharmacologic therapies. Am J Med 2002;113 (Suppl 1A):35S-44S.
33. Karlowsky JA, Hoban DJ, Decorby MR, Laing NM, Zhanel GG. Fluoroquinolone-resistant urinary isolates of Escherichia coli from outpatients are frequently multidrug resistant: results from the North American Urinary Tract Infection Collaborative Alliance-Quinolone Resistance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:2251-4.
34. Zhanel GG, Hisanaga TL, Laing NM, DeCorby MR, Nichol KA, Weshnoweski B, Johnson J, Noreddin A, Low DE, Karlowsky JA for the NAUTICA Group, Hoban DJ. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli outpatient urinary isolates: final results from the North American Urinary Tract Infection Collaborative Alliance (NAUTICA).Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006;27:468-75.
35. Wie SH, Chang UI, Kim HW, Kim YS, Kim SY, Hur J, Kim SI, Kim YR, Kang MW. Clinical features and antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of women with community-acquired acute pyelonephritis in 2001-2006. Infect Chemother 2007;39:9-16.
36. Foxman B, Klemstine KL, Brown PD. Acute pyelonephritis in US hospitals in 1997: hospitalization and in-hospital mortality. Ann Epidemiol 2003;13:144-50.
37. Vila J, Simon K, Ruiz J, Horcajada JP, Velasco M, Barranco M, Moreno A, Mensa J. Are quinolone-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli less virulent? J Infect Dis 2002;186:1039-42.
38. Mombelli G, Pezzoli R, Pinoja-Lutz G, Monotti R, Marone C, Franciolli M. Oral vs intravenous ciprofloxacin in the initial empirical management of severe pyelonephritis or complicated urinary tract infections: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:53-8.
39. Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC. Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults. Am Fam Physician 2005;71:933-42.
40. Le TP, Miller LG. Empirical therapy for uncomplicated urinary tract infections in an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance: a decision and cost analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:615-21.
41. Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC. Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults. Am Fam Physician 2005;71:933-42.
42. Warren JW, Abrutyn E, Hebel JR, Johnson JR, Schaeffer AJ, Stamm WE. Guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of uncomplicated acute bacterial cystitis and acute pyelonephritis in women. Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:745-58.
43. Foxman B, Ki M, Brown P. Antibiotic resistance and pyelonephritis. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:281-3.
44. Brown P, Ki M, Foxman B. Acute pyelonephritis among adults: cost of illness and considerations for the economic evaluation of therapy. Pharmacoeconomics 2005;23:1123-42.
45. Kim ME, Ha US, Cho YH. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens causing acute uncomplicated cystitis in female outpatients in South Korea: a multicentre study in 2006. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008;31 (Suppl 1):S15-8.
46. Hwang BY, Lee JG, Park DW, Lee YJ, Kim SB, Eom JS, Sohn JW, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ, Kim MJ, Park SC. Antimicrobial susceptibility of causative microorganisms in adults with acute pyelonephritis at one university-affiliated hospital in southwestern Seoul. Infect Chemother 2003;35:277-82.
47. Wie SH, Choi SM, Lee DG, Kim SY, Kim SI, Yoo JH, Shin WS, Kang MW. Antibiotic sensitivity of the causative organisms and use of antibiotics in women with community-acquired acute pyelonephritis. Korean J Infect Dis 2002;34:353-9.
48. McNulty CA, Richards J, Livermore DM, Little P, Charlett A, Freeman E, Harvey I, Thomas M. Clinical relevance of laboratoryreported antibiotic resistance in acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in primary care. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58:1000-8.
49. Kahlmeter G, Menday P. Cross-resistance and associated resistance in 2478 Escherichia coli isolates from the Pan-European ECO. SENS Project surveying the antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens from uncomplicated urinary tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;52:128-31.
50. Gupta K, Sahm DF, Mayfield D, Stamm WE. Antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens that cause community-acquired urinary tract infections in women: a nationwide analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:89-94.
51. De Backer D, Christiaens T, Heytens S, De Sutter A, Stobberingh EE, Verschraegen G. Evolution of bacterial susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli in uncomplicated urinary tract infections in a country with high antibiotic consumption: a comparison of two surveys with a 10 year interval. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;62:364-8.
52. Stamm WE. Measurement of pyuria and its relation to bacteriuria. Am J Med 1983;75:53-8.
53. Barry HC, Ebell MH, Hickner J. Evaluation of suspected urinary tract infection in ambulatory women: a cost-utility analysis of office-based strategies. J Fam Pract 1997;44:49-60.
54. Tal S, Guller V, Levi S, Bardenstein R, Berger D, Gurevich I, Gurevich A. Profile and prognosis of febrile elderly patients with bacteremic urinary tract infection. J Infect 2005;50:296-305.
55. Nicolle LE. Urinary tract infections in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 2009;25:423-36.
56. Gleckman R, Blagg N, Hibert D, Hall A, Crowley M, Pritchard A, Warren W. Acute pyelonephritis in the elderly. South Med J 1982;75:551-4.
57. Kunin CM. Urinary tract infections in females. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:1-10; quiz 11-2.
58. Hooton TM, Scholes D, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Roberts PL, Stamm WE. Amoxicillin-clavulanate vs ciprofloxacin for the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis in women: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005;293:949-55.
59. Raz R, Rottensterich E, Leshem Y, Tabenkin H. Double-blind study comparing 3-day regimens of cefixime and ofloxacin in treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:1176-7.
60. Talan DA, Stamm WE, Hooton TM, Moran GJ, Burke T, Iravani A, Reuning-Scherer J, Church DA. Comparison of ciprofloxacin (7 days) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (14 days) for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis pyelonephritis in women: a randomized trial. JAMA 2000;283:1583-90.
61. van Merode T, Nys S, Raets I, Stobberingh E. Acute uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections in general practice: clinical and microbiological cure rates after three-versus five-day treatment with trimethoprim. Eur J Gen Pract 2005;11:55-8.
62. Stein GE, Philip E. Comparison of three-day temafloxacin with seven-day ciprofloxacin treatment of urinary tract infections in women. J Fam Pract 1992;34:180-4.
63. Hooton TM, Winter C, Tiu F, Stamm WE. Randomized comparative trial and cost analysis of 3-day antimicrobial regimens for treatment of acute cystitis in women. JAMA 1995;273:41-5.
64. Gossius G, Vorland L. A randomised comparison of singledose vs. three-day and ten-day therapy with trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole for acute cystitis in women. Scand J Infect Dis 1984;16:373-9.
65. Nicolle LE, Madsen KS, Debeeck GO, Blochlinger E, Borrild N, Bru JP, Mckinnon C, O'Doherty B, Spiegel W, Van Balen FA, Menday P. Three days of pivmecillinam or norfloxacin for treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary infection in women. Scand J Infect Dis 2002;34:487-92.
66. Richard GA, Mathew CP, Kirstein JM, Orchard D, Yang JY. Single-dose fluoroquinolone therapy of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women: results from a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial comparing single-dose to 3-day fluoroquinolone regimens. Urology 2002;59:334-9.
67. Vogel T, Verreault R, Gourdeau M, Morin M, Grenier-Gosselin L, Rochette L. Optimal duration of antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in older women: a doubleblind randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 2004;170:469-73.
68. Bach D, van den Berg-Segers A, Hübner A, van Breukelen G, Cesana M, Plétan Y. Rufloxacin once daily versus ciprofloxacin twice daily in the treatment of patients with acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis. J Urol 1995;154:19-24.
69. Naber KG, Allin DM, Clarysse L, Haworth DA, James IG, Raini C, Schneider H, Wall A, Weitz P, Hopkins G, Ankel-Fuchs D. Gatifloxacin 400 mg as a single shot or 200 mg once daily for 3 days is as effective as ciprofloxacin 250 mg twice daily for the treatment of patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004;23:596-605.
70. Henry DC Jr, Bettis RB, Riffer E, Haverstock DC, Kowalsky SF, Manning K, Hamed KA, Church DA. Comparison of once-daily extended-release ciprofloxacin and conventional twice-daily ciprofloxacin for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. Clin Ther 2002;24:2088-104.
71. Henry DC, Nenad RC, Iravani A, Tice AD, Mansfield DL, Magner DJ, Dorr MB, Talbot GH. Comparison of sparfloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of community-acquired acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. Sparfloxacin Multicenter Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection Study Group. Clin Ther 1999;21:966-81.
72. Pummer K. Fleroxacin versus norfloxacin in the treatment of urinary tract infections: a multicenter, double-blind, prospective, randomized, comparative study. Am J Med 1993;94:108S-113S.
73. Goldstein EJ, Kahn RM, Alpert ML, Ginsberg BP, Greenway FL, Citron DM. Ciprofloxacin versus cinoxacin in therapy of urinary tract infections. A randomized, double-blind trial. Am J Med 1987;82:284-7.
74. Stein GE, Philip E. Comparison of three-day temafloxacin with seven-day ciprofloxacin treatment of urinary tract infections in women. J Fam Pract 1992;34:180-4.
75. Baker PC, Nelson DS, Schunk JE. The addition of ceftriaxone to oral therapy does not improve outcome in febrile children with urinary tract infections. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155:135-9.
76. Mombelli G, Pezzoli R, Pinoja-Lutz G, Monotti R, Marone C, Franciolli M. Oral vs intravenous ciprofloxacin in the initial empirical management of severe pyelonephritis or complicated urinary tract infections: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:53-8.
77. Sanchez M, Collvinent B, Miró O, Horcajada JP, Moreno A, Marco F, Mensa J, Millá J. Short-term effectiveness of ceftriaxone single dose in the initial treatment of acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis in women. A randomised controlled trial. Emerg Med J 2002;19:19-22.
78. Büchi W, Casey PA. Experience with parenteral and sequential parenteral-oral amoxicillin/clavulanate (augmentin) in hospitalized patients. Infection 1988;16:306-12.
79. Gok F, Duzova A, Baskin E, Ozen S, Besbas N, Bakkaloglu A. Comparative study of cefixime alone versus intramuscular ceftizoxime followed by cefixime in the treatment of urinary tract infections in children. J Chemother 2001;13:277-80.
80. Geerlings SE, Stolk RP, Camps MJ, Netten PM, Hoekstra JB, Bouter KP, Bravenboer B, Collet JT, Jansz AR, Hoepelman AI. Asymptomatic bacteriuria may be considered a complication in women with diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus Women Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Utrecht Study Group. Diabetes Care 2000;23:744-9.
81. Wheat LJ. Infection and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1980;3: 187-97.
82. Geerlings SE, Brouwer EC, Gaastra W, Verhoef J, Hoepelman AI. Effect of glucose and pH on uropathogenic and nonuropathogenic Escherichia coli: studies with urine from diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. J Med Microbiol 1999;48:535-9.
83. Zhanel GG, Nicolle LE, Harding GK. Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and associated host factors in women with diabetes mellitus. The Manitoba Diabetic Urinary Infection Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:316-22.
84. Chen MT, Huang CN, Chou YH, Huang CH, Chiang CP, Liu GC. Percutaneous drainage in the treatment of emphysematous pyelonephritis: 10-year experience. J Urol 1997;157:1569-73.
85. Shokeir AA, El-Azab M, Mohsen T, El-Diasty T. Emphysematous pyelonephritis: a 15-year experience with 20 cases. Urology 1997; 49:343-6.
86. Kamalih MD, Bhajan MA, Dzarr GA. Emphysematous pyelonephritis caused by candida infection. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2005;36:725-7.
87. Calvet HM, Yoshikawa TT. Infections in diabetes. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2001;15:407-21.
88. Forland M, Thomas V, Shelokov A. Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. Studies on antibody coating of bacteria. JAMA 1977;238:1924-6.
89. Hoepelman AI, Meiland R, Geerlings SE. Pathogenesis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in adult patients with diabetes mellitus. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003;22 (Suppl 2):35-43.
90. Huang JJ, Tseng CC. Emphysematous pyelonephritis: clinicoradiological classification, management, prognosis, and pathogenesis. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:797-805.
91. Wan YL, Lee TY, Bullard MJ, Tsai CC. Acute gas-producing bacterial renal infection: correlation between imaging findings and clinical outcome. Radiology 1996;198:433-8.
92. Stamm WE, Hooton TM. Management of urinary tract infections in adults. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1328-34.
93. Meiland R, Geerlings SE, Stolk RP, Netten PM, Schneeberger PM, Hoepelman AI. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in women with diabetes mellitus: effect on renal function after 6 years of followup. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:2222-7.
94. Park SB, Lee SJ, Wah Kim Y, Sik Huh J, Il Kim J, Chang SG, Outcome of nephrectomy and kidney-preserving procedures for the treatment of emphysematous pyelonephritis. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2006;40:332-8.
95. Somani BK, Nabi G, Thorpe P, Hussey J, Cook J, N'Dow J ABACUS Research Group. Is percutaneous drainage the new gold standard in the management of emphysematous pyelonephritis? Evidence from a systemic review. J Urol 2008;179:1844-9.
96. Roy C, Pfleger DD, Tuchmann CM, Lang HH, Saussine CC, Jacqmin D. Emphysematous pyelitis: findings in five patients. Radiology 2001;218:647-50.
97. Tambyah PA, Maki DG. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is rarely symptomatic: a prospective study of 1,497 catheterized patients. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:678-82.
98. Nicolle LE. Consequences of asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1994;4:107-11.
99. Loeb M, Bentley DW, Bradley S, Crossley K, Garibaldi R, Gantz N, McGeer A, Muder RR, Mylotte J, Nicolle LE, Nurse B, Paton S, Simor AE, Smith P, Strausbaugh L. Development of minimum criteria for the initiation of antibiotics in residents of long-termcare facilities: results of a consensus conference. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:120-4.
100. Anonymous. The prevention and management of urinary tract infections among people with spinal cord injuries. National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Consensus Statement. January 27-29, 1992. J Am Paraplegia Soc 1992;15:194-204.
101. Tambyah PA, Maki DG. The relationship between pyuria and infection in patients with indwelling urinary catheters: a prospective study of 761 patients. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:673-7.
102. Steward DK, Wood GL, Cohen RL, Smith JW, Mackowiak PA. Failure of the urinalysis and quantitative urine culture in diagnosing symptomatic urinary tract infections in patients with long-term urinary catheters. Am J Infect Control 1985;13:154-60.
103. Stéphan F, Sax H, Wachsmuth M, Hoffmeyer P, Clergue F, Pittet D. Reduction of urinary tract infection and antibiotic use after surgery: a controlled, prospective, before-after intervention study. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:1544-51.
104. Huang WC, Wann SR, Lin SL, Kunin CM, Kung MH, Lin CH, Hsu CW, Liu CP, Lee SS, Liu YC, Lai KH, Lin TW. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections in intensive care units can be reduced by prompting physicians to remove unnecessary catheters. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25:974-8.
105. Apisarnthanarak A, Thongphubeth K, Sirinvaravong S, Kitkangvan D, Yuekyen C, Warachan B, Warren DK, Fraser VJ. Effectiveness of multifaceted hospitalwide quality improvement programs featuring an intervention to remove unnecessary urinary catheters at a tertiary care center in Thailand. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28:791-8.
106. Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine. Bladder management for adults with spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health-care providers. J Spinal Cord Med 2006;29:527-73.
107. Erickson RP, Merritt JL, Opitz JL, Ilstrup DM. Bacteriuria during follow-up in patients with spinal cord injury: I. Rates of bacteriuria in various bladder-emptying methods. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1982;63:409-12.
108. Niël-Weise BS, van den Broek PJ. Urinary catheter policies for short-term bladder drainage in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(3):CD004203.
109. Kass EH. Asymptomatic infections of the urinary tract. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1956;69:56-64.
110. Niël-Weise BS, van den Broek PJ. Antibiotic policies for shortterm catheter bladder drainage in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:(2):CD005428.
111. Niël-Weise BS, van den Broek PJ. Urinary catheter policies for long-term bladder drainage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(1):CD004201.
112. Rutschmann OT, Zwahlen A. Use of norfloxacin for prevention of symptomatic urinary tract infection in chronically catheterized patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1995;14:441-4.
113. Gribble MJ, Puterman ML. Prophylaxis of urinary tract infection in persons with recent spinal cord injury: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Am J Med 1993;95:141-52.
114. van den Broek PJ, Daha TJ, Mouton RP. Bladder irrigation with povidone-iodine in prevention of urinary-tract infections associated with intermittent urethral catheterisation. Lancet 1985;1:563-5.
115. Ball AJ, Carr TW, Gillespie WA, Kelly M, Simpson RA, Smith PJ. Bladder irrigation with chlorhexidine for the prevention of urinary infection after transurethral operations: a prospective controlled study. J Urol 1987;138:491-4.
116. Leone M, Perrin AS, Granier I, Visintini P, Blasco V, Antonini F, Albanèse J, Martin C. A randomized trial of catheter change and short course of antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in catheterized ICU patients. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:726-9.
117. Warren JW, Anthony WC, Hoopes JM, Muncie HL Jr. Cephalexin for susceptible bacteriuria in afebrile, long-term catheterized patients. JAMA 1982;248:454-8.
118. Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, Rice JC, Schaeffer A, Hooton TM Infectious Diseases Society of America; American Society of Nephrology; American Geriatric Society. Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:643-54.
119. Nicolle LE. A practical guide to antimicrobial management of complicated urinary tract infection. Drugs Aging 2001;18:243-54.
120. Pearman JW, Peterson GJ, Nash JB. The antimicrobial activity of urine of paraplegic patients receiving methenamine mandelate. Invest Urol 1978;16:91-8.
121. Raz R, Schiller D, Nicolle LE. Chronic indwelling catheter replacement before antimicrobial therapy for symptomatic urinary tract infection. J Urol 2000;164:1254-8.
122. Harding GK, Nicolle LE, Ronald AR, Preiksaitis JK, Forward KR, Low DE, Cheang M. How long should catheter-acquired urinary tract infection in women be treated? A randomized controlled study. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:713-9.
123. Dow G, Rao P, Harding G, Brunka J, Kennedy J, Alfa M, Nicolle LE. A prospective, randomized trial of 3 or 14 days of ciprofloxacin treatment for acute urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injury. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:658-64.
124. Wen JG, Frøkiaer J, Jørgensen TM, Djurhuus JC. Obstructive nephropathy: an update of the experimental research. Urol Res 1999;27:29-39.
125. Grabe M, Bjerklund-Johansen TE, Botto H, Çek M, Naber KG, Tenke P, Wagenlehner F. Guidelines on urological infections. European Association of Urology Web site. Available at:. Accessed May 2009.
126. Klahr S. Obstructive nephropathy. Intern Med 2000;39:355-61.
127. Pourmand G, Abedi AR, Karami AA, Khashayar P, Mehrsai AR. Urinary infection before and after prostatectomy. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2010;21:290-4.
128. Heidenreich A, Desgrandschamps F, Terrier F. Modern approach of diagnosis and management of acute flank pain: review of all imaging modalities. Eur Urol 2002;41:351-62.
129. Jeong MK, Yoon JB. Bacteriological study of urinary tract infections. Korean J Urol 1982;23:739-44.
130. Dembry LM, Andriole VT. Renal and perirenal abscesses. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997;11:663-80.
131. Patterson JE, Andriole VT. Bacterial urinary tract infections in diabetes. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997;11:735-50.
132. Nicolle L AMMI Canada Guidelines Committee. Complicated urinary tract infection in adults. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2005;16:349-60.
133. Tseng TY, Stoller ML. Obstructive uropathy. Clin Geriatr Med 2009;25:437-43.
134. Chen MY, Zagoria RJ, Saunders HS, Dyer RB. Trends in the use of unenhanced helical CT for acute urinary colic. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999;173:1447-50.
135. Hamm M, Wawroschek F, Weckermann D, Knöpfle E, Häckel T, Häuser H, Krawczak G, Harzmann R. Unenhanced helical computed tomography in the evaluation of acute flank pain. Eur Urol 2001;39:460-5.
136. Miller OF, Rineer SK, Reichard SR, Buckley RG, Donovan MS, Graham IR, Goff WB, Kane CJ. Prospective comparison of unenhanced spiral computed tomography and intravenous urogram in the evaluation of acute flank pain. Urology 1998;52: 982-7.
137. Niall O, Russell J, MacGregor R, Duncan H, Mullins J. A comparison of noncontrast computerized tomography with excretory urography in the assessment of acute flank pain. J Urol 1999;161:534-7.
138. Ruppert-Kohlmayr AJ, Stacher R, Preidler KW, Zigeuner R, Primus G, Ricabonna M, Szolar DH. [Native spiral computerized tomography in patients with acute flank pain-sense or nonsense?] Rofo 1999;170:168-73.
139. Bove P, Kaplan D, Dalrymple N, Rosenfield AT, Verga M, Anderson K, Smith RC. Reexamining the value of hematuria testing in patients with acute flank pain. J Urol 1999;162:685-7.
140. Wang LJ, Ng CJ, Chen JC, Chiu TF, Wong YC. Diagnosis of acute flank pain caused by ureteral stones: value of combined direct and indirect signs on IVU and unenhanced helical CT. Eur Radiol 2004;14:1634-40.
141. Rosenstein D, McAninch JW. Urologic emergencies. Med Clin North Am 2004;88:495-518.
142. Irwin DE, Milsom I, Hunskaar S, Reilly K, Kopp Z, Herschorn S, Coyne K, Kelleher C, Hampel C, Artibani W, Abrams P. Population-based survey of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and other lower urinary tract symptoms in five countries: results of the EPIC study. Eur Urol 2006;50:1306-14; discussion 1314-5.
143. Homma Y, Araki I, Igawa Y, Ozono S, Gotoh M, Yamanishi T, Yokoyama O, Yoshida M Japanese Society of Neurogenic Bladder. Clinical guideline for male lower urinary tract symptoms. Int J Urol 2009;16:775-90.
144. Park HJ, Shin KY, Lee TY. The role of endourologic management for tuberculous ureteral stricture. Korean J Urol 2001;42:910-4.
145. Cho SY, Lee H, Cho YH, Lee SJ. Clinical manifestation of emphysematous pyelonephritis and risk factors for mortality. Infect Chemother 2009;41:30-5.
146. Janetschek G, Girstmair J, Semenitz E. [Percutaneous nephrostomy as a technic for emergency drainage: review of cases.] Wien Med Wochenschr 1991;141:556-9.
147. Ahn JC, Choi JH, Lee CK, Choi S, Kim JC, Rhew HY. Percutaneous nephrostomy: experience in 276 cases. Korean J Urol 1994;35: 1248-53.
148. Bishop MC. Urosurgical management of urinary tract infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994;33 (Suppl A):75-91.
149. Pontin AR, Barnes RD Medscape. Current management of emphysematous pyelonephritis. Nat Rev Urol 2009;6:272-9.
150. Thorne MB, Geraci SA. Acute urinary retention in elderly men. Am J Med 2009;122:815-9.
151. Rubin RH, Shapiro ED, Andriole VT, Davis RJ, Stamm WE. Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of urinary tract infection. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15 (Suppl 1):S216-27.
152. Beck EM, Riehle RA Jr. The fate of residual fragments after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy monotherapy of infection stones. J Urol 1991;145:6-9; discussion 9-10.
153. McNeill SA, Hargreave TB Members of the Alfaur Study Group. Alfuzosin once daily facilitates return to voiding in patients in acute urinary retention. J Urol 2004;171:2316-20.
154. Lucas MG, Stephenson TP, Nargund V. Tamsulosin in the management of patients in acute urinary retention from benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int 2005;95:354-7.
155. McConnell JD, Roehrborn CG, Bautista OM, Andriole GL Jr, Dixon CM, Kusek JW, Lepor H, McVary KT, Nyberg LM Jr, Clarke HS, Crawford ED, Diokno A, Foley JP, Foster HE, Jacobs SC, Kaplan SA, Kreder KJ, Lieber MM, Lucia MS, Miller GJ, Menon M, Milam DF, Ramsdell JW, Schenkman NS, Slawin KM, Smith JA Medical Therapy of Prostatic Symptoms (MTOPS) Research Group. The long-term effect of doxazosin, finasteride, and combination therapy on the clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2387-98.
156. Roehrborn CG, Bruskewitz R, Nickel JC, McConnell JD, Saltzman B, Gittelman MC, Malek GH, Gottesman JE, Suryawanshi S, Drisko J, Meehan A, Waldstreicher J Proscar Long-Term Efficacy and Safety Study Group. Sustained decrease in incidence of acute urinary retention and surgery with finasteride for 6 years in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2004;171:1194-8.
157. O'Leary MP, Roehrborn C, Andriole G, Nickel C, Boyle P, Höfner K. Improvements in benign prostatic hyperplasia-specific quality of life with dutasteride, the novel dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. BJU Int 2003;92:262-6.
158. Brosnahan J, Jull A, Tracy C. Types of urethral catheters for management of short-term voiding problems in hospitalised adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(1):CD004013.
159. AUA Practice Guidelines Committee. AUA guideline on management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (2003). Chapter 1: Diagnosis and treatment recommendations. J Urol 2003;170:530-47.
160. Ramsey S, Robertson A, Ablett MJ, Meddings RN, Hollins GW, Little B. Evidence-based drainage of infected hydronephrosis secondary to ureteric calculi. J Endourol 2010;24:185-9.
161. Selius BA, Subedi R. Urinary retention in adults: diagnosis and initial management. Am Fam Physician 2008;77:643-50.
162. Lee SH, Kim DK, Kim JC, Lee KS, Lee JG, Park CH, Hong SJ, Kim CS, Park JK, Chung BH. The urologist's view of male overactive bladder: discrepancy between reality and belief in practical setting. Yonsei Med J 2010;51:432-7.
163. Nyman MA, Schwenk NM, Silverstein MD. Management of urinary retention: rapid versus gradual decompression and risk of complications. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:951-6.
164. Uppot RN. Emergent nephrostomy tube placement for acute urinary obstruction. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2009;12:154-61.
165. Bierer S, Ozgün M, Bode ME, Wülfing C, Piechota HJ. [Obstructive uropathy in adults.] Aktuelle Urol 2005;36:329-36.
166. Kim SC, Wang CS. A clinical observation on 131 cases of hydronephrosis. Korean J Urol 1978;19:89-97.
167. Weidner W, Schiefer HG, Krauss H, Jantos C, Friedrich HJ, Altmannsberger M. Chronic prostatitis: a thorough search for etiologically involved microorganisms in 1,461 patients. Infection 1991;19 (Suppl 3):S119-25.
168. Schneider H, Ludwig M, Hossain HM, Diemer T, Weidner W. The 2001 Giessen Cohort Study on patients with prostatitis syndrome-an evaluation of inflammatory status and search for microorganisms 10 years after a first analysis. Andrologia 2003;35:258-62.
169. Ronald A. The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogens. Am J Med 2002;113 (Suppl 1A):14S-9S.
170. Bichler KH, Eipper E, Naber K, Braun V, Zimmermann R, Lahme S. Urinary infection stones. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002;19:488-98.
171. Romero Culleres G, Sugranes JC, Planells Romeo I, Gimenez Perez M. Characteristics of urinary tract infections in different patient subpopulations and depending on the bladder emptying system. Actas Urol Esp 2010;34:251-7.
172. Barros M, Martinelli R, Rocha H. Enterococcal urinary tract infections in a university hospital: clinical studies. Braz J Infect Dis 2009;13:294-6.
173. Johansen TE, Cek M, Naber KG, Stratchounski L, Svendsen MV, Tenke P PEP and PEAP-study investigators; Board of the European Society of Infections in Urology. Hospital acquired urinary tract infections in urology departments: pathogens, susceptibility and use of antibiotics. Data from the PEP and PEAP-studies. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006;28 (Suppl 1):S91-107.
174. Kumazawa J, Matsumoto T. Complicated urinary tract infection. In: Bergan T, ed. Urinary tract infections: molecular pathogenesis and clinical management. Basel: Karger; 1997;19-26.
175. Chevalier RL, Klahr S. Therapeutic approaches in obstructive uropathy. Semin Nephrol 1998;18:652-8.
176. Nicolle LE. A practical guide to the management of complicated urinary tract infection. Drugs 1997;53:583-92.
177. McNaughton-Collins M, Barry MJ. Managing patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Am J Med 2005;118:1331-9.
178. Irani J, Brown CT, van der Meulen J, Emberton M. A review of guidelines on benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms: are all guidelines the same? BJU Int 2003;92:937-42.
179. Oh CY, Lee SH, Yoo SJ, Chung BH. Korean urologist's view of practice patterns in diagnosis and management of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a nationwide survey. Yonsei Med J 2010; 51:248-52.
180. DasGupta R, Sullivan R, French G, O'Brien T. Evidence-based prescription of antibiotics in urology: a 5-year review of microbiology. BJU Int 2009;104:760-4.
181. Hwang SD, Park KS, Jeon BS, Kim YJ, Lee SH, Lee KS, Yoon SY, Lee SC. Clinical risk factors for bacteremia in patients with acute pyelonephritis. Korean J Nephrol 2009;28:418-23.
182. Kim KY, Kim CS, Lim DH. The ciprofloxacin resistance pattern of Escherichia coli isolated from female patients with communityacquired urinary tract infection in the Jeonnam and Gwangju region for the recent 2-years. Korean J Urol 2008;49:540-8.
183. Segura JW. Staghorn calculi. Urol Clin North Am 1997;24:71-80.
184. Emori TG, Gaynes RP. An overview of nosocomial infections, including the role of the microbiology laboratory. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993;6:428-42.
185. Wells WG, Woods GL, Jiang Q, Gesser RM. Treatment of complicated urinary tract infection in adults: combined analysis of two randomized, double-blind, multicentre trials comparing ertapenem and ceftriaxone followed by appropriate oral therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53 (Suppl 2):ii67-74.
186. Pietrow PK, Preminger GM. Evaluation and medical management of urinary lithiasis. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW and Peters CA, eds. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Elsevier; 2007.
187. Kim HW, Kim SH, Kim SW, Jung KI, Min KO, Cho SY. Effects of Subclinical Prostatitis on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Korean J Urol 2009;50:154-8.
188. Schaeffer AJ, Anderson RU, Krieger JN. The assessment and management of male pelvic pain syndrome, including prostatitis. In: McConnell J, Abrams P, Denis L, Khoury S, Roehrborn C, eds. Male lower uninary tract dysfunction, evaluation and management; 6th international consultation on new developments in prostate cancer and prostate disease. Paris: Health Publications; 2006;341-85.
189. Weidner W, Schiefer HG, Krauss H, Jantos C, Friedrich HJ, Altmannsberger M. Chronic prostatitis: a thorough search for etiologically involved microorganisms in 1,461 patients. Infection 1991;19 (Suppl 3):S119-25.
190. Nickel JC, Downey J, Young I, Boag S. Asymptomatic inflammation and/or infection in benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int 1999;84:976-81.
191. Nelson WG, De Marzo AM, DeWeese TL, Isaacs WB. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. J Urol 2004;172:S6-11.
192. Krieger JN, Nyberg L Jr, Nickel JC. NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis. JAMA 1999;282:236-7.
193. Millán-Rodríguez F, Palou J, Bujons-Tur A, Musquera-Felip M, Sevilla-Cecilia C, Serrallach-Orejas M, Baez-Angles C, Villavicencio-Mavrich H. Acute bacterial prostatitis: two different subcategories according to a previous manipulation of the lower urinary tract. World J Urol 2006;24:45-50.
194. Ha US, Kim ME, Kim CS, Shim BS, Han CH, Lee SD, Cho YH. Acute bacterial prostatitis in Korea: clinical outcome, including symptoms, management, microbiology and course of disease. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008;31 (Suppl 1):S96-101.
195. Cho SY, Bae WJ, Cho YH, Lee SJ. Clinical characteristics and treatment results of acute bacterial prostatitis. Infect Chemother 2009;41:36-41.
196. Cho IR, Lee KC, Lee SE, Jeon JS, Park SS, Sung LH, Noh CH, Yang WJ, Choi YD, Hong SJ, Yang SC, Cho JS, Ahn HS, Kim SJ, Kim HS, Song KH, Seong DH, Suh JK, Lee KS, Song YS, Lee DH, Kim YS. Clinical outcome of acute bacterial prostatitis, a multicenter Study. Korean J Urol 2005;46:1034-9.
197. Brook I. Urinary tract and genito-urinary suppurative infections due to anaerobic bacteria. Int J Urol 2004;11:133-41.
198. Naber KG. Management of bacterial prostatitis: what's new? BJU Int 2008;101(Suppl 3):7-10.
199. Nickel JC, and Moon T. Chronic bacterial prostatitis; An evolving clinical enigma. Urology 2005;66:2-8.
200. Bundrick W, Heron SP, Ray P, Schiff WM, Tennenberg AM, Wiesinger BA, Wright PA, Wu SC, Zadeikis N, Kahn JB. Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the Treatment of Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis: A randomised double-blind multicenter study. Urology 2003;62:537-41.
201. Pewitt EB, Schaeffer AJ. Urinary tract infection in urology, including acute and chronic prostatitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997;11:623-46.
202. Leigh DA. Prostatitis - an increasing clinical problem for diagnosis and management. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993;32(suppl A):1-9.
203. Meares EM Jr. Acute and chronic prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1987;1:855-73.
204. Ludwig M. Diagnosis and therapy of acute prostatitis, epididymitis and orchitis. Andrologia 2008;40:76-80.
205. Kravchick S, Cytron S, Agulansky L, Ben-Dor D. Acute prostatitis in middle-aged men: a prospective study. BJU Int 2004;93:93-6.
206. Meares EM, Stamey TA. Bacteriologic localization patterns in bacterial prostatitis and urethritis. Invest Urol 1968;5:492-518.
207. Etienne M, Chavanet P, Sibert L, Michel F, Levesque H, Lorcerie B, Doucet J, Pfitzenmeyer P, Caron F. Acute bacterial prostatitis: heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria and management. Retrospective multicentric analysis of 371 patients diagnosed with acute prostatitis. BMC Infect Dis 2008;8:12.
208. Schaeffer AJ. Prostatitis: US perspective. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1999;11:205-11.
209. Meares EM Jr. Prostatic abscess. J Urol 1986;136:1281-2.
210. Paulson DF, White RD. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and minocycline-hydrochloride in the treatment of culture-proved bacterial prostatitis. J Urol 1978;120:184-5.
211. Meares EM. Long-term therapy of chronic bacterial prostatitis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Can Med Assoc J 1975; 112:22-5.
212. McGuire EJ, Lytton B. Bacterial prostatitis: treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Urology 1976;7:499-500.
213. Bjerklund Johansen TE, Gruneberg RN, Guibert J, Hofstetter A, Lobel B, Naber KG, Palou Redorta J, van Cangh PJ. The role of antibiotics in the treatment of chronic prostatitis: a consensus statement. Eur Urol 1998;34:457-66.
214. Wagenlehner FM, Naber KG. Prostatitis: the role of antibiotic treatment. World J Urol 2003;21:105-8.
215. Naber KG. Antibiotic treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis. In: Nickel JC, ed. Textbook of Prostatitis. Oxford: Isis Medical Media; 1999;285-92.
216. Malinverni R, Glauser MP. Comparative studies of fluoroquinolones in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Rev Infect Dis 1988;10(Suppl 1):S153-63.
217. Naber KG. Use of quinolones in urinary tract infections and prostatitis. Rev Infect Dis 1989;11 (Suppl 5):S1321-37.
218. Naber KG, Busch W, Focht J. Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prosatatitis: A prospective, non-comparative multicentre clinical trial with long-term follow-up. The German Prostatitis Study Group. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000;14:143-9.
219. Bundrick W, Heron SP, Ray P, Schiff WM, Tennenberg AM, Wiesinger BA, Wright PA, Wu SC, Zadeikis N, Kahn JB. Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis: a randomized double-blind multicenter study. Urology 2003;62:537-41.
220. Naber KG European Lomefloxacin Prostatitis Study Group. Lomefloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002;20:18-27.
221. Giannarini G, Mogorovich A, Valent F, Morelli G, De Maria M, Manassero F, Barbone F, Selli C. Prulifloxacin versus levofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. J Chemother 2007;19:304-8.
222. Bjerklund Johansen TE, Grüneberg RN, Guibert J, Hofstetter A, Lobel B, Naber KG, Palou Redorta J, van Cangh PJ. The role of antibiotics in the treatment of chronic prostatitis: a consensus statement. Eur Urol 1998;34:457-66.
223. Kurzer E, Kaplan S. Cost effectiveness model comparing trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatits. Eur Urol 2002;42:163-6.
224. Oh CS, Cheon SH, Park RJ, Lee MS. The Efficacy of Oral Levo floxacin in the Treatment of Patient with Chronic Prostatitis. Infect Chemother 2005;37:99-103.
225. Park RJ, Chung JS, Kim SR, Lee SH. The Efficacy of Oral Ciprofloxacin in the Treatment of Patients with Chronic Prostatitis. J Korean Soc Chemother 1999;17:229-38.
226. Pust RA, Ackenheil-Koppe HR, Gilbert P, Weidner W. Clinical efficacy of ofloxacin (tarivid) in patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis: preliminary results. J Chemother 1989;1(4 Suppl): 869-71.
227. Weidner W, Schiefer HG, Dalhoff A. Treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis with ciprofloxacin. Results of a one-year follow-up study. Am J Med 1987;82:280-3.
228. Peppas T, Petrikkos G, Deliganni V, Zoumboulis P, Koulentianos E, Giamarellou H. Efficacy of long-term therapy with norfloxacin in chronic bacterial prostatitis. J Chemother 1989;1(4 Suppl): 867-8.
229. Pfau A. The treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis. Infection 1991;19 (Suppl 3):S160-4.
230. Frazier HA, Spalding TH, Paulson DF. Total prostatoseminal vesiculectomy in the treatment of debilitating perineal pain. J Urol 1992;148:409-11.
231. Lee KC, Jung PB, Park HS, Whang JH, Lee JG. Transurethral needle ablation for chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. BJU Int 2002;89:226-9.
232. Skerk V, Schönwald S, Krhen I, Markovinović L, Barsić B, Mareković I, Roglić S, Zeljko Z, Vince A, Cajić V. Comparative analysis of azithromycin and clarithromycin efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. J Chemother 2002;14:384-9.
233. Skerk V, Schönwald S, Krhen I, Banaszak A, Begovac J, Strugar J, Strapac Z, Vrsalovic R, Vukovic J, Tomas M. Comparative analysis of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003;21:457-62.
234. Skerk V, Krhen I, Lisić M, Begovac J, Roglić S, Skerk V, Sternak SL, Banaszak A, Strugar-Suica J, Vuković J. Comparative randomized pilot study of azithromycin and doxycycline efficacy in the treatment of prostate infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004;24:188-91.