Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An overview for manual therapists

Journal of Chiropractic Medicine

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 64-76

  Green, Bart N ^a,b,c   Johnson, Claire D ^b,c   Egan, Jonathon Todd ^c,d,e   Rosenthal, Michael ^a,f   Griffith, Erin A ^g   Evans, Marion Willard ^h  

^a NAVAL MEDICAL CENTER SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^b NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^c WALDEN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d NEW YORK CHIROPRACTIC COLLEGE   (United States)

^e VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^f Rocky Mountain University of the Health Professions   (United States)

^g Robert E Bush Naval Hospital Twentynine Palms   (United States)

^h Texas Chiropractic College   (United States)

Author keywords

Manual therapy; Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Public health

Indexed keywords

EID: 84863409056     PISSN: 15563707     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2011.12.001     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Klevens R.M., Morrison M.A., Nadle J., Petit S., Gershman K., Ray S., et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 2007, 298(15):1763-1771.
2. Durai R., Ng P.C., Hoque H. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an update. AORN J 2010, 91(5):599-606. [quiz 7-9].
3. Mera R.M., Suaya J.A., Amrine-Madsen H., Hogea C.S., Miller L.A., Lu E.P., et al. Increasing role of Staphylococcus aureus and community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States: a 10-year trend of replacement and expansion. Microb Drug Resist 2011, 17(2):321-328.
4. Ippolito G., Leone S., Lauria F.N., Nicastri E., Wenzel R.P. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the superbug. Int J Infect Dis 2010, 14(Suppl 4):S7-S11.
5. Carroll K.C. Rapid diagnostics for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: current status. Mol Diagn Ther 2008, 12(1):15-24.
6. Summary of notifiable diseases: United States, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011, 58(53):1-100.
7. Boucher H.W., Corey G.R. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46(Suppl 5):S344-S349.
8. Archer G.L. Staphylococcus aureus: a well-armed pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 26(5):1179-1181.
9. Deresinski S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an evolutionary, epidemiologic, and therapeutic odyssey. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 40(4):562-573.
10. Moran G.J., Krishnadasan A., Gorwitz R.J., Fosheim G.E., McDougal L.K., Carey R.B., et al. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. N Engl J Med 2006, 355(7):666-674.
11. Parchman M.L., Munoz A. Risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections presenting in primary care: a South Texas Ambulatory Research Network (STARNet) study. J Am Board Fam Med 2009, 22(4):375-379.
12. Deleo F.R., Otto M., Kreiswirth B.N., Chambers H.F. Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 2010, 375(9725):1557-1568.
13. Kock R., Becker K., Cookson B., van Gemert-Pijnen J.E., Harbarth S., Kluytmans J., et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): burden of disease and control challenges in Europe. Euro Surveill 2010, 15(41):19688.
14. Humphreys H. National guidelines for the control and prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-what do they tell us?. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007, 13(9):846-853.
15. Evans M.W., Ramcharan M., Ndetan H., Floyd R., Globe G., Pfefer M., et al. Hand hygiene and treatment table sanitizing in chiropractic teaching institutions: results of an education intervention to increase compliance. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2009, 32(6):469-476.
16. Evans M.W., Ramcharan M., Floyd R., Globe G., Ndetan H., Williams R., et al. A proposed protocol for hand and table sanitizing in chiropractic clinics and education institutions. J Chiropr Med 2009, 8(1):38-47.
17. Bifero A.E., Prakash J., Bergin J. The role of chiropractic adjusting tables as reservoirs for microbial diseases. Am J Infect Control 2006, 34(3):155-157.
18. Burnham K., Peterson D., Vavrek D., Haas M. The impact of microbial surveys on disinfection protocols in a chiropractic college environment. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2009, 32(6):463-468.
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Prevention of MRSA infections in athletic facilities 2010, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, [cited 2011 July 14, 2011]; Available from:. http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevent/athletic.html.
20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cleaning & disinfecting athletic facilities for MRSA 2010, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, [cited 2011 July 15, 2011]; Available from:. http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/environment/athleticFacilities.html.
21. Zinder S.M., Basler R.S., Foley J., Scarlata C., Vasily D.B. National athletic trainers' association position statement: skin diseases. JAthl Train 2010, 45(4):411-428.
22. Levenhagen K.M. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging concern for physical therapists: discussion. Physiother Res Int 2008, 13(1):9-17.
23. Cotran R.S., Kumar V., Collins T. Robbins pathologic basis of disease 1999, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 6th ed.
24. Deurenberg R.H., Stobberingh E.E. The evolution of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Genet Evol 2008, 8(6):747-763.
25. Dissemond J. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): diagnostic, clinical relevance and therapy. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2009, 7(6):544-551. [quiz 52-3].
26. Fleming A. On the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae. Br J Exp Pathol 1929, 10:226-236.
27. Schentag J.J., Hyatt J.M., Carr J.R., Paladino J.A., Birmingham M.C., Zimmer G.S., et al. Genesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), how treatment of MRSA infections has selected for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and the importance of antibiotic management and infection control. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 26(5):1204-1214.
28. Nelson K.E., Williams C.M. Infectious disease epidemiology : theory and practice 2007, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA. 2nd ed.
29. Enright M.C., Robinson D.A., Randle G., Feil E.J., Grundmann H., Spratt B.G. The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002, 99(11):7687-7692.
30. Chambers H.F. The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus?. Emerg Infect Dis 2001, 7(2):178-182.
31. Liu C., Bayer A., Cosgrove S.E., Daum R.S., Fridkin S.K., Gorwitz R.J., et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 52(3):e18-e55.
32. Charlebois E.D., Perdreau-Remington F., Kreiswirth B., Bangsberg D.R., Ciccarone D., Diep B.A., et al. Origins of community strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39(1):47-54.
33. Humphreys H., Grundmann H., Skov R., Lucet J.C., Cauda R. Prevention and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009, 15(2):120-124.
34. Smith T.C., Moritz E.D., Leedom Larson K.R., Ferguson D.D. The environment as a factor in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission. Rev Environ Health 2010, 25(2):121-134.
35. Gorwitz R.J., Kruszon-Moran D., McAllister S.K., McQuillan G., McDougal L.K., Fosheim G.E., et al. Changes in the prevalence of nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2001-2004. J Infect Dis 2008, 197(9):1226-1234.
36. Ellis M.W., Hospenthal D.R., Dooley D.P., Gray P.J., Murray C.K. Natural history of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection in soldiers. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39(7):971-979.
37. Rohde R.E., Denham R., Brannon A. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: carriage rates and characterization of students in a Texas university. Clin Lab Sci 2009, 22(3):176-184.
38. Creech C.B., Saye E., McKenna B.D., Johnson B.G., Jimenez N., Talbot T.R., et al. One-year surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization and skin and soft tissue infections in collegiate athletes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010, 164(7):615-620.
39. O'Fallon E., Schreiber R., Kandel R., D'Agata E.M. Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria at a long-term care facility: assessment of residents, healthcare workers, and inanimate surfaces. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009, 30(12):1172-1179.
40. Elston D.M. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007, 56(1):1-16. [quiz 7-20].
41. Li M., Diep B.A., Villaruz A.E., Braughton K.R., Jiang X., DeLeo F.R., et al. Evolution of virulence in epidemic community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106(14):5883-5888.
42. Begier E.M., Frenette K., Barrett N.L., Mshar P., Petit S., Boxrud D.J., et al. A high-morbidity outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among players on a college football team, facilitated by cosmetic body shaving and turf burns. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39(10):1446-1453.
43. Carleton H.A., Diep B.A., Charlebois E.D., Sensabaugh G.F., Perdreau-Remington F. Community-adapted methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): population dynamics of an expanding community reservoir of MRSA. J Infect Dis 2004, 190(10):1730-1738.
44. McCarthy N.L., Sullivan P.S., Gaynes R., Rimland D. Health care-associated and community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: a comparison of definitions. Am J Infect Control 2010, 38(8):600-606.
45. Klevens R.M., Morrison M.A., Fridkin S.K., Reingold A., Petit S., Gershman K., et al. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and healthcare risk factors. Emerg Infect Dis 2006, 12(12):1991-1993.
46. D'Agata E.M., Webb G.F., Pressley J. Rapid emergence of co-colonization with community-acquired and hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in the hospital setting. Math Model Nat Phenom 2010, 5(3):76-83.
47. Diep B.A., Chambers H.F., Graber C.J., Szumowski J.D., Miller L.G., Han L.L., et al. Emergence of multidrug-resistant, community-associated, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone USA300 in men who have sex with men. Ann Intern Med 2008, 148(4):249-257.
48. Matouskova I., Janout V. Current knowledge of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2008, 152(2):191-202.
49. Herman R.A., Kee V.R., Moores K.G., Ross M.B. Etiology and treatment of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2008, 65(3):219-225.
50. Heymann D.L., American Public Health Association Control of communicable diseases manual 2008, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. 19th ed.
51. Tacconelli E., De Angelis G., Cataldo M.A., Pozzi E., Cauda R. Does antibiotic exposure increase the risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolation? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008, 61(1):26-38.
52. Workplace safety and health topics: MRSA and the workplace 2010, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Retrieved November 22, 2010, from. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/mrsa/.
53. Roberts S.S., Kazragis R.J. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in U.S. service members deployed to Iraq. Mil Med 2009, 174(4):408-411.
54. Maree C.L., Eells S.J., Tan J., Bancroft E.A., Malek M., Harawa N.T., et al. Risk factors for infection and colonization with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusin the Los Angeles County jail: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 51(11):1248-1257.
55. Morita J.E., Fujioka R.S., Tice A.D., Berestecky J., Sato D., Seifried S.E., et al. Survey of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in healthy college students, Hawai'i. Hawaii Med J 2007, 66(8):213-215.
56. Fritz S.A., Garbutt J., Elward A., Shannon W., Storch G.A. Prevalence of and risk factors for community-acquired methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus colonization in children seen in a practice-based research network. Pediatrics 2008, 121(6):1090-1098.
57. Nourbakhsh A., Papafragkou S., Dever L.L., Capo J., Tan V. Stratification of the risk factors of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus hand infection. JHand Surg Am 2010, 35(7):1135-1141.
58. Stevens D.L., Bisno A.L., Chambers H.F., Everett E.D., Dellinger P., Goldstein E.J., et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41(10):1373-1406.
59. Kazakova S.V., Hageman J.C., Matava M., Srinivasan A., Phelan L., Garfinkel B., et al. A clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among professional football players. N Engl J Med 2005, 352(5):468-475.
60. Romano R., Lu D., Holtom P. Outbreak of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections among a collegiate football team. J Athl Train 2006, 41(2):141-145.
61. Sanders J.C. Reducing MRSA infections in college student athletes: implementation of a prevention program. J Community Health Nurs 2009, 26(4):161-172.
62. Garza D., Sungar G., Johnston T., Rolston B., Ferguson J.D., Matheson G.O. Ineffectiveness of surveillance to control community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a professional football team. Clin J Sport Med 2009, 19(6):498-501.
63. Yang E.S., Tan J., Eells S., Rieg G., Tagudar G., Miller L.G. Body site colonization in patients with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other types of S. aureus skin infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010, 16(5):425-431.
64. Tang Y.W., Stratton C.W. Staphylococcus aureus: an old pathogen with new weapons. Clin Lab Med 2010, 30(1):179-208.
65. Patel M. Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, recognition and management. Drugs 2009, 69(6):693-716.
66. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Symptoms of MRSA 2010, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Available from:. http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/symptoms/index.html.
67. Morrison-Rodriguez S.M., Pacha L.A., Patrick J.E., Jordan N.N. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections at an Army training installation. Epidemiol Infect 2010, 138(5):721-729.
68. Sturenburg E. Rapid detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus directly from clinical samples: methods, effectiveness and cost considerations. Ger Med Sci 2009, 7:1-9. [Doc06].
69. Jain R., Kralovic S.M., Evans M.E., Ambrose M., Simbartl L.A., Obrosky D.S., et al. Veterans Affairs initiative to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 2011, 364(15):1419-1430.
70. Cooper B.S., Medley G.F., Stone S.P., Kibbler C.C., Cookson B.D., Roberts J.A., et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals and the community: stealth dynamics and control catastrophes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101(27):10223-10228.
71. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Precautions to prevent the spread of MRSA in healthcare settings 2010, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, [cited 2011 July 17, 2011]; Available from:. http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevent/healthcare/precautions.html#standard.
72. Siegel J.D., Rhinehart E., Jackson M., Chiarello L. Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in health care settings, 2006. Am J Infect Control 2007, 35(10 Suppl 2):S165-S193.
73. California Department of Public Health California Department of Public Health announces state will require mandatory reporting of severe MRSA cases 2008, The Department, Sacramento, Available from:. http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/PH08-06.aspx.
74. California Department of Public Health Technical report: healthcare-associated bloodstream infections in California hospitals, January 2009 through March 2010 2010, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, Available from:. http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/hai/Documents/HAIReportSB-1058BSI-FINAL.pdf.
75. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Diagnosis and testing of MRSA infections 2010, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, [cited 2011 July 16]; Available from:. http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/diagnosis/index.html.
76. Halpin H.A., Milstein A., Shortell S.M., Vanneman M., Rosenberg J. Mandatory public reporting of hospital-acquired infection rates: a report from California. Health Aff (Millwood) 2011, 30(4):723-729.
77. Deresinski S. Vancomycin in combination with other antibiotics for the treatment of serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 49(7):1072-1079.
78. Owens R.C., Ambrose P.G. Antimicrobial safety: focus on fluoroquinolones. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41(Suppl 2):S144-S157.
79. National Institutes of Health Medline Plus-vancomycin 2008, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Available from:. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a604038.html#side-effects.
80. National Institutes of Health Medline Plus-trimethoprim 2008, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Available from:. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a684025.html.
81. National Institutes of Health Medline Plus-doxycycline 2008, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Available from:. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682063.html.
82. National Institutes of Health Medline Plus-clindamycin 2008, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Available from:. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682399.html.
83. National Institutes of Health Medline Plus-minocycline 2008, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Available from:. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682101.html#side-effects.
84. National Institutes of Health Medline Plus-linezolid 2008, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Available from:. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a602004.html#side-effects.
85. Werner N.L., Hecker M.T., Sethi A.K., Donskey C.J. Unnecessary use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in hospitalized patients. BMC Infect Dis 2011, 11(1):187.
86. Belavic J.M. Fluoroquinolone-induced tendinopathy. Nurse Prac 2009, 34(1):17-18.
87. Noel G.J., Bradley J.S., Kauffman R.E., Duffy C.M., Gerbino P.G., Arguedas A., et al. Comparative safety profile of levofloxacin in 2523 children with a focus on four specific musculoskeletal disorders. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007, 26(10):879-891.
88. Hall M.M., Finnoff J.T., Smith J. Musculoskeletal complications of fluoroquinolones: guidelines and precautions for usage in the athletic population. PM R 2011, 3(2):132-142.
89. Childs S.G. Pathogenesis of tendon rupture secondary to fluoroquinolone therapy. Orthop Nurs 2007, 26(3):175-182. [quiz 83-4].
90. Khaliq Y., Zhanel G.G. Fluoroquinolone-associated tendinopathy: a critical review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36(11):1404-1410.
91. Gold L., Igra H. Levofloxacin-induced tendon rupture: a case report and review of the literature. J Am Board Fam Med/Am Board Fam Pract 2003, 16(5):458-460.
92. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Personal prevention of MRSA skin infections 2010, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, [cited 2011 July 15, 2011]; Available from:. http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevent/personal.html.
93. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among competitive sports participants-Colorado, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Los Angeles County, 2000-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003, 52(33):793-795.
94. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Prevention information and advice for athletes 2010, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, [cited 2011 July 16, 2011]; Available from:. http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/groups/advice-for-athletes.html.
95. Gagne D., Bedard G., Maziade P.J. Systematic patients' hand disinfection: impact on meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection rates in a community hospital. J Hosp Infect 2010, 75(4):269-272.