Jim and Jap Crow: A cultural history of 1940s interracial America

Jim and Jap Crow: A Cultural History of 1940s Interracial America

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Briones, Matthew M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

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EID: 84863481890     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (469)

1. Charles Kikuchi Papers (Collection 1259), Department of Special Collections
2. Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA (hereafter cited as CKP), box 12, 4:1174
3. Charles Kikuchi, The Kikuchi Diary: Chronicle from an American Concentration Camp, ed. John Modell (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1973, 1993), 42-3 (entry dated December 7, 1941
4. Greg Robinson, "Farewell to L'il Tokyo: Wartime Nisei Writers and the Ambiguities of Assimilation" (unpublished conference paper, American Studies Association, Hartford, Connecticut, October 19, 2003)
5. Michael Denning, The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century (New York: Verso, 1997)
6. Nikhil Singh, Black Is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2004)
7. Penny Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anti-Colonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1997)
8. Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2001); Mary Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 2000)
9. Colleen Lye, America's Asia: Racial Form and Literature, 1893-1945 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 2005).
10. Michael Warner, Publics and Counterpublics (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2002), 56.
11. R obert Park, "Human Migration and the Marginal Man" (1928), in Theories of Ethnicity: A Classical Reader, ed. Werner Sollors (New York: NYU Press, 1996)
12. originally from "Racial Assimilation in Secondary Groups," American Journal of Sociology 19:5 (1914): 606-23.
13. St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1945)
14. Allan H. Spear, Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1967)
15. James Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1989)
16. Adam Green, Selling the Race: Culture, Community, and Black Chicago, 1940-1955 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2007).
17. Charles Kikuchi, "A Young American with a Japanese Face," in From Many Lands, ed. Louis Adamic (New York: Harper and Bros., 1940), 183-234.
18. Singh, Black Is a Country, 111-13.
19. Werner Sollors, "Americans All: 'Of Plymouth Rock and Jamestown and Ellis Island'; or, Ethnic Literature and Some Redefinitions of 'America'" (New York: NYU Press: n.d.), http://www.nyupress.org/americansall/americansall.html?$string.
20. Craig Wilder, personal communication to the author, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, January 2005.
21. Charlotte Brooks, "In the Twilight Zone between Black and White: Japanese American Resettlement and Community in Chicago, 1942-1945," Journal of American History 86:4 (March 2000): 1655-87.
22. Paul Spickard, Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth Century America (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 53, 55.
23. Louis Wirth, The Ghetto (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1928; New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1998), 287 (page reference from the Transaction ed.).
24. See Carla Cappetti, "Sociology of an Existence: Richard Wright and the Chicago School," MELUS 12:2 (Summer 1985): 37.
25. David Brion Davis, "Some Recent Directions in American Cultural History," American Historical Review 73:3 (February 1968): 705. Thanks to John Stauffer for referring me to this indispensable work. See Stauffer, The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2001).
26. Stauffer, Black Hearts of Men, 3.
27. Kikuchi, diary entry, March 22, 1943 (CKP, box 12, 5:2340-2).
28. See James W. Cook and Lawrence B. Glickman, "Twelve Propositions for a History of Cultural History," in The Cultural Turn in U.S. History: Past, Present, and Future, ed. James W. Cook, Lawrence B. Glickman, and Michael O'Malley (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2008), 3-58.
29. Modell, introduction to Kikuchi, Diary, 1-39.
30. Kikuchi, "A Young American," 187. Modell rightly asserts that this piece was "pseudo-autobiographical" (Kikuchi, Diary, 11).
31. Yuriko Amemiya Kikuchi confirmed this fact (also found in his birth certificate) and offered the enlightening translation as well (interview by the author, August 28, 2004).
32. Warren Tsuneishi to the author, June 1, 2004, 1.
33. Kikuchi to Barbara Fitts, September 7, 1955, 4-5 (JERS Records, folder W1.15, BANC MSS 67/14 c, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; hereafter cited as JERS Papers).
34. Kikuchi, Hansen interview, 34.
35. Roger Daniels, Concentration Camps, North America: Japanese in the United States and Canada during World War II (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971
36. Prisoners without Trial: Japanese Americans in World War II (New York: Hill & Wang, 1993)
37. Gary Y. Okihiro, Storied Lives: Japanese American Students and World War II (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1999)
38. Gary Y. Okihiro and Julie Sly, "The Press, Japanese Americans, and the Concentration Camps," Phylon 44:1 (March 1983): 66-83
39. Valerie Matsumoto, "Japanese American Women during World War II," in Unequal Sisters, ed. Ellen Carol DuBois and Vicki Ruiz (New York: Routledge, 1990), 373-86
40. Paul Spickard, Japanese Americans: The Formation and Transformations of an Ethnic Group (New York: Twayne, 1996); David Yoo, Growing Up Nisei (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 2000)
41. Bill Hosokawa, Nisei: The Quiet Americans (New York: Morrow, 1969).
42. Modell, introduction to Kikuchi, Diary, 12.
43. Kikuchi, Hansen interview, 47.
44. Modell, introduction to Kikuchi, Diary, 16; Kikuchi, interview by John Modell, New York City, May 9, 1970 (copy in author's possession); the quotation by Modell is from page 15 of the interview.
45. Modell, introduction to Kikuchi, Diary, 19.
46. Kikuchi, Modell interview, 5.
47. Quoted in Modell, introduction to Kikuchi, Diary, 17.
48. D. Thomas, June 28, 1945, 1 (Modell file folder, "Kikuchi Biographical Data," copy in author's possession). This is a particularly striking passage, especially in light of "A Young American with a Japanese Face," Kikuchi's contribution to Adamic's collection.
49. Hemesh Patel, "Documentary Highlights Fight by Japanese American in WWII," Daily Bruin, November 17, 2000
50. Peter Irons, Justice at War: The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases (Berkley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 1983), 93-9
51. Spickard, Japanese Americans, 103
52. Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214, 242 (1944)
53. Sander Gilman, Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History of Aesthetic Surgery (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1999), 99
54. Edward Falces and John Imada, "Aesthetic Surgery in Asians," in Male Aesthetic Surgery, ed. Eugene Courtiss (St. Louis: Mosby, 1991), 159.
55. Irons, Justice at War, 94.
56. Kikuchi, Diary, 136-7.
57. Kikuchi to D. Thomas, June 28, 1945, 1.
58. Kikuchi, Hansen interview, 104.
59. Kikuchi, Modell interview, 4.
60. Kikuchi, Hansen interview, 118.
61. Mitchell T. Maki, Harry H. L. Kitano, and S. Megan Berthold, Achieving the Impossible Dream: How Japanese Americans Obtained Redress (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1999), 25.
62. Yuji Ichioka, introduction to Karl G. Yoneda, Ganbatte: Sixty-Year Struggle of a Kibei Worker (Los Angeles: Asian American Studies Center, Univ. of California at Los Angeles, 1983), xi-xii.
63. Karl G. Yoneda, "The Heritage of Sen Katayama," Political Affairs: Theoretical Journal of the Communist Party U.S.A. (March 1975): 23.
64. Yoneda, Ganbatte, 97.
65. I chioka, introduction to Ganbatte, xi.
66. James Omura, interview by Arthur A. Hansen, August 22-25, 1984
67. Kikuchi, Hansen interview, 81.
68. Omura, Hansen interview, 258-9.
69. Yoneda, Ganbatte, 130-1.
70. Denning, Cultural Front, 201.
71. Mae Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 2004), 41, 49
72. Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans, rev. ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1998), 212, 214.
73. Hosokawa, Nisei, 158.
74. Monica Sone, Nisei Daughter (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953; rpt., Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1991), 28.
75. Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston, Farewell to Manzanar (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), 94.
76. John Modell, The Economics and Politics of Racial Accommodation: The Japanese of Los Angeles, 1900-1942 (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1977), 132-3, 137-8.
77. Kikuchi to D. Thomas, June 28, 1945, 3.
78. See Michelle Brattain, The Politics of Whiteness: Race, Workers, and Culture in the Modern South (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 2001).
79. Kikuchi to D. Thomas, June 28, 1945, 9.
80. Kikuchi, "The Japanese American Youth in San Francisco: Their Background, Characteristics, and Problems," National Youth Administration Study, Junior Counseling Service (1941), 4, (JERS Papers, folder W 2.41).
81. Omura, Hansen interview.
82. Charles Kikuchi, "Joe Nisei Looks for a Job," Current Life: The Magazine for the American Born Japanese, (January 1941), 3.
83. Kikuchi, Modell interview, 5.
84. Kikuchi to D. Thomas, June 28, 1945, 27.
85. Tsuneishi to the author, June 1, 2004, 9.
86. Yu, Thinking Orientals, 121-3, 140-8.
87. W. I. Thomas and Dorothy S. Thomas, The Child in America: Behavior Problems and Programs (New York: Knopf, 1928)
88. Thomas and Nishimoto, The Spoilage. Also see W. I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, 5 vols. (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1918-1920)
89. Carla Cappetti, "Deviant Girls and Dissatisfied Women: A Sociologist's Tale," in The Invention of Ethnicity, ed. Werner Sollors (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989), 124-57
90. Murase, Hansen interview, 68-9.
91. W.E.B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (1903; rpt., New York: Library of America, 1986), 364-5.
92. Kikuchi to D. Thomas, June 28, 1945, 37.
93. Park, "Migration and Marginal Man," 165.
94. Y u, Thinking Orientals, 122-3.
95. Sakoda, "Reminisces of a Participant Observer," in Ichioka, Views from Within, 221 (emphasis added).
96. Yu, Thinking Orientals, 148.
97. Modell, introduction to Kikuchi, Diary, 23.
98. Ichioka, Views from Within, 12.
99. Modell, preface to Kikuchi, Diary, x.
100. Married in 1946, Charlie and Yuriko raised two children: Susan, born in 1948, and Lawrence, born in 1955.
101. Park, "Migration and Marginal Man," 166.
102. Tsuneishi to the author, June 1, 2004, 11.
103. Kikuchi to D. Thomas, June 28, 1945, 40.
104. Kikuchi, diary entry, December 8, 1941 (CKP, box 11, 1:c). This excerpt also appears in Kikuchi, Diary, 43-4.
105. Daniels, Concentration Camps, 27.
106. Kikuchi, diary entry, December 8, 1941 (CKP, box 11, 1:b, c).
107. Executive Order 9066, February 19, 1942, in H.R. Rep. No. 77-2124, at 314-15.
108. Kikuchi to D. Thomas, June 28, 1945, 43.
109. Kikuchi, diary entry, December 9, 1941 (CKP, box 11, 1:e). Or see Kikuchi, Diary, 45.
110. Dorothy Thomas, introduction to Kent and Fitts, "Kikuchi Diary", 19.
111. Kikuchi to D. Thomas, June 28, 1945, 43.
112. Daniels, The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion (Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 1962)
113. Ngai, Impossible Subjects, 47-50 (on the early campaigns of the CJIC); Erika Lee, At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration During the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2003), 31-39 (on the racialized rhetoric of nativism)
114. Erika Lee, At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration During the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2003), 31-39 (on the racialized rhetoric of nativism)
115. Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, and tenBroek, Barnhart, and Matson, Prejudice, War, and the Constitution
116. Joseph S. Roucek, "American Japanese, Pearl Harbor and World War II," Journal of Negro Education 12:4 (1943): 637.
117. tenBroek, Barnhart, and Matson, Prejudice, War, and the Constitution, 77-80.
118. Grodzins, Americans Betrayed, 20.
119. Kikuchi to Louis Adamic, February 21, 1942, 2 (LAP, box 59, folder 7, "Japanese" Subject File).
120. David Levering Lewis, W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963 (New York: Holt, 2000), 470
121. W.A. Swanberg, Norman Thomas: The Last Idealist (New York: Scribner, 1976), 266-70.
122. Du Bois, "As the Crow Flies," New York Amsterdam News, June 10, 1944.
123. Morton Grodzins, "Making Un-Americans," American Journal of Sociology 60:6 (1955): 571.
124. Galen Fisher, "Japanese Evacuation from the Pacific Coast," Far Eastern Survey 11:13 (1942): 149; "Asks [Atty. Gen.] U. S. Webb, Japanese Lose Citizenship?," New York Times, June 27, 1942.
125. "Asks [Atty. Gen.] U. S. Webb, Japanese Lose Citizenship?," New York Times, June 27, 1942.
126. Du Bois, "As the Crow Flies," June 10, 1944.
127. "Memorial Bars Japanese," New York Times, December 3, 1944; "Hood River's Blunder," New York Times, December 9, 1944.
128. "Hood River's Blunder," New York Times, December 9, 1944.
129. Kikuchi to D. Thomas, June 28, 1945, 45.
130. On center statistics, see Thomas, The Salvage, 84. On Tanforan, see Sandra C. Taylor, Jewel of the Desert: Japanese American Internment at Topaz (Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 1993), 67.
131. Miné Okubo, Citizen 13660 (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1946; rpt., Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1983), 35.
132. Kikuchi, diary entry, September 5, 1951 (CKP, box 21, 33:2-3).
133. Kikuchi, Hansen interview, 2. See Bertha H. Monroe, "A California Playground," California Teachers Association Journal 23 (January 1927): 398ff.
134. Alfred G. Fisk and Howard Thurman, The First Footprints: The Dawn of the Idea for the Church for the Fellowship of All Peoples: Letters between Alfred Fisk and Howard Thurman, 1943-1944 (San Francisco: Lawton and Alfred Kennedy, 1975)
135. Fisk, "Stereotypes in Intercultural Education," Common Ground 7:2 (Winter 1947): 28-33
136. Louis Adamic, Laughing in the Jungle: The Autobiography of an Immigrant in America (New York: Harper, 1932; rpt., Salem, N.H.: Ayer, 1985)
137. The Native's Return: An American Immigrant Visits Yugoslavia and Discovers His Old Country (New York: Harper, 1934)
138. Louis Adamic, "The Yugoslav Speech in America," American Mercury, November 1927, 319.
139. Louis Adamic, "This Crisis Is an Opportunity," Common Ground 1:1 (Autumn 1940): 65, 67.
140. Dan Shiffman, Rooting Multiculturalism: The Work of Louis Adamic (Madison, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, 2003), 14.
141. Adamic, From Many Lands, 187.
142. Kikuchi, Hansen interview, 30.
143. Mary Oyama, "After Pearl Harbor: Los Angeles," Common Ground 2 (Spring 1942): 13.
144. Chester Himes, If He Hollers Let Him Go (Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1945), 3. See Lynn Itagaki, "Transgressing Race and Community in Chester Himes's If He Hollers Let Him Go," African American Review 37:1 (2003): 65-80.
145. Lynn Itagaki, "Transgressing Race and Community in Chester Himes's If He Hollers Let Him Go," African American Review 37:1 (2003): 65-80.
146. Mike Masaoka, "The Japanese American Creed," Common Ground 2 (Spring 1942): 11 (emphasis added).
147. Toshio Mori, "Lil' Yokohama," Common Ground 1 (Winter 1941): 54-6.
148. Yuji Ichioka, "'Unity within Diversity': Louis Adamic and Japanese Americans," Working Paper in Asian/Pacific Studies (Durham, N.C.: Asian/Pacific Studies Institute, Duke University, 1987), 25.
149. David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York: Verso, 1991).
150. William C. Beyer, "Creating 'Common Ground' on the Home Front: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in a 1940s Quarterly Magazine," in The Home Front War: World War II and American Society, ed. Kenneth O'Brien and Lynn Parsons (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1995), 46. The original articles are Mary Oyama, "This Isn't Japan," Common Ground 3 (Autumn 1942): 34
151. Robert Brown, "Manzanar-R elocation Center," Common Ground 3 (Autumn 1942): 27.
152. M. Margaret Anderson, "Democracy Begins at Home-II : Get the Evacuees Out," Common Ground 3 (Summer 1943): 65.
153. Beyer, "Creating 'Common Ground,'" 53. See David Truman, "A Report on the Common Council for American Unity, August, 1946," Immigration History Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
154. David Truman, "A Report on the Common Council for American Unity, August, 1946," Immigration History Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
155. Larry Tajiri, "Farewell to Little Tokyo," Common Ground 4 (Winter 1944): 94.
156. John Howard, Concentration Camps on the Home Front: Japanese Americans in the House of Jim Crow (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2008).
157. Langston Hughes, "White Folks Do the Funniest Things," Common Ground 4 (Winter 1944): 46.
158. M. Margaret Anderson, "Letter to the Reader," Common Ground 4 (Spring 19
159. John Kikuchi to Louis and Stella Adamic, August 10, 1942, 1-2 (LAP, box 47, folder 4, Correspondence).
160. Stella Adamic, note appended to ibid.
161. Adamic to Charles Kikuchi, March 26, 1940 (Modell file folder "CK/DST Wartime Correspondence"; copy in author's possession).
162. Richard Wright, Native Son (New York: Harper, 1940).
163. Kikuchi, diary entry, July 20, 1945 (CKP, box 17, 20:8443-4); see also Wright, Black Boy (New York: Harper, 1945).
164. Kikuchi to Adamic, May 21, 1940, 1 (LAP, box 59, folder 7, "Japanese" Subject File).
165. Shiffman, Rooting Multiculturalism, 31.
166. Kikuchi to Adamic, mid-February [15?], 1940, 1 (LAP, box 59, folder 7, "Japanese" Subject File).
167. Adamic, House in Antigua: A Restoration (New York: Harper, 1937).
168. Adamic, My America, 214.
169. Kikuchi to Adamic, April 18, 1940, 1-2 (LAP, box 59, folder 7, "Japanese" Subject File).
170. Adamic, My America, 221-2.
171. Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1986), 222.
172. Adamic, My America, 221.
173. Kikuchi to Adamic, April 18, 1940, 1.
174. Kikuchi to Adamic, June 25, 1941, 1 (LAP, box 59, folder 7, "Japanese" Subject File).
175. Sucheng Chan, Asian Americans: An Interpretive History (New York: Twayne, 1993), 123
176. Greg Robinson, By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2001), 114
177. Stephanie Bangarth, Voices Raised in Protest: Defending North American Citizens of Japanese Ancestry, 1942-1949 (Vancouver: British Columbia Univ. Press, 2008)
178. Kikuchi to Adamic, December 20, 1941
179. Daniels, Concentration Camps, 72.
180. Robinson, Order of the President, 115.
181. Thomas, The Salvage, 80-1n123.
182. Carlos Bulosan, American Is in the Heart: A Personal History (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1946; rpt., 1991), 275-6.
183. "Filipino Baiting in California Has Started Again," Nation, July 28, 1945, 71.
184. I chioka, "'Unity within Diversity,'" 10.
185. Carey McWilliams, Louis Adamic and Shadow America (Los Angeles: Whipple, 1935)
186. John Fante, Ask the Dust (New York: Stackpole, 1939; rpt., Santa Barbara, Calif.: Black Sparrow, 1980).
187. Adamic, "The Nisei's Problem Is Difficult but Natural," Current Life, January 1941,
188. Kikuchi's article appeared on pages 3-4, 12.
189. "New Order on Aliens Awaited," San Francisco News, March 2, 1942, available at http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist8/evac16.html.
190. Arthur Caylor, "Behind the News," San Francisco News, March 2, 1942, available at http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist8/caylor5.html.
191. Marc Gallicchio, The African American Encounter with Japan and China: Black Internationalism in Asia, 1895-1945 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2000), 132.
192. Myrdal, American Dilemma, 814-15.
193. Reginald Kearney, African American Views of the Japanese: Solidarity or Sedition? (Albany: SUNY Press, 1998).
194. Kikuchi to Adamic, February 21, 1942, 6.
195. Roger Daniels, "The Japanese Americans, 1942-2004: A Social History," Law and Contemporary Problems 68:159 (Spring 2005): 163-4.
196. George Schuyler, "The World Today," Pittsburgh Courier, January 17, 1942.
197. Horace Cayton, "White Man's War but Negroes Are Fighting On 2 Fronts for Democratic War," Pittsburgh Courier, February 28, 1942.
198. "Is Jap Blood Okay for Fighting Forces?" Pittsburgh Courier, March 14, 1942.
199. Thomas Guglielmo, "'Red Cross, Double Cross': Race and America's World War II-E ra Blood Donor Service," Journal of American History 97:1 (June 2010): 63-90.
200. Roi Ottley, "The Negro Press Today," Common Ground 3:3 (Spring 1943): 18.
201. Philip Gleason, "Americans All: World War II and the Shaping of American Identity," Review of Politics 43:4 (October 1981): 500.
202. Lillian Smith, "Democracy Was Not a Candidate," Common Ground 3:2 (Winter 1943): 10.
203. Werner Sollors, Ethnic Modernism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2008), 194
204. Roi Ottley, New World A-Coming: Inside Black America (New York: World, 1943), 330.
205. Rachel Moran, Interracial Intimacy: The Regulation of Race and Romance (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2003), 55-56.
206. Langston Hughes, "I, Too" (1925), in Black Writers of America, ed. Richard Barksdale and Kenneth Kinnamon (New York: Macmillan, 1972), 519.
207. Kikuchi, diary entry, October 25, 1943 (CKP, box 13, 9:3544). See Bucklin Moon, The Darker Brother (New York: Doubleday, 1943).
208. Bucklin Moon, The High Cost of Prejudice (New York: Messner, 1947; rpt., Westport, Conn.: Negro Univ. Press, 1970). 164.
209. Lawrence Jackson, "Bucklin Moon and Thomas Sancton in the 1940's: Crusaders for the Racial Left," Southern Literary Journal 40:1 (Fall 2007): 83.
210. Ross Wills, "John Fante," Common Ground 1:3 (Spring 1941): 84-92; Fante, "Bill Saroyan," Common Ground 1:2 (Winter 1941): 64-6.
211. Fante, "Bill Saroyan," Common Ground 1:2 (Winter 1941): 64-6.
212. Charles Kikuchi to Yuriko Kikuchi, May 27, 1946, 5 (CKP, box 45, "Letters to Yuriko").
213. Denning, Cultural Front, 238-9.
214. Henry Roth, Call It Sleep: A Novel (New York: Ballou, 1934).
215. Denning, Cultural Front, 239.
216. H. T. Tsiang, And China Has Hands (New York: Speller, 1937).
217. Denning, Cultural Front, 449.
218. Carey McWilliams, Factories in the Field: The Story of Migratory Farm Labor in California (Boston: Little, Brown, 1939).
219. Carey McWilliams, Prejudice: Japanese-Americans, Symbol of Racial Intolerance (Boston: Little, Brown, 1944).
220. Toshio Mori, "Lil' Yokohama," Common Ground 1 (Winter 1941): 54-6.
221. Yuji Ichioka, "'Unity within Diversity': Louis Adamic and Japanese Americans," Working Paper in Asian/Pacific Studies (Durham, N.C.: Asian/Pacific Studies Institute, Duke University, 1987), 25.
222. David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York: Verso, 1991).
223. William C. Beyer, "Creating 'Common Ground' on the Home Front: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in a 1940s Quarterly Magazine," in The Home Front War: World War II and American Society, ed. Kenneth O'Brien and Lynn Parsons (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1995), 46. The original articles are Mary Oyama, "This Isn't Japan," Common Ground 3 (Autumn 1942): 34
224. Robert Brown, "Manzanar-R elocation Center," Common Ground 3 (Autumn 1942): 27.
225. M. Margaret Anderson, "Democracy Begins at Home-II : Get the Evacuees Out!," Common Ground 3 (Summer 1943): 65.
226. Beyer, "Creating 'Common Ground,'" 53. See David Truman, "A Report on the Common Council for American Unity, August, 1946," Immigration History Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
227. David Truman, "A Report on the Common Council for American Unity, August, 1946," Immigration History Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
228. Larry Tajiri, "Farewell to Little Tokyo," Common Ground 4 (Winter 1944): 94.
229. John Howard, Concentration Camps on the Home Front: Japanese Americans in the House of Jim Crow (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2008).
230. Langston Hughes, "White Folks Do the Funniest Things," Common Ground 4 (Winter 1944): 46.
231. M. Margaret Anderson, "Letter to the Reader," Common Ground 4 (Spring 19
232. Kikuchi, diary entry, September 5, 1951 (CKP, box 21, 53:4).
233. Kikuchi, Chicago Diary 1, July 30, 1943, unpaginated (Modell file folder; copy in author's possession).
234. Kikuchi, diary entry, September 5, 1951 (CKP, box 21, 53:1).
235. Kikuchi to Adamic, December 11, 1941, 4.
236. Dorothy Swaine Thomas to Charles Kikuchi, September 22, 1942, 1 (Modell file folder "CK/DST Correspondence"; copy in author's possession).
237. Kikuchi to D. Thomas, September 17, 1942, 3 (Modell file folder "CK/DST Correspondence").
238. Kikuchi, Diary, 25.
239. Kikuchi to D. Thomas, September 17, 1942, 3.
240. D. Thomas to Kikuchi, September 22, 1942, 1-2.
241. Kikuchi to D. Thomas, September 17, 1942, 3.
242. D. Thomas to Kikuchi, September 22, 1942, 1.
243. Fred H. Matthews, Quest for an American Sociology: Robert E. Park and the Chicago School (Montreal: McGill-Queen's Univ. Press, 1977), 160-5.
244. W. I. Thomas, The Unadjusted Girl: With Cases and Standpoint for Behavior Analysis (Boston: Little, Brown, 1923), 244.
245. Cappetti, "Deviant Girls," 153.
246. Matthews, Quest for American Sociology, 101.
247. Thomas, Unadjusted Girl, 253-4.
248. Thomas and Thomas, Child in America, 572.
249. Robert Merton, "The Thomas Theorem and the Matthew Effect," Social Forces 74:2 (December 1995): 385.
250. D. Thomas, "Statistics in Social Research," American Journal of Sociology 35:1 (July 1929): 2.
251. Robert Bannister, "Dorothy Swaine Thomas: Soziologischer Objectivismus: Der harte Weg in die Profession," in Frauen in der Soziologie, ed. Claudia Honegger and Theresa Wobbe (Munich: Beck, 1998): 226-57. Also available at http://www.swarthmore.edu/ SocSci/rbannis1/DST .html (see sec. 6).
252. E.S. Lyon, "The Myrdals and the Thomases, 1930-1940: The Trials and Tribulations of a Cross-Atlantic Research Collaboration," in Mirrors and Windows: Essays in the History of Sociology, ed. Janusz Mucha, Dirk Käsler, and Wlodzimierz Winclawski (Torun, Poland: Copernicus Univ. Press), 219-34.
253. E.S. Lyon, Researching Race Relations: Myrdal's American Dilemma from a Human Rights Perspective, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Science Research Paper 17 (London: South Bank University, 2002), 8.
254. Myrdal, American Dilemma, 1:lxxiii.
255. Frazier, John Dollard, and Ralph Bunche, to name a few. Dorothy herself recommended Wirth and Everett Hughes. See Lyon, "Myrdals and Thomases," 232.
256. D. Thomas to Gunnar Myrdal, May 14, 1946 (DTP, box 1, FF 4 ["Correspondence," 1929-1951]).
257. Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA (hereafter cited as CKP), box 12, 4:1174
258. Charles Kikuchi, The Kikuchi Diary: Chronicle from an American Concentration Camp, ed. John Modell (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1973, 1993), 42-3 (entry dated December 7, 1941
259. Greg Robinson, "Farewell to L'il Tokyo: Wartime Nisei Writers and the Ambiguities of Assimilation" (unpublished conference paper, American Studies Association, Hartford, Connecticut, October 19, 2003)
260. Michael Denning, The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century (New York: Verso, 1997)
261. Nikhil Singh, Black Is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2004)
262. Penny Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anti-Colonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1997)
263. Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2001); Mary Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 2000)
264. Colleen Lye, America's Asia: Racial Form and Literature, 1893-1945 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 2005).
265. Michael Warner, Publics and Counterpublics (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2002), 56.
266. R obert Park, "Human Migration and the Marginal Man" (1928), in Theories of Ethnicity: A Classical Reader, ed. Werner Sollors (New York: NYU Press, 1996)
267. originally from "Racial Assimilation in Secondary Groups," American Journal of Sociology 19:5 (1914): 606-23.
268. St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1945)
269. Allan H. Spear, Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1967)
270. James Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1989)
271. Adam Green, Selling the Race: Culture, Community, and Black Chicago, 1940-1955 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2007).
272. Charles Kikuchi, "A Young American with a Japanese Face," in From Many Lands, ed. Louis Adamic (New York: Harper and Bros., 1940), 183-234.
273. Singh, Black Is a Country, 111-13.
274. Werner Sollors, "Americans All: 'Of Plymouth Rock and Jamestown and Ellis Island'; or, Ethnic Literature and Some Redefinitions of 'America'" (New York: NYU Press: n.d.), http://www.nyupress.org/americansall/americansall.html?$string.
275. Craig Wilder, personal communication to the author, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, January 2005.
276. Charlotte Brooks, "In the Twilight Zone between Black and White: Japanese American Resettlement and Community in Chicago, 1942-1945," Journal of American History 86:4 (March 2000): 1655-87.
277. Paul Spickard, Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth Century America (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 53, 55.
278. Louis Wirth, The Ghetto (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1928; New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1998), 287 (page reference from the Transaction ed.).
279. See Carla Cappetti, "Sociology of an Existence: Richard Wright and the Chicago School," MELUS 12:2 (Summer 1985): 37.
280. David Brion Davis, "Some Recent Directions in American Cultural History," American Historical Review 73:3 (February 1968): 705. Thanks to John Stauffer for referring me to this indispensable work. See Stauffer, The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2001).
281. Stauffer, Black Hearts of Men, 3.
282. Kikuchi, diary entry, March 22, 1943 (CKP, box 12, 5:2340-2).
283. See James W. Cook and Lawrence B. Glickman, "Twelve Propositions for a History of Cultural History," in The Cultural Turn in U.S. History: Past, Present, and Future, ed. James W. Cook, Lawrence B. Glickman, and Michael O'Malley (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2008), 3-58.
284. Modell, introduction to Kikuchi, Diary, 1-39.
285. Kikuchi, "A Young American," 187. Modell rightly asserts that this piece was "pseudo-autobiographical" (Kikuchi, Diary, 11).
286. Yuriko Amemiya Kikuchi confirmed this fact (also found in his birth certificate) and offered the enlightening translation as well (interview by the author, August 28, 2004).
287. Warren Tsuneishi to the author, June 1, 2004, 1.
288. Thomas and Nishimoto, The Spoilage, v.
289. Lane Ryo Hirabayashi, The Politics of Fieldwork: Research in an American Concentration Camp (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, 1999).
290. Frank Miyamoto, "Dorothy Swaine Thomas as Director of JERS: Some Personal Observations," in Ichioka, Views from Within, 45.
291. Otis Durant Duncan, review of The Spoilage, by Dorothy Swaine Thomas and Richard Nishimoto, Social Forces 25:4 (May 1947): 458.
292. Rosalie Hankey Wax, Doing Fieldwork: Warnings and Advice (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1971).
293. Marvin K. Opler, review of The Spoilage, by Dorothy Swaine Thomas and Richard Nishimoto, American Anthropologist 50:2 (1948): 310.
294. Forrest E. LaViolette, review of The Salvage, by Dorothy Swaine Thomas, Social Forces 32:1 (October 1953): 98.
295. Oscar Handlin, review of The Salvage, by Dorothy Swaine Thomas, American Quarterly 5:4 (Winter 1953): 377.
296. John M. Maki, review of The Salvage, by Dorothy Swaine Thomas, Far Eastern Quarterly 12:4 (August 1953): 437. This is ironic, given Kikuchi's admitted lack of proficiency in Japanese.
297. Robert Park, "The Career of the Africans in Brazil," in Race and Culture (Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1950), 198-9. This volume of race-related articles by Park was published posthumously, and the date of this particular article was originally 1942.
298. Matthews, Quest for American Sociology, 160.
299. Yu, Thinking Orientals, 39.
300. Robert Park and Ernest W. Burgess, Introduction to the Science of Sociology (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1921).
301. Yu, Thinking Orientals, 41; see Park, "Migration and Marginal Man," 164.
302. Park, "Migration and Marginal Man," 164.
303. Matthews, Quest for American Sociology, 170.
304. Barbara Ballis Lal, The Romance of Culture in an Urban Civilization: Robert E. Park on Race and Ethnic Relations in Cities (London: Routledge, 1990), 59.
305. Oliver Cromwell Cox, Caste, Class, and Race: A Study in Social Dynamics (New York: Doubleday, 1948; rpt., New York: Monthly Review, 1970).
306. Barbara Ballis Lal, "Black and Blue in Chicago: Robert E. Park's Perspective on Race Relations in Urban America, 1914-1944," British Journal of Sociology 38:4 (1987): 558.
307. E. Franklin Frazier, The Negro Family in Chicago (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1932).
308. Yu, Thinking Orientals, 44-5.
309. "Chicago Japs Gloomy, Hide Behind Doors," Chicago Daily Tribune, December 9, 1941.
310. "Chicago Notes on War," Chicago Daily Tribune, December 8, 1941.
311. Dominic Pacyga, Chicago: A Biography (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2009), 276.
312. "Silent Japs," Chicago Defender, February 14, 1942.
313. "For Identification," Chicago Daily Tribune, December 19, 1941.
314. Beulah Barker, "An Editorial Topic," Chicago Daily Tribune, December 13, 1941.
315. Samuel MacClintock, "Moderation!," Chicago Daily Tribune, December 15, 1941.
316. Okihiro, Storied Lives, and Allan Austin, From Concentration Camp to Campus: Japanese American Students and World War II (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 2004).
317. Alice Murata, Japanese Americans in Chicago (Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2002); and Brooks, "In the Twilight Zone."
318. Brooks, "In the Twilight Zone."
319. War Agency Liquidation Unit, People in Motion: The Postwar Adjustment of the Evacuated Japanese Americans (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1947), 168.
320. Murata, Japanese Americans, 86-87.
321. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 379.
322. Green, Selling the Race, 58.
323. Richard Wright (text) and Edwin Rosskam (photo direction), 12 Million Black Voices (New York: Viking, 1941; rpt., New York: Thunder's Mouth, 1992), 106, 111.
324. Gwendolyn Brooks, "kitchenette building," in The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and Nellie McKay (New York: Norton, 1997), 1579. Originally published in A Street in Bronzeville (New York: Harper, 1945).
325. Charlotte Brooks, "Japanese," in The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago (Chicago: Chicago Historical Society, 2005), http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/664.html.
326. Kikuchi to D. Thomas, September 17, 1942, 3.
327. D. Thomas to Kikuchi, September 22, 1942, 1.
328. Fred H. Matthews, Quest for an American Sociology: Robert E. Park and the Chicago School (Montreal: McGill-Queen's Univ. Press, 1977), 160-5.
329. W. I. Thomas, The Unadjusted Girl: With Cases and Standpoint for Behavior Analysis (Boston: Little, Brown, 1923), 244.
330. Cappetti, "Deviant Girls," 153.
331. Matthews, Quest for American Sociology, 101.
332. Thomas, Unadjusted Girl, 253-4.
333. Thomas and Thomas, Child in America, 572.
334. Robert Merton, "The Thomas Theorem and the Matthew Effect," Social Forces 74:2 (December 1995): 385.
335. D. Thomas, "Statistics in Social Research," American Journal of Sociology 35:1 (July 1929): 2.
336. Robert Bannister, "Dorothy Swaine Thomas: Soziologischer Objectivismus: Der harte Weg in die Profession," in Frauen in der Soziologie, ed. Claudia Honegger and Theresa Wobbe (Munich: Beck, 1998): 226-57. Also available at http://www.swarthmore.edu/ SocSci/rbannis1/DST .html (see sec. 6).
337. E.S. Lyon, "The Myrdals and the Thomases, 1930-1940: The Trials and Tribulations of a Cross-Atlantic Research Collaboration," in Mirrors and Windows: Essays in the History of Sociology, ed. Janusz Mucha, Dirk Käsler, and Wlodzimierz Winclawski (Torun, Poland: Copernicus Univ. Press), 219-34.
338. E.S. Lyon, Researching Race Relations: Myrdal's American Dilemma from a Human Rights Perspective, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Science Research Paper 17 (London: South Bank University, 2002), 8.
339. Myrdal, American Dilemma, 1:lxxiii.
340. Frazier, John Dollard, and Ralph Bunche, to name a few. Dorothy herself recommended Wirth and Everett Hughes. See Lyon, "Myrdals and Thomases," 232.
341. D. Thomas to Gunnar Myrdal, May 14, 1946 (DTP, box 1, FF 4 ["Correspondence," 1929-1951]).
342. Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA (hereafter cited as CKP), box 12, 4:1174
343. Charles Kikuchi, The Kikuchi Diary: Chronicle from an American Concentration Camp, ed. John Modell (Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1973, 1993), 42-3 (entry dated December 7, 1941
344. Greg Robinson, "Farewell to L'il Tokyo: Wartime Nisei Writers and the Ambiguities of Assimilation" (unpublished conference paper, American Studies Association, Hartford, Connecticut, October 19, 2003)
345. Michael Denning, The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century (New York: Verso, 1997)
346. Nikhil Singh, Black Is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2004)
347. Penny Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anti-Colonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1997)
348. Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 2001); Mary Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 2000)
349. Colleen Lye, America's Asia: Racial Form and Literature, 1893-1945 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 2005).
350. Michael Warner, Publics and Counterpublics (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2002), 56.
351. R obert Park, "Human Migration and the Marginal Man" (1928), in Theories of Ethnicity: A Classical Reader, ed. Werner Sollors (New York: NYU Press, 1996)
352. originally from "Racial Assimilation in Secondary Groups," American Journal of Sociology 19:5 (1914): 606-23.
353. St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1945)
354. Allan H. Spear, Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1967)
355. James Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1989)
356. Adam Green, Selling the Race: Culture, Community, and Black Chicago, 1940-1955 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2007).
357. Charles Kikuchi, "A Young American with a Japanese Face," in From Many Lands, ed. Louis Adamic (New York: Harper and Bros., 1940), 183-234.
358. Singh, Black Is a Country, 111-13.
359. Werner Sollors, "Americans All: 'Of Plymouth Rock and Jamestown and Ellis Island'; or, Ethnic Literature and Some Redefinitions of 'America'" (New York: NYU Press: n.d.), http://www.nyupress.org/americansall/americansall.html?$string.
360. Craig Wilder, personal communication to the author, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, January 2005.
361. Charlotte Brooks, "In the Twilight Zone between Black and White: Japanese American Resettlement and Community in Chicago, 1942-1945," Journal of American History 86:4 (March 2000): 1655-87.
362. Paul Spickard, Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth Century America (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 53, 55.
363. Thomas et al., The Salvage, 295 (case history 31, [CH-31]; emphasis added).
364. D. Thomas to Mrs. Blumenthal, June 26, 1943 (JERS Papers, folder W 1.15, section 1, "Office Correspondence, 1940-1974").
365. Langston Hughes, "From Here to Yonder: America after the War," Chicago Defender, May 22, 1943.
366. Kikuchi, Chicago Diary 1, April 17, 1943, unpaginated (copy in author's possession).
367. Kikuchi, diary entry, June 21, 1943
368. The translated text of the German announcement is in "The Shape of Things," Nation, July 10, 1943, 31.
369. Kikuchi, diary entry, April 27, 1943 (CKP, box 16, 7:2569).
370. Kikuchi, diary entry, August 6, 1943 (CKP, box 16, 7:3034-5).
371. Kikuchi, diary entry, June 3, 1943
372. Gallicchio, African American Encounter, 3.
373. Horace Cayton, Long Old Road (New York: Trident, 1965), 275.
374. Kikuchi, diary entry, June 5, 1943 (CKP, box 13, 7:2703).
375. Gary Gerstle, American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 2001), 4-5.
376. Kikuchi, diary entry, April 30, 1944
377. Kikuchi, diary entry, June 7, 1944
378. Paul Spickard, "Not Just the Quiet People: The Nisei Underclass," Pacific Historical Review 68:1 (February 1999): 89.
379. Paul Spickard, personal communication to the author, November 14, 2010.
380. Kikuchi, CH-32 (Tadashi Blackie Najima, pseudonym), February 22, 1944 (CKP, box 47, 32:11).
381. Paul Spickard, personal communication to the author, November 14, 2010.
382. Kikuchi, diary entry, December 22, 1944 (CKP, box 15, 15:6598).
383. Tsuneishi, "In Memoriam: Charles Kikuchi, 1916-1988," in Ichioka, Views from Within, vii.
384. Kikuchi, diary entry, August 16, 1945 (CKP, box 17, 21:31-2).
385. Kikuchi, Diary, December 10, 1941, 46.
386. See Warren Tsuneishi and Stanley Falk, eds., American Patriots: MIS in the War against Japan (Washington, D.C.: JAVA, 1995).
387. Tsuneishi to Kikuchi, November 8, 1943 (CKP, box 14, folder 1, 10:3719).
388. Tsuneishi to Kikuchi, December 11, 1944 (CKP, box 15, 15:6527-8).
389. Already affiliated with Columbia in 1940, the school was officially renamed the Columbia School of Social Work in 1963.
390. Murase to Kikuchi, February 18, 1945, 2 (CKP, box 16, 16:2).
391. Murase, Hansen interview, 65.
392. Murase, letter to Kikuchi, February 25, 1945, 1 (CKP, box 16, vol. 16).
393. Tsuneishi to Murase, November 17, 1944, 1 (CKP, box 16, vol. 16).
394. Tsuneishi to Murase, December 26, 1944, 1 (CKP, box 16, vol. 16).
395. Tsuneishi to Murase, November 17, 1944, 1 (CKP, box 16, vol. 16).
396. Tsuneishi to Murase, December 26, 1944, 1 (CKP, box 16, vol. 16).
397. Tsuneishi to Kikuchi, February 13, 1945, 1.
398. Murase, Hansen interview, 65-6.
399. Kikuchi, Diary, June 23, 1942, 144-5.
400. Tsuneishi to the author, July 24, 2004.
401. Murase, Hansen interview, 65-6.
402. Kikuchi to Tsuneishi, May 8, 1945, 2-3 (CKP, box 16, vol. 18).
403. Tsuneishi to Kikuchi, April 28, 1945, 2 (CKP, box 16, vol. 18).
404. Murase to Kikuchi, September 16, 1945, 2-3
405. Tsuneishi to Kikuchi, March 7, 1945, 1-2 (CKP, box 16, vol. 17).
406. Kikuchi to Tsuneishi, May 8, 1945, 5.
407. Allan H. Spear, Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1967)
408. James Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1989)
409. Adam Green, Selling the Race: Culture, Community, and Black Chicago, 1940-1955 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2007).
410. Charles Kikuchi, "A Young American with a Japanese Face," in From Many Lands, ed. Louis Adamic (New York: Harper and Bros., 1940), 183-234.
411. Singh, Black Is a Country, 111-13.
412. Werner Sollors, "Americans All: 'Of Plymouth Rock and Jamestown and Ellis Island'; or, Ethnic Literature and Some Redefinitions of 'America'" (New York: NYU Press: n.d.), http://www.nyupress.org/americansall/americansall.html?$string.
413. Craig Wilder, personal communication to the author, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, January 2005.
414. Charlotte Brooks, "In the Twilight Zone between Black and White: Japanese American Resettlement and Community in Chicago, 1942-1945," Journal of American History 86:4 (March 2000): 1655-87.
415. Paul Spickard, Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth Century America (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 53, 55.
416. Thomas et al., The Salvage, 295 (case history 31, [CH-31]; emphasis added).
417. D. Thomas to Mrs. Blumenthal, June 26, 1943 (JERS Papers, folder W 1.15, section 1, "Office Correspondence, 1940-1974").
418. Langston Hughes, "From Here to Yonder: America after the War," Chicago Defender, May 22, 1943.
419. Kikuchi, Chicago Diary 1, April 17, 1943, unpaginated (copy in author's possession).
420. Kikuchi, diary entry, August 16, 1945 (CKP, box 17, 21:31-2).
421. Kikuchi, diary entry, October 21, 1945 (CKP, box 17, 21:319-20).
422. Kikuchi, diary entry, August 24, 1945 (CKP, box 17, 21:72-3).
423. Thomas Higa, Memoirs of a Certain Nisei (Kaneohe, Hawai'i: Higa, 1988), 49-50.
424. Kikuchi, diary entry, October 14, 1945 (CKP, box 17, 21:281).
425. Frank Hines, "Demobilization and the Federal Program of Veteran Aid," Public Administration Review 5:1 (1945): 76.
426. Lawrence Kubie, "How Should the Medical Care of Veterans Be Organized?" Military Affairs 9:2 (1945): 119.
427. Paul Magnuson, "Medical Care for Veterans," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 273 (1951): 81.
428. Kikuchi, diary entry, October 27, 1945 (CKP, box 17, 21:346).
429. Kikuchi, diary entry, December 26, 1945 (CKP, box 17, 21:611).
430. Kikuchi, diary entry, December 29, 1945 (CKP, box 17, 21:644).
431. Kikuchi, diary entry, December 28, 1945 (CKP, box 17, 21:636).
432. Kikuchi, diary entry, December 31, 1945 (CKP, box 17, 21:649).
433. Kikuchi, diary entry, January 15, 1946 (CKP, box 18, 22:794-5).
434. Kikuchi, diary entry, May 27, 1946 (CKP, box 18, 22:1437-8).
435. Kikuchi, diary entry, May 26, 1946 (CKP, box 18, 22:1432b-c).
436. Kikuchi, diary entry, March 20, 1943
437. Tsuneishi to Murase, November 17, 1944, 1 (CKP, box 16, vol. 16).
438. Tsuneishi to Murase, December 26, 1944, 1 (CKP, box 16, vol. 16).
439. Tsuneishi to Murase, November 17, 1944, 1 (CKP, box 16, vol. 16).
440. Tsuneishi to Murase, December 26, 1944, 1 (CKP, box 16, vol. 16).
441. Tsuneishi to Kikuchi, February 13, 1945, 1.
442. Murase, Hansen interview, 65-6.
443. Kikuchi, Diary, June 23, 1942, 144-5.
444. Tsuneishi to the author, July 24, 2004.
445. Murase, Hansen interview, 65-6.
446. Kikuchi to Tsuneishi, May 8, 1945, 2-3 (CKP, box 16, vol. 18).
447. Tsuneishi to Kikuchi, April 28, 1945, 2 (CKP, box 16, vol. 18).
448. Murase to Kikuchi, September 16, 1945, 2-3
449. Tsuneishi to Kikuchi, March 7, 1945, 1-2 (CKP, box 16, vol. 17).
450. Kikuchi to Tsuneishi, May 8, 1945, 5.
451. Allan H. Spear, Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920 (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1967)
452. James Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1989)
453. Kikuchi to Yuriko, June 4, 1946, 1
454. Louis Adamic, Dinner at the White House (New York: Harper, 1946).
455. D. Thomas to Kikuchi, September 20, 1946 (CKP, box 45, "Original Copies of Letters to Yuriko, 1946-1948").
456. Kikuchi, diary entry, June 24, 1948
457. Kikuchi, diary entry, February 7, 1948 (CKP, box 19, 27a: 3382).
458. Kikuchi, diary entry, October 28, 1948 (CKP, box 20, 28:2).
459. Kikuchi, diary entry, July 23, 1951 (CKP, box 21, 33:8-9).
460. Kikuchi, diary entry, August 7, 1950 (CKP, box 21, 31:5).
461. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954); Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
462. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
463. Mendez v. Westminster School District of Orange County, 161 F. 2d 774 (9th Cir. 1947).
464. Toni and Greg Robinson, "Mendez v. Westminster: Asian-Latino Coalition Triumphant?" Asian Law Journal 10 (2003): 161-83.
465. McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 339 U.S. 637 (1950).
466. Oyama, "A Nisei Report from Home," Common Ground 6:2 (Winter 1946): 26-8.
467. Valerie Matsumoto, "Desperately Seeking 'Deirdre': Gender Roles, Multicultural Relations, and Nisei Women Writers of the 1930s," Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 12:1 (1991): 19-32.
468. Kikuchi, Hansen interview, 28-35. All the quotations in this paragraph come from this source.
469. Kikuchi to Modell, March 25, 1976, 2