The Internal Other: Exploring the Dialectical Relationship Between Regional Exclusion and the Construction of National Identity

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

Volumn 102, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 863-880

  Johnson, Corey ^a   Coleman, Amanda ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT GREENSBORO   (United States)

^b NORTHEASTERN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Germany; Italy; nationalism; othering; regionalism

Indexed keywords

IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION; NATIONALISM; NINETEENTH CENTURY; REGIONALISM; SOCIAL EXCLUSION; STATE BUILDING;

GERMANY; ITALY;

EID: 84863525480     PISSN: 00045608     EISSN: 14678306     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00045608.2011.602934     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Abizadeh, A. 2005. Does collective identity presuppose an other? On the alleged incoherence of global solidarity. American Political Science Review, 99(1): 45-60.
2. Adamovsky, E. 2005. Euro-Orientalism and the making of the concept of Eastern Europe in France, 1810-1880. The Journal of Modern History, 77(3): 591-628.
3. Agnew, J. A. 1997. The dramaturgy of horizons: Geographical scale in the "Reconstruction of Italy" by the new Italian political parties, 1992-1995. Political Geography, 16(2): 99-121.
4. Agnew, J. A. 1999. Regions on the mind does not equal regions of the mind. Progress in Human Geography, 23(1): 91-96.
5. Agnew, J. A. 2001. Regions in revolt. Progress in Human Geography, 25(1): 103-10.
6. Agnew, J. A. 2002. Place and politics in modern Italy., Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7. Agnew, J. A. 2003. Geopolitics: Re-visioning world politics., 2nd, London and New York: Routledge. ed
8. Agnew, J. A. 2007. No borders, no nations: Making Greece in Macedonia. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97(2): 398-422.
9. Agnew, J. A. 2009. Making the strange familiar: Geographical analogy in global geopolitics. Geographical Review, 99(3): 426-43.
10. Agnew, J. A., Shin, M. and Bettoni, G. 2002. City versus metropolis: The Northern League in the Milan Metropolitan Area. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26(2): 266-83.
11. Allen, J., Massey, D., Cochrane, A., Charlesworth, D., Court, G., Henry, N. and Sarre, P. 1998. Rethinking the region., London and New York: Routledge.
12. Amin, A. 1999. An institutionalist perspective on regional economic development. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23(2): 365-78.
13. Amin, A. 2004. Regions unbound: Towards a new politics of place. Geografiska Annaler Series B: Human Geography, 86(1): 33-44.
14. Anderson, B. 1983. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism., London: Verso.
15. Applegate, C. 1990. A nation of provincials: The German idea of Heimat., Berkeley: University of California Press.
16. Applegate, C. 1999. A Europe of regions: Reflections on the historiography of sub-national places in modern times. The American Historical Review, 104(4): 1157-82.
17. Banfield, E. C. 1958. The moral basis of a backward society., Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
18. Banfield, E. C. 1970. The unheavenly city: The nature and future of our urban crisis, Boston: Little.
19. Barnes, T. J. and Farish, M. 2006. Between regions: Science, militarism, and American geography from World War to Cold War. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 96(4): 807-26.
20. Beck, U. 1997. "Was ist Globalisierung? [What is globalization?]". Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp.
21. Beck, U. 2007. The cosmopolitan condition: Why methodological nationalism fails. Theory Culture Society, 24(7-8): 286-90.
22. Berndt, C. 2003. Territorialized key words and methodological nationalism: Cultural constructions of institutional change in Germany. European Urban and Regional Studies, 10(4): 283-95.
23. Bialasiewicz, L. 2002. Upper Silesia: Rebirth of a regional identity in Poland. Regional & Federal Studies, 12(2): 111-32.
24. Billig, M. 1995. Banal nationalism, London: Sage.
25. Blackbourn, D. 2003. History of Germany, 1780-1918: The long nineteenth century., 2nd, Malden, MA: Blackwell.
26. Blackbourn, D. and Retallack, J. N. 2007. Localism, landscape, and the ambiguities of place: German-speaking central Europe, 1860-1930, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
27. Borutta, M. 2003. "Enemies at the gate: The Moabit Klostersturm and the Kulturkampf: Germany". In Culture wars: Secular-Catholic conflict in nineteenth-century Europe, Edited by: Clark, C. M. and Kaiser, W. 227-54. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
28. Brenner, N. 2000. Building "Euro-regions": Locational politics and the political geography of neoliberalism in post-unification Germany. European Urban and Regional Studies, 7(4): 319-45.
29. Brenner, N. 2004. New state spaces: Urban governance and the rescaling of statehood., Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
30. Browning, C. S. 2003. The region-building approach revisited: The continued othering of Russia in discourses of region-building in the European North. Geopolitics, 8(1): 45-71.
31. Brubaker, R. 1996. Nationalism reframed: Nationhood and the national question in the new Europe., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
32. Brubaker, R. 2004. Ethnicity without groups., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
33. Burris, G. A. 2007. The other from within: Pan-Turkist mythmaking and the expulsion of the Turkish left. Middle Eastern Studies, 43(4): 611-24.
34. Chaturvedi, S. 2002. Process of othering in the case of India and Pakistan. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 93(2): 149-59.
35. Cheah, P. and Robbins, B. 1998. Cosmopolitics: Thinking and feeling beyond the nation, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
36. Clark, C. M. 2006. Iron kingdom: The rise and downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947, Cambridge, MA: Belknap.
37. Clayton, T. 2002. Politics and nationalism in Scotland: A Clydeside case study of identity construction. Political Geography, 21(6): 813-43.
38. Confino, A. 1997. "The nation as a local metaphor: Württemberg, imperial Germany, and national memory, 1871-1918". Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
39. Cooke, P. and Morgan, K. 1998. The associational economy: Firms, regions, and innovation., Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
40. Deas, I. and Lord, A. 2006. From a new regionalism to an unusual regionalism? The emergence of non-standard regional spaces and lessons for the territorial reorganisation of the state. Urban Studies, 43: 1847-77.
41. Dickie, J. 1999. Darkest Italy: The nation and stereotypes of the Mezzogiorno, 1860-1900, New York: St. Martin's.
42. Diestel, P.-M. 2004, 10 April. Aufbau Ost ist nicht schuld am Absturz West [Rebuilding the East isn't at fault for the downfall of the West]. Süddeutsche Zeitung,: 2
43. Dunford, M. and Greco, L. 2005. After the three Italies: Wealth, inequality and industrial change., Malden, MA: Blackwell.
44. Entrikin, J. N. 2003. "Political community, identity, and cosmopolitan place". In Europe without borders, Edited by: Berezin, M. and Schain, M. 51-63. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
45. Eriksen, T. H. 1995. We and us: Two modes of group identification. Journal of Peace Research, 32(4): 427-36.
46. Eriksson, M. 2008. (Re)producing a "peripheral" region-Northern Sweden in the news. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 90(4): 369-88.
47. Evans, R. J. 1997. Rereading German history: From unification to reunification, 1800-1996, London and New York: Routledge.
48. Flora, P., Kuhnle, S. and Urwin, D. W. 1999. State formation, nation-building, and mass politics in Europe: The theory of Stein Rokkan, based on his collected works., Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
49. Foucault, M. 2003. Society must be defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76, trans, Edited by: Macey, D. New York: Picador.
50. Foucault, M., Senellart, M. and Davidson, A. I. 2007. Security, territory, population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-1978, Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
51. Fukuyama, F. 1995. Trust: Social virtues and the creation of prosperity., New York: Free Press.
52. Gebhardt, H. 2005. "The south strikes back"?-Ein geographischer Essay über Nord-Süd-Kontraste in Deutschland [A geographical essay about North-South contrasts in Germany]. Berichte zur deutschen Landeskunde, 79(2-3): 193-207.
53. Giordano, B. 2000. Italian regionalism or "Padanian" nationalism-The political project of the Lega Nord in Italian politics. Political Geography, 19(4): 445-71.
54. Goethe, J., Schiller, F. and Saupe, E. 1852. Die Schiller-Goethe'schen Xenien [The Schiller-Goethe Xenien], Leipzig, Germany: Weber.
55. Grant, S.-M. 2000. North over South: Northern nationalism and American identity in the antebellum era., Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
56. Gregory, D. 1994. Geographical imaginations., Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
57. Gross, M. B. 2004. The war against Catholicism: Liberalism and the anti-Catholic imagination in nineteenth-century Germany., Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
58. Gruffudd, P. 1995. Remaking Wales: Nation-building and the geographical imagination, 1925-1950. Political Geography, 14(3): 219-39.
59. Guerrieri, P. and Iammarino, S. 2006. The rise of "many Mezzogiorni": An empirical assessment of the internal differentiation of Italian southern regions. European Urban and Regional Studies, 13(2): 167-78.
60. Häkli, J. 1998. Discourse in the production of political space: Decolonizing the symbolism of provinces in Finland. Political Geography, 17(3): 331-63.
61. Hans, H. 1995. What's new and what's regional in the "new regional geography"?. Geografiska Annaler Series B: Human Geography, 77(1): 47-63.
62. Harrison, J. 2006. Re-reading the new regionalism: A sympathetic critique. Space & Polity, 10(1): 21-46.
63. Harvey, D. 2009. Cosmopolitanism and the geographies of freedom., New York: Columbia University Press.
64. Hechter, M. 1975. Internal colonialism: The Celtic fringe in British national development, 1536-1966, Berkeley: University of California Press.
65. Henley, D. E. F. 1995. Regional nationalism in a colonial state: A case study from the Dutch East Indies. Political Geography, 14(1): 31-58.
66. Herb, G. H. 1999. "National identity and territory". In Nested identities: Nationalism, territory, and scale, Edited by: Herb, G. H. and Kaplan, D. H. 9-30. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
67. Herb, G. H. 2004. Double vision: Territorial strategies in the construction of national identities in Germany, 1949-1979. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94(1): 140-64.
68. Herb, G. H. and Kaplan, D. H. 1999. Nested identities: Nationalism, territory, and scale, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
69. Huntington, S. P. 2004. Who are we? The challenges to America's national identity, New York: Simon & Schuster.
70. James, A. 2006. Critical moments in the production of "rigorous" and "relevant" cultural economic geographies. Progress in Human Geography, 30(3): 289-308.
71. Jansson, D. R. 2003a. American national identity and the progress of the New South in National Geographic Magazine. Geographical Review, 93(3): 350-69.
72. Jansson, D. R. 2003b. Internal orientalism in America: W. J. Cash's The Mind of the South and the spatial construction of American national identity. Political Geography, 22(3): 293-316.
73. Jansson, D. R. 2007. The haunting of the South: American geopolitical identity and the burden of Southern history. Geopolitics, 12(3): 400-25.
74. Jansson, D. R. 2010. Racialization and "Southern" identities of resistance: A psychogeography of internal orientalism in the United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(1): 202-21.
75. Jarosz, L. and Lawson, V. 2002. "Sophisticated people versus rednecks": Economic restructuring and class difference in America's West. Antipode, 34(1): 8-27.
76. Jonas, A. E. G. and Pincetl, S. 2006. Rescaling regions in the state: The new regionalism in California. Political Geography, 25(5): 482-505.
77. Jones, M. and MacLeod, G. 2004. Regional spaces, spaces of regionalism: Territory, insurgent politics and the English question. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 29(4): 433-52.
78. Jones, R. 2009. Sovereignty and statelessness in the border enclaves of India and Bangladesh. Political Geography, 28(6): 373-81.
79. Jones, R. and Fowler, C. 2007a. National élites, national masses: Oral history and the (re)production of the Welsh nation. Social and Cultural Geography, 8(3): 417-32.
80. Jones, R. and Fowler, C. 2007b. Placing and scaling the nation. Environment & Planning D: Society & Space, 25(2): 332-54.
81. Kaplan, D. H. 1999. "Territorial identities and geographic scale". In Nested identities: nationalism, territory, and scale, Edited by: Herb, G. H. and Kaplan, D. H. 31-52. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
82. Keating, M. 1998. The new regionalism in Western Europe: Territorial restructuring and political change, Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar.
83. Knight, D. B. 1982. Identity and territory: Geographical perspectives on nationalism and regionalism. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72(4): 514-31.
84. Lagendijk, A. 2007. The accident of the region: A strategic relational perspective on the construction of the region's significance. Regional Studies, 41(9): 1193-1207.
85. Lässig, S., Pohl, K. H. and Retallack, J. N. 1995. Modernisierung und Region im wilhelminischen Deutschland [Modernization and region in Wilhelmine Germany], Bielefeld, Germany: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte.
86. Lawson, V., Jarosz, L. and Bonds, A. 2008. Building economies from the bottom up: (Mis)representations of poverty in the rural American Northwest. Social & Cultural Geography, 9(7): 737-53.
87. Lossau, J. 2002. Die Politik der Verortung [The politics of emplacing], Bielefeld, Germany: Transcript.
88. Lumley, R. and Morris, J. 1997. The new history of the Italian south: The Mezzogiorno revisited, Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press.
89. Mac Laughlin, J. 2001. Reimagining the nation-state: The contested terrains of nation-building., London: Pluto Press.
90. MacLeod, G. 1998. In what sense a region? Place hybridity, symbolic shape, and institutional formation in (post-) modern Scotland. Political Geography, 17(7): 833-63.
91. MacLeod, G. 2001. New regionalism reconsidered: Globalization and the remaking of political economic space. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25(4): 804-29.
92. MacLeod, G. and Jones, M. 2001. Renewing the geography of regions. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 19(6): 669-95.
93. Markusen, A. 1987. Regions: The economics and politics of territory, Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield.
94. Moe, N. 2002. The view from Vesuvius: Italian culture and the southern question., Berkeley: University of California Press.
95. Mouffe, C. 2000. The democratic paradox., London: Verso.
96. Murphy, A. B. 1991. Regions as social constructs: The gap between theory and practice. Progress in Human Geography, 15(1): 22-35.
97. O'Brien, K. L. and Leichenko, R. M. 2003. Winners and losers in the context of global change. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 93(1): 89-103.
98. Ohmae, K. 1995. The end of the nation state: The rise of regional economies, London: HarperCollins.
99. Paasi, A. 1986. The institutionalization of regions: A theoretical framework for understanding the emergence of regions and the constitution of regional identity. Fennia, 164(1): 105-46.
100. Paasi, A. 1991. Deconstructing regions: Notes on the scales of spatial life. Environment & Planning A, 23(2): 239-56.
101. Paasi, A. 1996. Territories, boundaries, and consciousness: The changing geographies of the Finnish-Russian boundary., Chichester, UK: Wiley.
102. Paasi, A. 2002a. Bounded spaces in the mobile"regional identity". Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 93(2): 137-48.
103. Paasi, A. 2002b. Place and region: Regional worlds and words. Progress in Human Geography, 26(6): 802-11.
104. Paasi, A. 2009. The resurgence of the "region" and "regional identity": Theoretical perspectives and empirical observations on regional dynamics in Europe. Review of International Studies, 35(Supp. S1): 121-46.
105. Pandolfi, M. 1998. "Two Italies: Rhetorical figures of failed nationhood". In Italy's "Southern question": Orientalism in one country, Edited by: Schneider, J. 285-89. Oxford, UK: Berg.
106. Pholsena, V. 2006. Post-war Laos: The politics of culture, history, and identity., Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
107. Presseschau. 2005. Stoiber "geschmacklos sondergleichen" [Stoiber: Tasteless beyond comparison]. Die Zeit, 11 August. http://www.zeit.de/2005/33/stoiber_ostdeutschland (last accessed 23 February 2011)
108. Pugsley, P. C. 2010. Singapore FHM: State values and the construction of Singaporean masculinity in a syndicated men's magazine. Asian Studies Review, 34(2): 171-90.
109. Putnam, R. D. 1993. Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
110. Raento, P. and Watson, C. J. 2000. Gernika, Guernica, Guernica?: Contested meanings of a Basque place. Political Geography, 19(6): 707-36.
111. Rossi, U. 2004. New regionalism contested: Some remarks in light of the case of the Mezzogiorno of Italy. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28(2): 466-76.
112. Said, E. W. 1978. Orientalism., New York: Pantheon.
113. Schein, L. 1997. Gender and internal orientalism in China. Modern China, 23(1): 69-98.
114. Schlottmann, A. 2003. Zur Verortung von Kultur in kommunikativer Praxis-Beispiel 'Ostdeutschland' [On localizing culture in communicative practice-The case of "East Germany"]. Geographische Zeitschrift, 91(1): 40-51.
115. Schlottmann, A. 2008. Closed spaces: Can't live with them, can't live without them. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 26: 823-41.
116. Schmid, K.-P. 2001, 3 May. Politik für die Kippe [Politics for the landfill]. Die Zeit, http://www.zeit.de/2001/19/Politik_fuer_die_Kippe (last accessed 23 February 2011)
117. Schmitt, C. 1996. The concept of the political., Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
118. Schneider, J. 1998a. "Introduction: The dynamics of neo-orientalism in Italy (1848-1995)". In Italy's "Southern question": Orientalism in one country, Edited by: Schneider, J. 1-23. Oxford, UK: Berg.
119. Schneider, J. 1998b. Italy's "Southern question": Orientalism in one country, Oxford, UK: Berg.
120. Scott, A. J. 1998. Regions and the world economy: The coming shape of global production, competition, and political order., Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
121. Shin, M. E. and Agnew, J. 2002. The geography of party replacement in Italy, 1987-1996. Political Geography, 21(2): 221-42.
122. Smith, A. D. 1998. Nationalism and modernism: A critical survey of recent theories of nations and nationalism., London and New York: Routledge.
123. Storper, M. 1997. The regional world: Territorial development in a global economy, New York: Guilford.
124. Sturm, T. and Bauch, N. 2010. Nationalism and geography: An interview with Rogers Brubaker. Geopolitics, 15(1): 185-96.
125. Thompson, A. 2001. Nations, national identities and human agency: Putting people back into nations. The Sociological Review, 49(1): 18-32.
126. Tipton, F. B. 1976. Regional variations in the economic development of Germany during the nineteenth century., Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
127. Todorova, M. N. 2009. Imagining the Balkans., New York: Oxford University Press.
128. Walzer, M. 1992. The new tribalism: Notes on a difficult problem. Dissent, 39(Spring): 164-71.
129. Weber, M. and Kalberg, S. 2009. The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism: With other writings on the rise of the West, 4th, New York: Oxford University Press.
130. White, G. W. 2004. Nation, state, and territory: Origins, evolutions, and relationships, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
131. Williams, C. and Smith, A. D. 1983. The national construction of social space. Progress in Human Geography, 7(4): 502-18.
132. Wolff, L. 1994. Inventing Eastern Europe: The map of civilization on the mind of the enlightenment., Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
133. Wong, A. S. 2006. Race and the nation in liberal Italy, 1861-1911: Meridionalism, empire, and diaspora., New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
134. Yeung, H. W. C. 2005. Rethinking relational economic geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 30(1): 37-51.
135. Yiftachel, O. 1998. Nation-building and the division of space: Ashkenazi domination in the Israeli "ethnocracy.". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 4(3): 33-58.
136. Yiftachel, O. 1999. Between nation and state: "Fractured" regionalism among Palestinian-Arabs in Israel. Political Geography, 18(3): 285-307.
137. Young, R. 1990. White mythologies: Writing history and the West., London and New York: Routledge.
138. Zelinsky, W. 1980. North America's vernacular regions. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 70(1): 1-16.