Legal constraints to the European Union's accession to the International Maritime Organization

Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 279-291

  Nengye, Liu ^a,b   Maes, Frank ^a,c  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b WUHAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c Master of Shipping Law ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84863508196     PISSN: 00222410     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. 'M. Cremona, "The Union as a global actor: roles, models and identity', 41 Common Market Law Review 553 (2004).
2. 'F. Hoffmeister, 'Outsider or frontrunner? Recent development under international and European law on the status of the European Union in international organizations and treaty bodies', 44 Common Market Law Review 41-68 (2007).
3. 'Strategic goals and recommendations for the EU's maritime transport policy until 2018, COM (2009) 8 final, 7.
4. 'European Community Shipowners' Association Annual Report 2009-2010.
5. 'For details about European legislation on maritime safety during the past decade, see N. Y. Liu and F. Maes, "The European Union's role in the prevention of vessel-source pollution and its internal influence', 15 Journal of International Maritime Law 411-422 (2009).
6. " Recommendation from the Commission to the Council, in order to authorize the Commission to open and conduct negotiations with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) on the conditions and arrangements for accession by the European Community, SEC (2002) 381 final
7. " See para. 34, the Parliament reiterates its request to the Council to apply for membership of the IMO for the Union, http://www.europarl.europa. eu/comparl/tempcom/mare/pdf/res-en.pdf
8. " N. Y. Liu and F. Maes, "The European Union and the International Maritime Organization: EU's external Influence on the Prevention of Vessel-Source Pollution', 41 JML&C 581-594 (2010)
9. " IMO LEG/MISC/6, 10 September 2008, "Implications of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for the International Maritime Organization, a study by the Secretariat of the IMO", 7.
10. " N. Gaskell, 'Decision Making and the Legal Committee of the International Maritime Organization', 18 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 186 (2003).
11. 'The Concept has emerged from multilateral treaty practice, especially to permit an organization like the European Union to adopt multilateral treaties and conventions as a contracting party alongside States. The substance of what is today usually known through the term REIO originates in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea which, pursuant to its article 305 (1) (f), is open to signature to a certain category of international organizations defined in its Annex IX. For more discussion and a few generic propositions of the REIO, see E. Paasivirta and P. J. Kuijper, 'Does One Size Fit All?: The European Community and the Responsibility of International Organizations', 36 Netherlands Yearbook of International Law (2005) 204-212.
12. 'www.imo.org
13. " For details about Common Fisheries Policy, see S. B. Suominen, "The European Community, the European Court of Justice and the Law of the Sea', 23 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 648-663 (2008).
14. " http://www.imo.org/About/Pages/FAQs.aspx
15. V. Frank, 'Consequence of the Prestige Sinking for European and International Law', 20 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 27 (2005).
16. Infringement proceedings of maritime transport from 2005 to 2009, http://ec.europa.eu/transport/infringements/proceedings/mari time-en.htm
17. T. C. Hartley, 'International Law and The Law of the European Union - A Reassessment', in J. Crawford and A. V. Lowe, (eds.) 2001 British Yearbook of International Law, (Oxford University Press, 2002) 11.
18. M. Szabo, 'The EU under Public International Law: Challenging Prospects', Cambridge Yearbook of the European Legal Studies (2007-2008), 304.
19. G. de Burca, 'The European Court of Justice and the International Legal Order After Kadi', 51 Harvard International Law Journal, 1 (2010).
20. See also J. W. V. Rossem, 'Interaction between EU Law and International Law in the light of Intertanko and Kadi: The Delemma of Norms Binding the Member States but not the Community', Netherlands Yearbook of International Law (2009), 183-227.
21. For more about the discussion, see e.g. E. Somers and G. Gonsaeles, "The Consequences of the Sinking of the M/S Erika in European Waters: Towards a Total Loss for International Shipping Law?', 41 Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 57-83 (2010).
22. M. Lickova, 'European Exceptionalism in International Law', 19 European Journal of International Law, 463-490 (2008).
23. N. Lavranos, 'Protecting European Law from International Law', 15 European Foreign Affairs Review, 265-282 (2010).
24. A. Boyle, 'EU Unilateralism and the Law of the Sea', 21 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 15-31 (2006). (Pubitemid 44768100)
25. A. K. Tan, Vessel-Source Marine Pollution, the Law and Politics of International Regulation (Cambridge University Press, 2006) 88.
26. COM (2000) 142 final, 4.
27. N. Y. Liu and F. Maes, 'Criminal Liability and Vessel-Source Pollution in the European Union and the United States: Inspirations for the Prevention of Vessel-Source Pollution in China?' in M. Faure, L. X. Han and H. J. Shan eds, Maritime Pollution Liability and Policy China, Europe and the US, (Kluwer Law International 2010), 199.
28. As third countries cannot afford to ignore such a commercially important market, they will be obliged to familiarize themselves with and as far as possible conform to the rules in force in the European market. The safety requirements imposed by the Community in accordance with IMO rules are gradually becoming de facto professional practice for all vessels operating in the European area. This added value should be reflected in a more appropriate status commensurate with the evolution of powers." SEC (2002) 381 final, 38-39.
29. For more details, see H. Ringbom, The EU Maritime Safety Policy and International Law, (Martinus Nijhoff, 2008), 100.
30. COM (2009) 8 final, 10.
31. SEC (2002) 381 final, 35.
32. COM (2009) 8 final, 10.
33. Z. O. Ozcayir, 'IMO Conventions: The Tacit Consent Procedure and Some Recent Examples', 10 (2004) Journal of International Maritime Law 205.
34. http://www.basel.int/ratif/ban-alpha.htm
35. E.g., the EU's practice in the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). See http://ec.europa.eu/delegations/deli ta/our-activities-in-rome/ec-status.htm
36. See Declaration Concerning the Competence of the European Community with regard to Matters Governed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 and the Agreement of 28 July 1994 relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the Convention, p. 231, http://untreaty.un. Org/unts/120001-144071/27/2/00022247.pdf
37. COM (1993) 66 final.
38. COM (2000) 142 final, 4.
39. For details, see http://ec.europa.euAransport/maritime/safety/third- maritime-safety-package-en.htm
40. COM (2009) 8 final, 7.
41. Para. 19, Case C-22/70, Commission v. Council, 1971 ECR. 263.
42. SEC (2002) 381 final, 35.
43. As can be seen in White Paper, European Transport Policy for 2010: time to decide, COM (2001) 370, 12.09.2001, pp. 106-107, "By the EU's accession to the IMO, 27-odd members of the enlarged Union not only speak with a single voice but, above all, can influence those organizations' activities in the common interest and in support of sustainable development"
44. C. Hillion, 'Mixity and coherence: The significance of the duty of cooperation' in C Hillion and P Koutrakos (eds) Mixed Agreements Revisited (Hart Publishing 2010), 87-115.
45. Commission v. Greece (C-45/07) para.26. For details and comments of the case, see M. Cremona, 'Extending the reach of the AETR principle: comment on Commission v. Greece (C-45/07)', 34 European Law Review 754-768 (2009).
46. P. V. Elsuwege, 'European Court of Justice - failure of a Member State to fulfill obligation - Breach of Article 10 EC; now Art. 4 (3) TEU (duty of loyal cooperation) - Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants - Unilateral proposal by a Member State to list a substance in Annex A to that Convention', 105 American Journal of International Law (2011) (forthcoming)
47. http://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/contributions-post/263netherlands-en . pdf 27.