Direct control of fixation times in scene viewing: Evidence from analysis of the distribution of first fixation duration

Visual Cognition

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 605-626

  Glaholt, Mackenzie G ^a   Reingold, Eyal M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Direct control; Eye movements; Fixation duration; Parafoveal preview; Peripheral vision; Scene viewing

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EYE FIXATION; EYE MOVEMENT; GAZE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SURVIVAL; TASK PERFORMANCE; VISION; VISUAL STIMULATION;

EID: 84863487229     PISSN: 13506285     EISSN: 14640716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2012.666295     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Baddeley, R. J. and Tatler, B. W. 2006. High frequency edges (but not contrast) predict where we fixate: A Bayesian system identification analysis. Vision Research, 46: 2824-2833.
2. Bichot, N. P. and Schall, J. D. 1998. Saccade target selection in macaque during feature and conjunction visual search. Visual Neuroscience, 16: 81-89.
3. Biederman, I. 1981. "On the semantics of a glance at a scene". In Perceptual organization, Edited by: Kubovy, M. and Pomerantz, J. R. 213-253. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
4. Biederman, I., Mezzanote, R. J. and Rabinowitz, J. C. 1982. Scene perception: Detecting and judging objects undergoing relational violations. Cognitive Psychology, 14: 143-177.
5. Castelhano, M. S. and Henderson, J. M. 2005. Incidental visual memory for objects in scenes. Visual Cognition, 12: 1017-1040.
6. Castelhano, M. S. and Henderson, J. M. 2007. Initial scene representations facilitate eye movement guidance in visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33(4): 753-763.
7. Castelhano, M. S. and Henderson, J. M. 2008. The influence of color on the perception of scene gist. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34(3): 660-675.
8. Castelhano, M. S., Mack, M. L. and Henderson, J. M. 2009. Viewing task influences eye movement control during active scene perception. Journal of Vision, 9(3): 1-15.
9. Efron, B. and Tibshirani, R. J. 1994. An introduction to the bootstrap, Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall.
10. Fei-Fei, L., Iyer, A., Koch, C. and Perona, P. 2007. What do we perceive in a glance of a real-world scene?. Journal of Vision, 7(1): 1-29.
11. Findlay, J. M. 1997. Saccade target selection during visual search. Vision Research, 37: 617-631.
12. Findlay, J. M., Brown, V. and Gilchrist, I. D. 2001. Saccade target selection in visual search: The effect of information from the previous fixation. Vision Research, 41: 87-95.
13. Findlay, J. M. and Gilchrist, I. D. 1998. "Eye guidance and visual search". In Eye guidance in reading, driving and scene perception, Edited by: Underwood, G. 295-312. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
14. Glaholt, M. G., Rayner, K. and Reingold, E. M. 2012. The mask-onset delay paradigm and the availability of central and peripheral visual information during scene viewing. Journal of Vision, 12(1): 1-19.
15. Glaholt, M. G. and Reingold, E. M. 2009a. The time course of gaze bias in visual decision tasks. Visual Cognition, 17(8): 1228-1243.
16. Glaholt, M. G. and Reingold, E. M. 2009b. Stimulus exposure and gaze bias: A further test of the gaze cascade model. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 71(3): 445-450.
17. Glaholt, M. G. and Reingold, E. M. 2011. Eye movement monitoring as a process tracing methodology in decision making research. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 4(2): 125-146.
18. Glaholt, M. G., Wu, M. and Reingold, E. M. 2009. Predicting preference from fixations. Psychology Journal, 7(2): 141-158.
19. Glaholt, M. G., Wu, M., & Reingold, E. M. 2010. Evidence for top-down control of eye movements during visual decision making tasks. Journal of Vision, 10 (5), 1-10.
20. Greene, M. R. and Oliva, A. 2009. The briefest of glances: The time course of natural scene understanding. Psychological Science, 20: 464-472.
21. Henderson, J. M. 2003. Human gaze control during real-world scene perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(11): 498-504.
22. Henderson, J. M. 2007. Regarding scenes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16: 219-222.
23. Henderson, J. M., Brockmole, J. R., Castelhano, M. S. and Mack, M. 2007. "Image salience versus cognitive control of eye movements in real-world scenes: Evidence from visual search". In Eye movement research: Insights into mind and brain, Edited by: van Gompel, R., Fischer, M., Murray, W. and Hill, R. 537-562. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
24. Henderson, J. M. and Castelhano, M. S. 2005. "Eye movements and visual memory for scenes". In Cognitive processes in eye guidance, Edited by: Underwood, G. 213-235. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
25. Henderson, J. M. and Ferreira, F. 2004. "Scene perception for psycholinguists". In The interface of language, vision, and action, Edited by: Henderson, J. M. and Ferreira, F. 1-58. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
26. Henderson, J. M. and Hollingworth, A. 1999. High-level scene perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 50: 243-271.
27. Henderson, J. M. and Hollingworth, A. 2003. Eye movements and visual memory: Detecting changes to saccade targets in scenes. Perception and Psychophysics, 65: 58-71.
28. Henderson, J. M., Malcolm, G. L. and Schandl, C. 2009. Searching in the dark: Cognitive relevance drives attention in real-world scenes. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 16(5): 850-856.
29. Henderson, J. M. and Pierce, G. L. 2008. Eye movements during scene viewing: Evidence for mixed control of fixation duration. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 15(3): 566-573.
30. Henderson, J. M. and Smith, T. J. 2009. How are eye fixation durations controlled during scene viewing? Further evidence from a scene onset delay paradigm. Visual Cognition, 17(6/7): 1055-1082.
31. Hollingworth, A. 2004. Constructing visual representations of natural scenes: The roles of short- and long-term visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30(3): 519-537.
32. Hollingworth, A. and Henderson, J. M. 2002. Accurate visual memory for previously attended objects in natural scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28: 113-136.
33. Hooge, I. T. C. and Erkelens, C. J. 1999. Peripheral vision and oculomotor control during visual search. Vision Research, 39: 1567-1575.
34. Intraub, H. 1980. Presentation rate and the representation of briefly glimpsed pictures in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6: 1-12.
35. Itti, L. and Koch, C. 2000. A saliency-based search mechanism for overt and covert shifts of visual attention. Vision Research, 40: 1489-1506.
36. Joubert, O. R., Rousselet, G. A., Fize, D. and Fabre-Thorpe, M. 2007. Processing scene context: Fast categorization and object interference. Vision Research, 47: 3286-3297.
37. Loftus, G. R. 1985. Picture perception: Effects of luminance on available information and information-extraction rate. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114(3): 342-356.
38. Loschky, L. C., McConkie, G. W., Yang, J. and Miller, M. E. 2005. The limits of visual resolution in natural scene viewing. Visual Cognition, 12(6): 1057-1092.
39. Loschky, L. C., Sethi, A., Simons, D. J., Pydimarri, T. N., Ochs, D. and Corbeille, J. L. 2007. The importance of information localization in scene gist recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33(6): 1431-1450.
40. Mannan, S., Ruddock, K. H. and Wooding, D. S. 1995. Automatic control of saccadic eye movements made in visual inspection of briefly presented 2-D images. Spatial Vision, 9(3): 363-386.
41. Motter, B. C. and Belky, E. J. 1998. The guidance of eye movements during active visual search. Vision Research, 38: 1805-1815.
42. Navalpakkam, V. and Itti, L. 2005. Modeling the influence of task on attention. Vision Research, 45(2): 205-231.
43. Nuthmann, A., Smith, T. J., Engbert, R. and Henderson, J. M. 2010. CRISP: A computational model of fixation durations in scene viewing. Psychological Review, 117(2): 382-405.
44. Oliva, A. and Schyns, P. G. 1997. Coarse blobs or fine edges? Evidence that information diagnosticity changes the perception of complex visual stimuli. Cognitive Psychology, 34: 72-107.
45. Parkhurst, D. J., Culuriciello, E. and Niebur, E. 2000. "Evaluating variable resolution displays with visual search: Task performance and eye movements". In Proceedings of the symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, Edited by: Duchowski, A. 105-109. New York, NY: ACM Press.
46. Parkhurst, D. J. and Niebur, E. 2003. Scene content selected by active vision. Spatial Vision, 16: 125-154.
47. Pomplun, M. 2006. Saccadic selectivity in complex visual search displays. Vision Research, 46: 1886-1900.
48. Pomplun, M., Reingold, E. M. and Shen, J. 2001. Peripheral and parafoveal cueing and masking effects on saccadic selectivity. Vision Research, 41: 2757-2769.
49. Pomplun, M., Reingold, E. M. and Shen, J. 2003. Area activation: A computational model of saccadic selectivity in visual search. Cognitive Science, 27: 299-312.
50. Pomplun, M., Reingold, E. M., Shen, J. and Williams, D. E. 2000. "The area activation model of saccadic selectivity in visual search". In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Edited by: Gleitman, L. R. and Joshi, A. K. 375-380. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
51. Potter, M. C. 1975. Meaning in visual scenes. Science, 187: 965-966.
52. Rayner, K. 1998. Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124: 372-422.
53. Rayner, K. 2009. The thirty-fifth Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture: Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62: 1457-1506.
54. Rayner, K. and Pollatsek, A. 1981. Eye movement control during reading: Evidence for direct control. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33A: 351-373.
55. Rayner, K., Sereno, S. C. and Raney, G. E. 1996. Eye movement control in reading: A comparison of two types of models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22: 1188-1200.
56. Rayner, K., Smith, T. J., Malcolm, G. L. and Henderson, J. M. 2009. Eye movements and visual encoding during scene perception. Psychological Science, 20(1): 6-10.
57. Reingold, E. M., Reichle, E. D., Glaholt, M. G., & Sheridan, H. (in press). Direct lexical control of eye movements in reading: Evidence from a survival analysis of fixation durations. Cognitive Psychology.
58. Schotter, E. R., Berry, R. W., McKenzie, C. R. M. and Rayner, K. 2010. Gaze bias: Selective encoding and liking effects. Visual Cognition, 18(8): 1113-1132.
59. Schyns, P. G. and Oliva, A. 1994. From blobs to boundary edges: Evidence for time- and spatial-scale-dependent scene recognition. Psychological Science, 5: 195-200.
60. Scialfa, C. T. and Joffe, K. 1998. Response times and eye movements in feature and conjunction search as a function of target eccentricity. Perception and Psychophysics, 60: 1067-1082.
61. Shen, J., Elahipanah, A. and Reingold, E. M. 2007. "Effects of context and instruction on the guidance of eye movements during a conjunctive visual search task". In Eye movements: A window on mind and brain, Edited by: van Gompel, R., Fischer, M., Murray, W. and Hill, R. 597-616. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
62. Shen, J. and Reingold, E. M. 1999. "Saccadic selectivity during visual search: The effects of shape and stimulus familiarity". In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Edited by: Hahn, M. and Stoness, S. C. 649-652. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
63. Shen, J., Reingold, E. M. and Pomplun, M. 2000. Distractor ratio influences patterns of eye movements during visual search. Perception, 29: 241-250.
64. Shen, J., Reingold, E. M., Pomplun, M. and Williams, D. E. 2003. "Saccadic selectivity during visual search: The influence of central processing difficulty". In The mind's eye: Cognitive and applied aspects of eye movements, Edited by: Hyona, J., Radach, R. and Deubel, H. 65-88. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
65. Shimojo, S., Simion, C., Shimojo, E. and Scheier, C. 2003. Gaze bias both reflects and influences preference. Nature Neuroscience, 6: 1317-1322.
66. Simion, C. and Shimojo, S. 2006. Early interactions between orienting, visual sampling and decision making in facial preference. Vision Research, 46: 3331-3335.
67. Simion, C. and Shimojo, S. 2007. Interrupting the cascade: Orienting contributes to decision making even in the absence of visual stimulation. Perception and Psychophysics, 69: 591-595.
68. Tatler, B. W., Baddeley, R. J. and Vincent, B. T. 2006. The long and the short of it: Spatial statistics at fixation vary with saccade amplitude and task. Vision Research, 46: 1857-1862.
69. Tavassoli, A., van der Linde, I., Bovik, A. C. and Cormack, L. K. 2009. Eye movements selective for spatial frequency and orientation during active visual search. Vision Research, 49(2): 173-181.
70. Thorpe, S., Fize, D. and Marlot, C. 1996. Speed of processing in the human visual system. Nature, 381: 520-522.
71. Torralba, A., Oliva, A., Castelhano, M. S. and Henderson, J. M. 2006. Contextual guidance of eye movements and attention in real-world scenes: The role of global features in object search. Psychological Review, 113: 766-786.
72. Underwood, G. and Foulsham, T. 2006. Visual saliency and semantic incongruency influence eye movements when inspecting pictures. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59: 1931-1949.
73. Van Diepen, P. M. J., de Graef, P. and d'Ydewalle, G. 1995. "Chronometry of foveal information extraction during scene perception". In Eye movement research: Mechanisms, processes and applications, Edited by: Findlay, J. M., Walker, R. and Kentridge, R. W. 349-362. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
74. Van Diepen, P. M. J., Ruelens, L. and d'Ydewalle, G. 1999. Brief foveal masking during scene perception. Acta Psychologica, 101: 91-103.
75. Van Rullen, R. and Thorpe, S. 2001. The time course of visual processing: From early perception to decision-making. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13: 454-461.
76. Võ, M. L.-H. and Henderson, J. M. 2010. The time course of initial scene processing for eye movement guidance in natural scene search. Journal of Vision, 10(3): 1-13.
77. Võ, M. L.-H. and Schneider, W. X. 2010. A glimpse is not a glimpse: Differential processing of flashed scene previews leads to differential target search benefits. Visual Cognition, 18(2): 171-200.
78. Williams, C. C., Henderson, J. M. and Zacks, R. T. 2005. Incidental visual memory for targets and distractors in visual search. Perception and Psychophysics, 67: 816-827.
79. Williams, D. E. and Reingold, E. M. 2001. Preattentive guidance of eye movements during triple conjunction search tasks: The effects of feature discriminability and saccadic amplitude. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8: 476-488.
80. Yang, S. N. and McConkie, G. W. 2001. Eye movements during reading: A theory of saccade initiation times. Vision Research, 41: 3567-3585.
81. Yang, S. N. and McConkie, G. W. 2004. Saccade generation during reading: Are words necessary?. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 16(1-2): 226-261.